King Shiloh of Syracuse asked the goldsmith to make a crown out of pure gold. Because it is suspected that there is silver mixed in it, Archimedes is invited to identify it. When he entered the bathtub to take a bath, the water overflowed outside the bathtub, so he realized that although the weight of objects made of different materials was the same, the discharged water would be different because of their different volumes. According to this truth, it can be judged whether the crown is adulterated.
Hua
Once, he went out to play with his neighbor's children, and they walked; Suddenly I saw an abandoned grave by the roadside, and there were many stone men and horses beside the grave. This immediately aroused Hua's curiosity, and he really wanted to find out. So he said to the neighbor's children:
"There may be some interesting things. Shall we go and see? "
The neighbor's child replied, "ok, but only for a while." I'm a little scared. "
Bold Hua said with a smile, "Don't be afraid, there are no ghosts in the world." With that, he ran to the grave first.
The two children studied the stone man and the horse carefully before they came to the grave. They groped around and found it interesting. Thinking Hua suddenly asked the neighbor's children, "How heavy are these stone men and horses?"
The neighbor's child looked at him puzzled and said, "How should I know? How can you ask such a stupid question? No wonder people call you' Luo Idiot'. "
Hua said disappointedly, "Can you think of a way to calculate?"
The children in the neighborhood laughed and said, "Wait till you become a mathematician in the future!" ! But if you can become a mathematician, I'm afraid you will work at sunrise and rest at sunset. "
Despite the ridicule of the children next door, Hua firmly said, "I will definitely find a way in the future."
Of course, calculating the weight of these stone men and horses is not a problem for Hua, who later became a mathematician.
There is a temple on Dongqinglongshan Mountain in Jintan County, and a temple fair is held every year. Young Hua is a person who likes to join in the fun, and he is indispensable in any lively place. One year, Hua also rushed to the temple fair with adults. A vivid scene attracted him. I saw a burly horse coming from Qinglong Mountain to the city, and immediately sat on a "Bodhisattva" covered with feathers and robes. Everywhere I went, people on the road bowed their heads and were very pious. After the worship, they put money in a small pot in front of the "Bodhisattva" so as to ask God for a sign, a doctor and a child.
Hua was amused, but he didn't kneel down or worship the Bodhisattva himself. The adults standing by were very angry and scolded:
"Son, why don't you worship? This bodhisattva is amazing. "
"Is the Bodhisattva really that smart?" Hua asked.
One person said, "Of course, don't offend the immortals at a young age, or you will be in trouble."
"Is the Bodhisattva really omnipotent?" This question haunts China. He doesn't believe that a clay bodhisattva can really help the poor.
The temple fair broke up and all the spectators went home. However, Hua is far behind the "Bodhisattva". Seeing the "Bodhisattva" entering the Qinglong Mountain Temple, Xiaohua Luo Geng rushed over and looked out through the crack of the door. I saw the Bodhisattva move. He got off the horse, took off his flowered clothes, and conveniently wiped the makeup off his face. Hua Geng outside the door was shocked. It turned out that the "Bodhisattva" worshipped by the people was actually dressed up by a villager.
Hua finally solved the mystery in his heart. He told everyone in the village about cheating the Bodhisattva, and people finally realized. From then on, people looked at the child with new eyes, and no one called him "Luo nerd" anymore. It is the spirit of China to ask what comes next.
Jingrun Chen
Chen Jingrun, a famous mathematician, made great contributions to overcoming Goldbach's conjecture and founded the famous "Chen Theorem", so many people affectionately called him "the prince of mathematics". But who would have thought that his achievement originated from a story?
1937, diligent Chen Jingrun was admitted to Huaying College in Fuzhou. At this time, during the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Professor Shen Yuan, director of the Department of Aeronautical Engineering in Tsinghua University, returned to Fujian to attend the funeral, unwilling to stay in his hometown because of the war. Several universities got the news and wanted to invite Professor Shen to give lectures. He declined the invitation. As he is an alumnus of Huaying, he came to this middle school to teach mathematics to his classmates in order to report to his alma mater.
