First, understand the common sense of writers and works
Shen Kuo (1031-1095) was born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Famous scientists and outstanding politicians in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was born in a feudal bureaucratic family. He loved medicine as a child and was a scholar at the age of 33. Political progress is one of Wang Anshi's main assistants in political reform. Wang Anshi, 47, took a bachelor's degree in Hanlin. At the age of 55, Wang Anshi failed in his political reform and retired to Runzhou, Jiangsu Province (now Zhenjiang City) to build Meng Xi Park, where he summed up his own experience and personal research results and wrote "On Meng Xi". He died at the age of 65.
Meng Qian Bi Tan is a monograph that comprehensively discusses the literary genre of notes. The book includes 30 volumes, including 609 articles, such as supplementary explanations and continuing explanations. Its content is extensive, including astronomy, calendar, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, geology, medicine, military, history, literature, philosophy and so on. Among them, natural science is the mainstay. It summed up the brilliant achievements made in the field of natural science in ancient times, especially in the Song Dynasty, recorded and praised the creation of working people at that time, and expounded its own views on natural science. It is an important document in the history of science and technology development in China and the world, and has been widely valued and highly praised at home and abroad.
Second, the new words that the text needs to master (pay attention to the pronunciation of red words).
Bi Sheng is as thin as money, the rosin wax paper is gray, and the words are as flat as rock, so the more intercommunicating burning earth is used by the group.
Third, grasp the meaning of keywords.
1, Bi Sheng cloth: civilians. In ancient times, people without official positions wore cloth clothes, so they were called cloth clothes.
2, it comes into contact with turpentine, wax and paper dust: cover, cover.
3. Then the second board is equipped: ready.
4. Rotation of seal cutting: immediately, immediately.
5. Reheat the drug after use: End.
6, no pollution, no: not at all.
7, its seal is group from group: numerous, numerous. From: the next closest relative.
Fourth, master interchangeable words and polysemous words.
Common words
Number of topics, examples of interchangeable words
Trapped Gate is a 3-edition printed version, which was out of fashion in the Tang Dynasty.
All the classics are printed.
It's not easy to stop printing after printing only three or two books.
polysemy
The subject or problem of study.
polysemic word
Semantic example
Rigid (noun as adverbial) is used for "trap board" (1)
(2) woodblock (noun) printing books was not popular in the Tang Dynasty.
After the classics, they are all printed versions.
Print (1) print (verb)
(2) the word printing, seal (noun) if you stop printing three or two copies.
Every word is printed.
Fire (1) fire (noun)
(2) Use fire (noun as adverbial)
(3) set it on fire with fire (nouns used as verbs).
Fire made the company.
Reheat and melt the medicine.
Ke (1) ke (modal verb)
(2) About (adverb) can be completed in an instant.
Gao Xu Shu
If (1) If (conjunction)
(2) If you only print three or two images (verbs)
Unlike charred land.
Post (1) is marked with the tag (verb) ti.
(2) Class (noun) Ti ? is pasted on paper.
Every rhyme is a post.
Just around (verb) (1)
(2) Finish (verb) and light it.
More interoperability and immediacy.
Use (1) as (conjunction)
(2) Use (preposition) to prevent repetition in the board.
People who don't take wood seriously.
Do (verb) of (1)
(2) Yes (verb)
(3) Bei (preposition)
(4) It is (verb) that the Tang people have not yet flourished.
All the classics are printed on the blackboard.
It is printed for the benefit of the group.
not easy
Sixth, the analysis of the key content of the text.
1. Before introducing letterpress printing, why does the article introduce woodblock printing first?
This paper first introduces the popularization process of stereotyped printing: the "not prosperous" in Tang Dynasty, the "first printing" in the Five Dynasties, and the "everything" after the Five Dynasties. The article begins with this, because it is a leap from rigid printing to letterpress printing. First, the advantages of letterpress printing can be seen through rigid printing.
2. The second paragraph reads, "In the celebration calendar, there is Bi Sheng in cloth, which is also a trap." Why use the word "you"?
