politics
administrative division
The Tang Dynasty initiated the establishment of Taoism and politics in the history of Chinese administrative regions. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Emperor Taizong divided the world into 65,438 +00 roads: Guannei, Henan, Hedong, Hebei, Shannan, Longyou, Huainan, Jiangnan, Jiannan and Lingnan. In the 14th year of Zhenguan (640), there were 360 states in China. The pattern of the 15 th road was formed. There are states and prefectures under each road, and there are counties under each state and prefecture. At the end of Kaiyuan, there were 328 counties in China, 1573 counties.
Central official system
Division III: Taishi, Taifu and Taibao (honorary post);
Three fairs: Tai Wei, Situ and Sikong (honorary positions);
Three provinces: Zhongshu province (decision-making, secretary) Zhongshu order, Menxia province (attendants, suggestions) Shizhong, Shangshu province (administration) Shangshu order;
There are six departments in Shangshu Province (chief officer: Shangshu): official department (personnel), household department (household registration, finance), etiquette department (etiquette department), Ministry of War (national defense), criminal department (court) and Ministry of Industry (engineering, water conservancy);
One: Yushitai (monitoring);
Five divisions: imperial academy, Shaofu Supervisor, General Supervisor, Military Supervisor, and Water Supervisor (following the old system, with six divisions of labor);
Nine temples: Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Weiwei Temple, Zongzheng Temple, Taibu Temple, Dali Temple, Split Temple, Sinong Temple, Taifu Temple (with the cooperation of six divisions);
Dismissed official: (honorary post).
Local official system
Virtual (Taoist) observation ambassador
State (county): secretariat (satrap); Don't drive, Changshi, Sima; Recorder, military;
Liu Cao: Si Gong, Si Cang, Hu Si, Si Bing, Si and Shi Si.
County: county order; County magistrate, master book; County commandant, clerk, assistant history.
Township: the elderly; Wuliyi town
Li:; Five guarantees and one mile
Village: Zhengcun; A natural village is a village.
Bag:; Five neighbors and one insurance
Neighborhood: neighbor length; Four families and a neighbor.
Fang: Sir. No village in the city has set up a house, and it is a village at the same level.
Military system
Militarily, powerful military power is a remarkable feature of the Tang Dynasty. When China was unified in the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Wuhou, who were separated by warlords at the end of Sui Dynasty, marched eastward and invaded the west, destroyed Gaochang, seized their land as prefectures and counties, destroyed Koguryo and Baekje, defeated Japanese reinforcements in the battle of Baicunjiang, and fought against Hong, Tiele, Shiwei and Qidan. The advantages of economy and science and technology are the basis of these achievements. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the forces of the Tang Dynasty met the forces of the Abbasid Dynasty (that is, the black food) from today's Arabia, and the emerging Sunni Muslims were in Central Asian countries, including Zhaowu Jiuguo, Dabulu and Tuholo. As a result, China's forces withdrew from Central Asia because of the Anshi Rebellion. The subsequent Anshi Rebellion and the separatist regime in the buffer regions led to the economic depression in North China.
Among the many famous generals in the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the Han generals such as Xue, General, his son and Gao Pian, the foreign generals also occupied an important position: An Lushan, Shi Siming, Baekje with Black Teeth, Gao Xianzhi of Goguryeo, Li Guangbi of Qidan, etc.
The destruction of the land equalization system and the tenancy adjustment system led to the transformation of the officers and men system into the conscription system and the recruitment system. In the Anshi Rebellion, the expansion of the system of officers and men could not resist the forces of our time. In the Tang Dynasty, the military power was completely lost: there were vassal areas inside, and Uighur, Tubo and Nanzhao invaded the border outside. However, in the third year of Huichang in the late Tang Dynasty, Tang Jun was defeated at the top of Yinshan Mountain. But was soon expelled from Guo Ziyi. Later, the Tang Dynasty and Tubo fought a tug-of-war in the northwest for nearly a hundred years. In February of the seventh year of Xian Tong (866), Zhang Yichao played the imperial court and ordered Fu, the Uighur leader, to recover Xizhou, Beiting, Luntai, Qingzhen and other cities. In October of the same year, Fu fought against the Tubo generals, defeated the Tubo army and killed the merchants.