One day, Teacher Shen Yuan told us a story in math class: "A Frenchman discovered an interesting phenomenon 200 years ago: 6=3+3, 8=5+3, 10=5+5, 12=5+7, 28= 5+23. Every even number greater than 4 can be expressed as the sum of two odd numbers. Because this conclusion has not been proved, it is still a guess. Euler said: Although I can't prove it, I am sure this conclusion is correct.
It is like a beautiful light ring, shining with dazzling brilliance in front of us not far away. ..... "Chen Jingrun stare eyes, absorbed.
From then on, Chen Jingrun became interested in this wonderful question. In his spare time, he likes going to the library. He not only read the counseling books in middle schools, but also eagerly read the textbooks of mathematics and physics courses in these universities. Therefore, he got the nickname "bookworm".
Interest is the first teacher. It is such a mathematical story that aroused Chen Jingrun's interest and his diligence and made him a great mathematician.
"Teacher, I am not fooling around."
-The story of "Prince of Mathematics" Gauss
At the age of seven, little Gauss went to primary school. The teacher's name is Butner, and he is a famous local mathematician. This young teacher from the city always thinks that children in the countryside are idiots and their talents can't be displayed. In a math class in grade three, Butner lost his temper with the children again, and then wrote a long list of formulas on the blackboard: 81297+81495+81693+…+100701+69.
"wow! How many figures are there in total? How to calculate? " The more nervous the students are, the more they can't figure out how to calculate.
Butner is very proud. He knew that the last number was 100, which was larger than the previous number 198. Even if these naughty students do their calculations obediently all morning, they won't work out the results.
Unexpectedly, in a short time, Gao Xiaosi came over with a small slate with the answer written on it and said, "Teacher, I have finished the calculation." Without looking up, Butner said angrily, "Go, don't be ridiculous. Anyone who wants to scribble numbers must be careful! " Say that finish, waved a hammer fist.
But little gauss insisted on not leaving and said, "teacher, I'm not kidding." And gently put the small slate on the platform. Butner took one look and was too surprised to speak. Unexpectedly, this 10-year-old child worked out the correct answer so quickly.
It turned out that little Gauss did not add one by one like other children, but observed carefully, used his head and found the law. He found that the sum of two numbers at the beginning and the end of a figure is the sum of 182 196,50, and182196 can be quickly calculated by multiplication.
Little Gauss's incredible mathematical talent made Butner admire and feel guilty. From then on, he never looked down on children from poor families. He bought many math books for little Gauss and asked his young assistant Battier to help little Gauss learn math.
The epitaph of a mathematician
Some mathematicians devoted themselves to mathematics before their death, and after their death, they carved symbols representing their life achievements on tombstones.
Archimedes, an ancient Greek scholar, died at the hands of Roman enemy soldiers who attacked Sicily. ), people carved the figure of the ball in the cylinder on his tombstone to commemorate his discovery that the volume and surface area of the ball are two-thirds of that of the circumscribed cylinder. After discovering the regular practice of regular heptagon, German mathematician Gauss gave up the original intention of studying literature, devoted himself to mathematics, and even made many great contributions to mathematics. Even in his will, he suggested building a tombstone with a regular 17 prism as the base.
/kloc-Rudolph, a German mathematician in the 6th century, spent his whole life calculating pi to 35 decimal places, which was later called Rudolph number. After his death, someone else carved this number on his tombstone. Jacques Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician, studied the spiral (known as the thread of life) before his death. After his death, a logarithmic spiral was carved on the tombstone, and the inscription also read: "Although I have changed, I am the same as before." This is a pun, which not only describes the spiral nature, but also symbolizes his love for mathematics.