The first paragraph says, "Printed books were not popular in the Tang Dynasty. The Five Classics were printed in the Five Dynasties, and all classics were printed. " It is about woodcut printing, and letterpress printing is a major reform based on woodcut printing technology, so it is also called "letterpress printing".
3. From what aspects does the second paragraph introduce the trap? How was it introduced?
This paper introduces lettering printing, plate making, printing and the reasons why woodcut is not used.
Lettering printing: material-"clay lettering"; Glyph-"as thin as money lips, printed every word"; Treatment-"Fire makes you firm"
Plate making: There are four processes:
First, "set up an iron plate with rosin, wax and paper ash exposed on it";
Second, "iron fans are placed on the iron plate, which are densely printed";
Third, "live by it";
Fourth, "press the face with a flat plate, and the words will be as flat as a rock."
Printing method: "always make two iron plates, one printed and the other printed by yourself." Only when this is printed can the second edition be used together. "
The reason for not using woodcut characters: "The arts and sciences are dense, but the water is uneven, so it is not advisable to stick to the doctor."
4. In what order does the article Trapdoor explain things?
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the development of trapdoor, so it is explained in chronological order. The text is arranged in the order of description from the procedures of creation (that is, word preparation), typesetting, printing, plate making and so on (that is, the process of letterpress printing), which is a manifestation of time sequence.
5. The object of "folklore" is "letterpress printing", and its characteristic is "vividness", which is also its important advantage. How does the author explain the word "live"?
Every word is a seal-words are alive.
Dense typesetting-typesetting is alive
Every word has several impressions-the number of impressions is alive.
Those who have strange words are unprepared, and they are engraved-spiritual practice.
Better interoperability-usage is active
Brush it with your hand and the seal will fall off-the demolition method will live.
In this way, grasping the characteristics of things to write, from typesetting, printing, sorting and other aspects, it shows a "trap" rather than a "rigid".
6. At the beginning of the text, it is stated that the materials used in the font are "carved with clay". Why do you have to explain why you don't use wood as a tool at the end?
The reason why wood is not used is because it is "dense in arts and sciences, but uneven in water and sticky with medicine, which is not desirable;" If you don't burn the soil, you can use it to melt the medicine, and when you brush it with your hand, its seal will automatically fall and won't be polluted. "When it comes to' medicine' and' using it to make medicine melt', it is incomprehensible not to understand the whole process of letterpress printing, so I have to explain it at last.
Ma Shuo Examination Center (Keywords)
I. Explanation of words
1, Bole: Spring and Autumn people, surnamed Sun, named Yang, good at looking at horses.
2. Humiliated only in the hands of slaves: humiliated only in the hands of the groom. Just: just. Be humiliated. One: Yes. Slave: the groom.
3. Pian (pián) died in the trough (cá olli): (with ordinary horses) died in the stable (Ji). Parallel: Two horses ride side by side. Parallel death. A trough, a container for feeding animals. Hey, steady.
4, don't call it a thousand miles: don't call (it) a swift horse. Use, use, use. Call, call. A thousand miles: a thousand miles.
5. A horse is thousands of miles away: a horse that can walk Wan Li Road in one day. , auxiliary words. The words "horse" and "thousands of miles away" are part of the double referential relationship.
6, a food (shí): eat a meal. Or make a stone: sometimes you have to eat a stone (Dan). Or, sometimes. All, all, used as a verb here, means "eat up" millet, which originally refers to millet and also refers to grain. Stone, ten barrels for stone.
7. Eat (√): Same as "hello", hello. Hereinafter, the words "eat" and "eat" are also called "eat".
8, its: refers to a swift horse, pronoun. Able to take Wan Li Road: able to take Wan Li Road. (Attributive postposition, no translation. )
9. Yes, this is a demonstrative pronoun.
10, ability: ability.
1 1, talent is beautiful: talent and strengths cannot be displayed to the public. Look, with "now", it appears.
