Implicit connection test
Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a measure of the close relationship between two related concepts based on reaction time. In the experimental task, subjects need to classify words or pictures that represent the target concepts, such as race (white and black) and attribute concepts with positive or negative values (usually two categories marked on the left and right sides of the computer screen). The category of each target concept will match the positive attribute concept or the negative attribute concept respectively. A faster classification of a pair indicates that the pair has a stronger connection or is easier to be grouped together (for example, the concept of a dog is classified with a positive concept more quickly), so it holds a similar positive or negative attitude towards this concept (dog). The complete IAT plan can be found on the Project Implication and Inquisit websites.
IAT's research on implicit attitudes reveals attitudes towards gender, race and age, which is consistent with experiments and population-based studies. A recent analysis of Project Implicit database found that in an international sample, scientific gender stereotype can predict the differences of gender-related mathematics and scientific achievements in different countries.
Start tasks in sequence
Sequential priming task (also called affective priming task) was put forward by Fazio et al. in 1986, which is another measurement paradigm based on reaction time. By measuring the speed at which subjects identify the positive or negative meanings of irritating adjectives. Adjectives with strong positive or negative valence will be used in the attitude initiation stage. After these priming words, subjects need to classify the target words according to simple judgments such as "good" or "bad". If the priming word is the same as the target word, it will promote the classification (reaction speed) of the target word. That is to say, if a priming word with a positive price accelerates the response of the subjects to the target word, then the subjects hold a more positive implicit attitude towards the target word.
Sequential priming task paradigm is often used to study diet and food attitude. In clinical research, this paradigm is often used to study the attitudes of people diagnosed with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. Like other paradigms listed here, the sequential priming task paradigm is also used to measure the stereotype effect, including the effectiveness of stereotype mitigation treatment.
Semantic priming task
In the paradigm of semantic priming task proposed by Wittenbrink et al. (1997), subjects will be presented with a priming word with a very short conscious time (see subliminal stimulus). The priming words consist of two groups of words representing the concepts in the questionnaire (namely, black names and white names). Then the subjects need to complete the Lexical Judgment Task (LDT) to determine whether the target stimulus is a word. The target stimulus consists of words with definite positive or negative values. If the target words with positive price react quickly under a set of starting words (such as black names), it means that they have a positive attitude towards this set of starting words.
External emotion Simon task
In the external emotion Simon task (East) proposed by De Houwer (2003), subjects need to classify the stimuli composed of positive or negative words and present them in the form of color, black and white or two different colors. When words are presented in black and white, subjects need to classify them according to their positive or negative meanings. When words are presented in color, subjects need to classify them according to color, ignoring the meaning of words. When colored words with positive implicit attitude are presented, if the accuracy and speed of classification are improved, the reaction is similar to black and white words with obvious positive price. A complete example can be found in the external link below.
EAST is used to study the attitudes of people with special phobia or anxiety. In addition, the test has recently been used to measure the implicit attitude of addicts to alcohol; And it is evaluated as a highly correlated predictive value for substance abuse.
Reactive/non-reactive contact task
In fact, go/no-go Association Task (GNAT) looks very much like Implicit Association Task (IAT), which requires participants to classify target concepts (such as the name of a white or black race) and attribute words with obvious positive or negative values. Subjects need to respond (go) or not respond (not go) to the presented stimuli. In the test, subjects need to respond to a target concept (white or black) and an attribute word with positive or negative valence, and the latter pairing will be reversed, that is, the target concept will be paired with the opposite attribute word. When paired with positive attribute words, faster response and higher correct rate mean stronger connection, that is, a more positive attitude towards the target concept (white or black) than negative attribute words. The complete GNAT example can be found in the external link below.
Similar to EAST, GNAT is not only used to study stereotypes and racial discrimination, but also used to measure the fear connection of people diagnosed with acute phobia.
Emotional error attribution program
Emotional Error Attribution Process (AMP) is an indirect method to measure implicit attitude, which is based on the evaluation of neutral stimuli by subjects, not on reaction time or correct rate. In this process, the subjects are first given a very short or subconscious stimulus (usually pictures or words), which may induce positive or negative attitudes. Then, the subjects were presented with a neutral stimulus (usually China's hieroglyphics) and asked to evaluate to what extent it looked more pleasant or unpleasant than the general stimulus without the influence of the priming stimulus. In the program, the positive or negative emotions induced by the priming stimulus will be wrongly attributed or projected on the neutral stimulus, and the neutral stimulus will be evaluated as more pleasant or unpleasant than when it is presented alone. The neutral stimulus evaluated as more pleasant indicates that the previous concept of priming stimulus has a positive price. A complete example of the AMP program can be found in the external link below.
AMP has been used to study the attitude towards political candidates and proved to be very effective in predicting election behavior. Similarly, the program is often used to study substance use, for example, the attitudes of smokers and non-smokers to cigarettes, and the attitudes of alcoholics to alcohol.