Descartes, (1596- 1650), a French philosopher, mathematician and physicist, was one of the founders of analytic geometry. He believes that mathematics is the theory and model of all other sciences, and puts forward a methodology based on mathematics and centered on deduction, which is a philosophy left to future generations. The development of mathematics and natural science has played a great role.
Descartes analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of geometry and algebra, and showed that he wanted to find a method that included the advantages of these two sciences without their disadvantages. This method is to study the geometric problem-analytic geometry by algebraic method. Geometry confirmed Descartes' position in the history of mathematics, and geometry put forward the main ideas and methods of analytic geometry, marking the birth of analytic geometry. Sigmund called it a turning point in mathematics, and later mankind entered the stage of variable mathematics.
Descartes also improved the Vedic symbols. He used A, B, C ... to represent known numbers, and X, Y, Z ... to represent unknown numbers, and created symbols such as "=" and ","which have been used ever since.
Descartes also has many unique features in physics, physiology and astronomy.
Eight-year-old Gauss discovered mathematical theorems.
The famous German scientist Gauss (1777 ~ 1855) was born in a poor family. Gauss learned to calculate by himself before he could speak. When he was three years old, he watched his father calculate his salary one night and corrected his father's calculation mistakes.
When he grew up, he became the most outstanding astronomer and mathematician of our time. He made some contributions to physics electromagnetism, and now a unit of electromagnetism is named after him. Mathematicians call him "the prince of mathematics".
He entered a rural primary school at the age of eight. The teacher who teaches mathematics is from the city. He feels that teaching a few little lynx in remote places is really overqualified. Moreover, he has some prejudices: children from poor families are born fools, and there is no need to teach these stupid children to study hard. If there is an opportunity, they should be punished to add some fun to this boring life.
This day is a depressing day for the math teacher. The students cringed when they saw the teacher's depressed face, knowing that the teacher was going to arrest these students again today and punish them.
"You calculate for me today, from 1 plus 2 plus 3 to 100. Whoever can't figure it out will be punished for not going home for lunch. " The teacher said this, picked up a novel, sat in a chair and read it without saying a word.
The children in the classroom picked up the slate and began to calculate: "1 plus 2 equals 3, 3 plus 3 equals 6, 6 plus 4 equals10 …" Some children added a number to the slate and then erased the result. After adding it, the number is getting bigger and bigger, which is difficult to calculate. Some children's little faces turned red, and some children's palms and foreheads oozed sweat.
Less than half an hour later, little Gauss picked up the slate and stepped forward. "Teacher, is this the answer?"
Without looking up, the teacher waved his thick hand and said, "Go, go back!"! Wrong. " He thought it impossible to have an answer so soon.
But Gauss stood still and put the slate in front of the teacher: "Teacher! I think this answer is correct. "
The math teacher wanted to shout, but when he saw the number written on the slate: 5050, he was surprised because he calculated it himself and got the number of 5050. How did this 8-year-old child get this value so quickly?
Gauss explained a method he discovered, which was used by the ancient Greeks and China people to calculate the sequence1+2+3+…+n. Gauss's discovery made the teacher feel ashamed, and felt that his previous view of being arrogant and belittling poor children was wrong. He also taught seriously in the future, and often bought some math books from the city for his own study and lent them to Gauss. With his encouragement, Gauss later did some important research in mathematics.
For the prosperity of the Chinese nation-Su's story.
Su Yu 1902 was born in a mountain village in Pingyang County, Zhejiang Province in September. Although the family is poor, his parents scrimp and save, and they have to work hard to pay for his education. When he was in junior high school, he was not interested in mathematics. He thinks mathematics is too simple, and he will understand it as soon as he learns it. It can be measured that a later math class influenced his life.