12, and: still. Desire: want. Wait: equivalent, the same. Not available: I can't do it. Get, can, means that objective conditions permit.
13, An: How, where, interrogative pronoun.
14, the policy is not in place: go ahead, it is not in place. Policy: bamboo whip, extended to whip, here means to drive away. It refers to a swift horse, a pronoun. In one's own way: In the way of (riding a swift horse). Tao: Method.
15, make the best use of everything: make the best use of everything. Feed a horse so that it can walk thousands of miles every day. Material: same as "talent", talent
16, Ming: the horse barks, yes: the generation of a swift horse. Understand its meaning: be familiar with its meaning.
17, policy: holding a whip. Wait, wait. Policy, whip, noun. Professor: Let's face it.
18, alas: expressing consternation is equivalent to "alas".
19, really innocent (yé): Is there really no maxima? Its: don't, express rhetorical tone. Evil, like "also", expresses doubt and is equivalent to "want".
20. I really don't understand horses. Its: I'm afraid, probably; Express a speculative tone.
2 1, often: usually, usually.
Second, interchangeable words.
(1) Horse eater: "Eat" means "feed", feed.
(2) Aestheticism is out of sight: "seeing" and "being" communicate, show and reveal.
(3) You can't make the best use of what you eat: "material" is connected with "talent".
(4) There is no horse evil: "evil" leads to "yeah" to express doubt, which is equivalent to "horse".
(5) Only humiliated by slaves: "Only" means "only".
Third, the different meanings of ancient and modern times.
That's an old saying: it is. For example, it is a horse, although it can travel thousands of miles.
Modern significance: trial words.
An Guyi: What's the matter? For example, Ann asked it to take Wan Li Road.
Today's meaning: safety; Stability; Installation.
Equal ancient meaning: the same. For example, it is impossible to wait for a horse.
Today's meaning: wait; Used after personal pronouns and nouns to indicate plural or enumeration.
Or the old saying: sometimes, some people. For example, eat all the corn and stones at once.
Meaning: or
Then the ancient meaning: adverb, which means that after one situation appears, another situation appears, emphasizing that the former is the latter: there is Bole in the world, and then there is a swift horse.
Modern meaning: conjunction, which means after an action or situation.
The ancient meaning of food: food. Example: You can't make full use of what you eat.
Meaning: eat.
Fourth, the word is polysemy.
about
Although there are thousands of miles of ability: yes.
Traveler who travels a thousand miles: attributive postposition, meaningless
Policy does not depend on its way: pronoun, it, in this article refers to a swift horse.
Speak without understanding its meaning: syllable auxiliary words, do not translate
Only in the hands of slaves: Yes.
can
Although the ability is thousands of miles: talent, ability
Ann asked him about his ability to fly thousands of miles: yes.
plan
Policy is not in its own way: driven.
Follow the policy and face the policy: flogging
but
If you don't understand the meaning, say: conjunctions indicate a turning point, but
Adhere to the policy and face the policy: conjunctions, adverbials and predicates
eat
If you don't have enough food and strength, you will be beautiful: eat, verb.
You can't make full use of what you eat: feed, verbs.
although
Therefore, although there is a famous horse: even if
Although there are thousands of miles: although
that
You can't make full use of what you eat: it is
Really innocent: don't ask questions, emphasize tone?
I don't know Ma: I guess, "I'm afraid."
This policy is not in its own way: it's
along with
Don't call it a thousand miles: let it go and use it.
The policy is not in its own way: according to
Verb (abbreviation of verb) notional word
A swift horse-a horse that travels thousands of miles every day. This article refers to talents.
Bole-a man who is good at watching horses. This article refers to a person who knows talents.
Insult-humiliation
Parallel-one or two horses are neck and neck.
Say-famous
A meal.-a meal.
Horse eater-hey, hey. This article refers to people who bury talents.
Talent and beauty-the quality of talent and beauty
See-appear, "see" to "now"
Equal-equal, same
ordinary
Yes-this kind, as a pronoun.