Nanzhao Army once occupied Annan. The following spring, Tang Jun recovered Annan. Since then, Tang and Nanzhao have fought many times in Annan. In Xian Tong for seven years, Tang finally expelled all Nanzhao troops. In the second year of Ganfu, Tang defeated Nanzhao Army in Dadu River and captured dozens of its leaders. Nanzhao no longer harassed Xichuan. Nanzhao exhausted its national strength in the war with the Tang Dynasty, and after these defeats, it was no longer a climate.
economy
After the establishment of currency in the Tang Dynasty, it soon introduced its own coinage policy. In the fourth year of Wude (62 1), he lived in àn, and established that the national legal tender for minting coins was "five baht for wasting money, eight cents in diameter, weighing two baht and four taels (lěi), ten taels weighing one or two, and one thousand taels weighing six catties and four taels". (ch！ U) and so on. In fact, it is a diversified monetary system with both physical currency and metal currency.
agriculture
Agricultural production tools in the Tang Dynasty had a new development. Qu Yuan's Fu appeared in Tang Dynasty. There are also new irrigation tools such as water trucks and trucks. In the early Tang Dynasty, only 160 important water conservancy projects were recorded, including the famous Yuliang Canal, Jiangyan Lake and Jinghu Lake. During the Tianbao period, the cultivated land area in the Tang Dynasty reached 8.5 million hectares, and the grain output also increased. In the eighth year of Tianbao, there were 96 million stones in the official warehouse. Chang 'an Luoyang rice.
manufacture
Handicrafts in the Tang Dynasty were divided into official and folk. The Ministry of Industry was the most important department in charge of the official handicraft industry at that time, and the institutions directly managed were Shaofu supervisor, director and military equipment supervisor. Shaofu supervisor is in charge of exquisite handicrafts. Will be responsible for the construction of civil engineering; The Military Equipment Supervision Bureau is responsible for the construction of weapons. There are departments under the supervision bureau and workshops under the supervision bureau. In addition, there are money casting supervision and metallurgical supervision. The products of government-run handicrafts are generally not sold to the outside world, but only for the royal family and yamen to consume. Workers are divided into craftsmen, prisoners, official servants, official households and miscellaneous households. Private handicrafts are not as developed as those run by the government. In the early Tang Dynasty, the main handicrafts were textiles, ceramics and mining. Late Tang dynasty, southern handicrafts.
culture
literature
The most remarkable literary achievement of the Tang Dynasty is the Tang poetry. Since Chen Ziang and the "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty", there are many famous poets in the Tang Dynasty, including Li Bai, Du Fu, Cen Can and Wang Wei in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Li He, Han Yu and Bai Juyi in the middle Tang Dynasty, and Li Shangyin and Du Mu in the late Tang Dynasty. Their poetic styles are different, including their rich imagination of the mythical world. There are also gloomy and heavy "poetic history" and fresh and refined pastoral poems. These poems have become outstanding representatives of China's literary achievements. Although there were still outstanding poets in the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the overall level of regular poetry and classical poetry was not as good as that of the Tang Dynasty, which made Tang poetry an insurmountable peak of classical poetry in China.
art
The cause of mural painting in Tang Dynasty was particularly developed. The murals in Mogao Grottoes and Mausoleums have been handed down from generation to generation. The carving art in the Tang Dynasty was equally outstanding. Dunhuang, Longmen, Maijishan and Bingling Temple Grottoes all reached their peak in the Tang Dynasty. The Lushena Buddha in Longmen Grottoes and the Leshan Buddha in Sichuan are both breathtaking. The terracotta figures and tombs in Zhaoling are exquisite. Among them, the sculptor Yang Huizhi is called Plastic Saint.
During the Tang Dynasty, calligraphers came forth in large numbers. Ou Yangxun and Yu Shinan were both famous calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty. Ou Yangxun's regular script is neat and neat, including the inscription of Liquan in Jiucheng Palace. Yu Shinan's regular script has a soft and round font. Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan were famous calligraphers in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Yan Zhenqing's regular script brushwork is thick, full of bones and muscles, vigorous and free and easy. His representative works include Duota Monument and Yanshi Family Temple Monument. Liu Gongquan's calligraphy is vigorous and powerful, and his masterpiece is Mysterious Pagoda. The world calls Yan Liu's calligraphy "Yan Liu Jin Gu", while Zhang Xu and Huai Su are cursive masters.
religion
The religious policy in the early Tang Dynasty was relatively tolerant, and the two traditional religions in China, Buddhism and Taoism, both developed greatly. In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism was the state religion, and all the princes and nobles were proud of it, taking Laozi, Zhuangzi, Wen Zi, Liezi and other Taoist classics as themes. In the early Tang Dynasty, Xuanzang became a monk and went to Tianzhu (now India) to study the 657 Classics. So the Wild Goose Pagoda was built in the Tang Dynasty to preserve these Buddhist scriptures. In order to conform to the national conditions of the Tang Dynasty at that time, Xuanzang absorbed a large number of Taoist terms. A large number of translations of Buddhist classics and the gradual maturity of China monks' own ideological system made China Buddhism develop steadily during this period, and most major sects of China Buddhism were formed or matured during this period. Other religions, such as Islam, Nestorianism (Christian nestorius Sect) and Zoroastrianism, were also introduced into Tang Wuzong, China with international exchanges.
science and technology
Astronomer Monk and his party measured the length of meridian for the first time in the world. Sun Simiao's Qian Jin Fang is a rare medical work. In 868, the Diamond Sutra printed by China was the earliest block printing known in the world. China's paper-making and textile technologies spread to West Asia and Europe through Arabia.