That was when Su was in the third grade. He was studying in No.60 Middle School in Zhejiang Province. Teacher Yang teaches mathematics. He has just returned from studying in Tokyo. In the first class, Mr. Yang didn't talk about math, but told stories. He said: "In today's world, the law of the jungle, the world powers rely on their ships to build guns and gain benefits, and all want to eat and carve up China. The danger of China's national subjugation and extinction is imminent, so we must revitalize science, develop industry and save the nation. Every student here has a responsibility to' rise and fall in the world'. " He quoted and described the great role of mathematics in the development of modern science and technology. The last sentence of this class is: "In order to save the country and survive, we must revitalize science. Mathematics is the pioneer of science. In order to develop science, we must learn math well. "I don't know how many lessons Sue took in her life, but this lesson will never be forgotten.
Teacher Yang's class deeply touched him and injected new stimulants into his mind. Reading is not only to get rid of personal difficulties, but to save the suffering people in China; Reading is not only to find a way out for individuals, but to seek a new life for the Chinese nation. That night, Sue tossed and turned and stayed up all night. Under the influence of Teacher Yang, Su's interest shifted from literature to mathematics, and since then, she has set the motto "Never forget to save the country when reading, and never forget to save the country when reading". I am fascinated by mathematics. No matter it is the heat of winter or the snowy night in first frost, Sue only knows reading, thinking, solving problems and calculating, and has worked out tens of thousands of math exercises in four years. Now Wenzhou No.1 Middle School (that is, the provincial No.10 Middle School at that time) still treasures a Su's geometry exercise book, which is written with a brush and has fine workmanship. When I graduated from high school, my grades in all subjects were above 90.
/kloc-At the age of 0/7, Su went to Japan to study, and won the first place in Tokyo Technical School, where she studied eagerly. The belief of winning glory for our country drove Su to enter the field of mathematics research earlier. At the same time, he has written more than 30 papers, and made great achievements in differential geometry, and obtained the doctor of science degree in 193 1. Before receiving her doctorate, Su was a lecturer in the Department of Mathematics of Imperial University of Japan. Just as a Japanese university was preparing to hire him as an associate professor with a high salary, Su decided to return to China to teach with his ancestors. After the professor of Zhejiang University returned to Suzhou, his life was very hard. In the face of difficulties, Su's answer is, "Suffering is nothing, I am willing, because I have chosen the right road, which is a patriotic and bright road!" "
This is the patriotism of the older generation of mathematicians.
Determined to save the country by science since childhood —— The story of Xiong Qinglai.
Xiong Qinglai (1893- 1969), a native of Mile County, Yunnan Province, was a pioneer of modern mathematics in China and made outstanding contributions to the development of mathematics in China.
Xiong Qinglai's father Xiong Guodong is proficient in Confucianism, but he prefers new learning. He is very open-minded and has a great influence on Xiong Qinglai. As a teenager, Xiong Qinglai often heard about Sun Yat-sen's democratic revolution from his father, which planted the seeds of patriotism in his childhood.
1907, Xiong qinglai was admitted to Kunming Yunnan dialect school and soon went to Yunnan higher education school. At that time, the Manchu dynasty was dying, and anti-Qing struggles were surging everywhere. Anti-donation, anti-tax, strike, strike and mutiny spread all over the country, and the Qing government was caught in a storm. Xiong Qinglai was punished by the school for participating in the anti-French and anti-Qing demonstrations of "recovering mining rights". Xiong Qinglai, named after his real life and struggle, realized that to make the country rich and strong, he must master science, and science can make the country rich and strong.
19 13, Xiong Qing went to study in Europe. 19 14. When World War I broke out, he moved from Belgium to Paris, France via the Netherlands and Britain. In the past eight years, he has successively obtained certificates in advanced mathematics, mechanics and astronomy, and obtained a master's degree in science. 192 1 year, 28-year-old Xiong Qinglai returned to China, bent on applying what he had learned to save the people in from the mire. 1in June, 949, the reactionary Kuomintang government took advantage of Xiong qinglai's attendance at an international conference in Paris and dissolved Yunnan university, which Xiong qinglai painstakingly managed in 12. Xiong Qinglai, who is nearly sixty years old, decided to stay in France to continue the study of function theory with the feeling that his ambition is hard to pay and there is no way to serve the country.