Strategic drive
Carry out the policy-whip the horse with a whip
Tao method
try one's best
Material-through "talent", ability
new new
know well
Wait, wait, wait
Face to face
Know-recognize, understand
Sixth, function words
And (Bole doesn't often)-the wind and water turn around, but
So-so.
In-in
Structural auxiliary word of "zhi"
Use-use
Although-even though (famous for horses); Although (although it is thousands of miles away)
Or sometimes
Its generation "maxima"
Ann.-What?
(Policy) 1-As a pronoun, it stands for a swift horse.
According to, according to
(Ming) Zhi-auxiliary words, syllables are complete and meaningless.
And (following the policy)-surface modification
Vii. Flexible use of parts of speech
1, adjectives are used as verbs:
Humiliated: humiliated. Example: Only humiliated by slaves.
Do it: eat it up. Example: Eat one stone at a time.
2. Nouns used as verbs:
The original meaning of policy refers to a whip, which is used as a verb here and extended to hit with a whip. It means driving here. Ex.: Policy is not based on its own way.
3. Quantifiers are used as verbs:
Thousands of miles: travel thousands of miles a day. For example, a horse eater doesn't know that he can eat thousands of miles.
4. The causative usage of adjectives:
Try your best: make full use of it. Example: You can't make full use of what you eat.
Eight, special sentence patterns
1. rhetorical question: Is it really innocent?
The horse is thousands of miles away.
3. Ellipsis: People who eat horses don't know that they can eat thousands of miles.
4. Ellipsis: Policies are not based on their own methods.
Inscription of humble examination room (key words)
Loushiming
Don? Liu Yuxi
The mountain is not high, and the fairy is named; The water is not deep, and the dragon is the spirit. I am humble, but I am kind. The moss on the stage is green, and the curtain grass is green. There is a scholar (3) instead of Ding Bai (4). You can tune the piano and read Jin Dian. ⑦ There is no difference between silk and bamboo, and there is no contingency in case. Attending Zhuge Lu in Nanyang, Ziyunge in Xishu [1 1]. Kong Ziyun: "What's the matter?" 〔 12〕
Precautions:
14. Yes: They are all demonstrative pronouns. A house with simple and narrow furniture.
(2) Wei: It plays an important role as the preposition "one". Dexin means noble conduct. Xin, a fragrance that can spread far away.
3 Hongru: This refers to a learned person. Hong, big. Confucianism, used to refer to scholars.
④ Ding Bai: an unknown civilian. This refers to people with little knowledge.
⑤ Suqin: Piano without carving or painting decoration.
⑥ Golden Sutra: The Diamond Sutra (referred to as King Kong Prajna Sutra or King Kong Prajna Paramita Sutra) was widely circulated in the Tang Dynasty.
⑦ Four Books: String and Wind Music, here refers to the sound of playing music. Here refers to musical instruments in general. Interfere with the ear, make hearing impaired.
⑨ Case ⑩: Documents handled by government officials daily.
Attending Nanyang: Place name, west of Xiangyang County, Hubei Province. Before coming out of the mountain, Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in nanyang road.
[1 1] Ziyun: a figure of Yang Xiong (53- 18) in Han Dynasty. He is a native of Xishu (now Chengdu, Sichuan), and his residence is called "Yangzifu". It is said that he wrote Tai Xuan Jing in Yangzi Building, so it is also called Cao Xuantang. Yunting in this article refers to its residence. Sichuan still has weizi and Ziyun City to commemorate him.
[12] What's the matter? First, the object is advanced. What happened to the Analects of Confucius? Zi Han: "Zi wants to live in Jiuyi, or' Is it ugly?'" Confucius said,' How can a gentleman be humble if he lives there?' Confucius wants to move to the land of Jiuyi. Someone said, "That place is very humble. How can I live well? " Confucius said, "There are gentlemen who live without being humble."
[13] Fatigue: make the body tired.