"... the motherland welcomes you and the people welcome you! Welcome you back to the great cause of socialist construction ... "1In April 1957, Premier Zhou wrote to Xiong Qinglai to mobilize him to return home. In June of the same year, after completing the monograph on function theory, Xiong Qinglai resolutely set out and returned to the embrace of the motherland. He expressed his willingness to devote himself to the academic construction of the motherland in accordance with the requirements of socialism. In the seven years after returning to China, he published nearly 20 world-class mathematical papers in academic magazines at home and abroad. It has also trained a number of mathematical talents such as Yang Le and Zhang Guanghou, winning glory for the motherland, showing the childlike innocence of the 70-year-old man who loves the motherland.
1969, Mr. Xiong Qinglai, a great master and mathematician, passed away. Before he died, he said that he would do his best for the people and die.
2010-02-117: 49 La is a famous mathematician in the history of mathematics. He has made outstanding achievements in several branches of mathematics, such as number theory, geometry, astronomical mathematics and calculus. However, this great mathematician was not liked by teachers at all when he was a child. He is a student expelled from school.
Things are caused by stars. At that time, little Euler was studying in a missionary school. Once, he asked the teacher how many stars there were in the sky. The teacher is a believer in theology. He doesn't know how many stars there are in the sky, and the Bible doesn't answer. In fact, there are countless stars in the sky, which are infinite. There are thousands of stars visible to the naked eye. Without pretending to understand, the teacher replied to Euler, "It doesn't matter how many stars there are in the sky, as long as you know that the stars in the sky are inlaid by God."
Euler felt very strange: "The sky is so big and so high, and there is no escalator on the ground. How did God embed the stars on the screen one by one? " God himself put them in the sky one by one. Why did he forget the number of stars? Could God be too careless?
He asked the teacher a question in his heart, and the teacher was confused again, blushed and didn't know how to answer. A sudden anger rose in the teacher's heart, not only because a child who just went to school asked the teacher such a question, so that the teacher could not step down, but more importantly, the teacher regarded God above everything else. Little Euler blames God for not remembering the number of stars. The implication is that he doubts almighty god. In the teacher's view, this is a serious problem.
In Euler's time, there was absolutely no doubt about God. People can only be slaves of ideas, and they are absolutely not allowed to think freely. Little Euler didn't "keep in line" with the church and God, so the teacher told him to leave school and go home. However, in little Euler's mind, the sacred aura of God disappeared. God is a loser, he thought. Why can't he even remember the stars in the sky? He thought, God is a dictator, and even asking questions has become a crime. He thinks that God may be a guy made up by others and does not exist at all.
After returning home, he helped his father herd sheep and became a shepherd boy. He read a book while herding sheep. Among the books he read, there are many math books.
Dad's flock increased gradually, reaching 100. The original sheepfold was a little small, so my father decided to build a new sheepfold. He measured a rectangular piece of land with a ruler, 40 meters long and 15 meters wide. He calculated that the area is exactly 600 square meters, with an average of 6 square meters per sheep. When he was ready to start construction, he found that his materials were only enough for the fence of 100 meters, which was not enough at all. If you want to enclose a sheepfold with a length of 40m and a width of 15m, its circumference is110m (15+15+40+40 =1/kloc-0). If we want to build it according to the original plan, my father feels very embarrassed. If the area is reduced, the area of each sheep is less than 6 square meters.
Little Euler told his father that there was no need to shrink the sheepfold and not to worry that the territory of each sheep would be smaller than originally planned. He has an idea. Father didn't believe that little Euler would have a way, so he ignored him. Little Euler was in a hurry and said loudly, only moving a little stake in the sheepfold.