Translation:
Mountains don't have to be high. Living with immortals is famous. The water doesn't have to be deep. Living with dragons is supernatural. Although this is a humble house, it's just that my personality is beautiful (so I don't feel humble). Moss is green, growing on the steps, and grass is green, reflected in the curtains. I talk and laugh with learned people, and there is no such thing as ignorant people. You can play simple guqin and read precious Buddhist scriptures. No loud music disturbs your ears, and no official documents make you physically and mentally exhausted. Just like Zhuge Liang's thatched cottage in Nanyang and Yang Ziyun's porch pavilion in West Shu. Confucius said, "What is so simple?"
(1) in: in, verb. (2) Name: Nouns are famous as verbs. (3) Spirit: Nouns, as verbs, are supernatural, magical and have aura. (4) s: demonstrative pronoun, this. Yes: the judgment verb. A humble room: a humble room. (5) only: only. (6) Only my virtue: Only my moral character is noble (making the humble room look humble). Dexin: High moral character. In ancient times, smell and aroma were often used to describe people's noble character. I, I, here refers to the author, the owner of the humble room. [7] Shang: locative nouns spread as verbs and grow to. (8) Enter: This means "reflect". (9) Scholar: A scholar refers to a person with profound knowledge and noble character. Confucianism: The past refers to a scholar. (10) Ding Bai: Civilians here refer to people with little knowledge. (1 1) tune (tiáo) Su Qin: tune the bomb; Simple piano, unadorned piano. (12) Golden Sutra: Buddhist Sutra written in clay gold in ancient times, generally referring to Buddhist Sutra. (13) Silk and bamboo: the general term for musical instruments such as Qin, Hu, Xiao and flute, in which "silk" refers to stringed instruments and "bamboo" refers to wind instruments. Generally refers to music. (14) 1: Adverb, inserted between the subject and the predicate, cancels the independence of the sentence and does not translate. (15) Nuisance to the ear: Nuisance to the ear (causative usage) (16) Case (dú): Official document. Xie, ① Ancient wooden slips. 2 documents; Letters. (17) Fatigue: Exhausting the body. Form, form, body. Tired, using, making ... tired. (18) Nanyang: Place name, now the west of Nanyang City, Henan Province. Before coming out of the mountain, Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Wollongong, Nanyang. (19) Zhuge Lu in Nanyang, Ting Yun Pavilion in West Shu: Zhuge Liang Caotang in Nanyang and Yangzi Yunting Pavilion in West Shu. These two sentences mean that Zhuge Lu and Ziyunge are both humble and admired because the people in the places where they live are famous. Zhuge Liang, also known as Kong Ming, was the prime minister of Shu and Han in the Three Kingdoms period, a famous politician and strategist, and lived in seclusion in Longzhongshan Middle School in Nanyang County before leaving office. Yang Xiong, Zi Ziyun, a writer in the Western Han Dynasty, was born in Chengdu, Shu County. Lu, a humble little house. (20) What is it? What is this? Auxiliary words, which have no practical meaning, are symbols of preposition objects. The whole sentence means "What's the matter?" See "The Analects of Confucius Zi Han": "Zi wants to live in Jiuyi, or Yue; So what about ugliness? Confucius said,' How can a gentleman be humble if he lives there? "Confucius believes that although Jiuyi is low, there are gentlemen living in it, and it is not low. This paper only uses the meaning of "what is a humble room" and also includes the meaning of "a gentleman's residence". Here, Confucius is quoted to prove that "a humble room is a gentleman's residence, and a humble room is not humble." Echoing the last article, "I am humble, but I am virtuous." "Turning the word" ugly "over completely and reaching the perfect state of" not ugly "is the crowning touch of the full text. It highlights the author's noble and proud sentiment and poor and happy taste. (2 1) The moss on the upper steps is green, indicating that few people come to visit Liu Yuxi. The grass in the curtain is green, but the grass in the courtyard is not removed, which reflects the host's indifferent mentality of fame and fortune and renders a quiet atmosphere.
Vines: Raw branches and vines.
Play: play.
Appropriate: when; of course
Say: think