Father shook his head and thought, "How can there be such a cheap thing in the world?" However, little Euler insisted that he would be able to kill two birds with one stone. The father finally agreed to let his son try.
Little Euler saw his father agree, stood up and ran to the sheepfold to get ready to start work. He shortened the original side length of 40 meters to 25 meters centered on the stake. The father was anxious and said, "How can that be done? Then how to do it? This sheepfold is too small, too small. " Little Euler didn't answer, so he ran to the other side and extended the original side length of15m, and increased it by10m to 25m. In this way, the original planned sheepfold has become a square with a side length of 25 meters. Then, little Euler confidently said to his father, "Now, the fence is enough and the area is enough."
Father built a fence according to the sheepfold designed by little Euler. 100 meter fence is really enough, no more, no less, all used up. The area is enough, a little bigger. Father felt very happy. Children are smarter than themselves, they really use their brains, and they will definitely have a bright future.
Father thinks it's a pity to let such a clever child herd sheep. Later, he tried to let little Euler know the great mathematician Bernoulli. On the recommendation of mathematicians, little Euler became a college student in university of basel on 1720. This year, little Euler 13 was the youngest student in this university.
/kloc-At the age of 0/7, Galileo was admitted to the University of Pisa as a medical major. He likes asking questions and won't stop until he gets to the bottom of it.
Once in class, Professor Biro gave a lecture on embryology. He said: "Whether a mother gives birth to a boy or a girl is determined by her father's strength. When the father is strong, the mother gives birth to a boy; If the father is weak, the mother will have a daughter. "
As soon as Professor Biro's voice dropped, Galileo raised his hand and said, "Teacher, I have a question."
Professor Biro said unhappily, "You ask too many questions! You are a student. Listen carefully to the teacher in class, take more notes, don't think about it, it's easy to ask questions, which will affect students' study! " "This is not thinking, and it is not easy to ask questions. My neighbor, the man is very strong, but his wife has given birth to five daughters in a row. This is just the opposite of what the teacher said. How do you explain this? "Galileo was not intimidated by Professor Biro and continued to ask questions.
"I said it according to Aristotle, a famous ancient Greek scholar, and it can't be wrong!" Professor Biro moved out the theoretical basis and tried to convince him.
Galileo went on to say, "Is it necessary for Aristotle to insist that what he said is true? Science must conform to the facts, otherwise it is not real science. " Professor Biro was stumped by this question and could not step down.
Later Galileo was criticized by the school, but his spirit of persistence, curiosity and pursuit of truth has not changed at all. Because of this, he finally became a generation of science masters.
Hua used to be a naughty boy, but he was very talented in mathematics. Once, the math teacher worked out a famous math problem in ancient China-there was one thing, I don't know how many. Three places and three places, with a surplus of 2; 5 digits, 5 numbers, and the remaining 3; Seven numbers of seven, leaving two. How much is this thing? After the topic came out, the students talked about it, and no one could tell. The teacher was about to speak when Hua raised his hand and said, "I have worked it out." It is 23. " Not only did he get the numbers right, but the algorithm was also very special. This surprised the teacher greatly.
However, the clever boy dropped out of school after finishing middle school because his family was poor. He returned home and did business in his small grocery store, selling cigarettes, needle and thread, etc., and shouldered the burden of bringing home the bacon for his father. However, Hua still loves mathematics. If you can't go to school, try to learn by yourself. On one occasion, he borrowed some math books from his teacher, and became fascinated when he saw them. From then on, he studied mathematics while doing business and accounting. Sometimes he is so absorbed in reading that he forgets to say hello when people buy things. In the evening, after the shop closed, he wandered around the kingdom of mathematics wholeheartedly. For a whole year, I spent more than ten hours studying the borrowed math books almost every day. Sometimes when I sleep until midnight and think of a solution to a difficult math problem, he will definitely turn over, light a small oil lamp and write down the solution.