Brief introduction to novels
1726 was first published in Britain, which was very popular among readers and sold out within a week. Ten thousand copies were sold in three weeks. Since its publication more than two centuries ago, it has been translated into dozens of languages and widely spread all over the world. The author reflected the social contradictions in Britain in the first half of the18th century, exposed the corruption and evil of the ruling group at that time, and attacked the dangers of the war of aggression and colonialism. Although it satirizes the court and politicians, this work transcends the limitations of its time and place, especially the first two parts, and is considered as "one of the great treasures of literature". Creation background
Jonathan Swift, the author, worked as a public relations officer of the Conservative Party with robert harley and Henry St. John during the period from 17 14 to1714. Later, political parties changed, Whigs came to power, and Tory party member was liquidated. So the author alluded to the politics at that time through the first adventure of Lilliput. Secondly, the author later came to teach in Ireland, which was ruled by Britain at that time, so the author reflected the decline of Irish agriculture through Three Travels of Island Countries.
This book was completed on 1726. Gulliver's Travels originated from a gathering with friends. When Swift talked about all kinds of greedy and shameless behaviors in political circles at that time, he laughed with excitement and cursed, and began to write the first volume. After numerous additions, deletions and revisions, it was finally published anonymously in 1726, and immediately caused great controversy in British society. For more than 200 years, it has been translated into dozens of languages and spread widely all over the world.
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Brief introduction of the author
Jonathan Swift (English: Jonathan swift, 1667,165438+1October 30th-1745, 65438+1October 19), British satire. He is a
Jonathan Swift
Pastor, political writer, gifted scholar. He was born in a poor family in Dublin, Ireland and raised by his uncle. He went to school at the age of six and studied in kilkenny school for eight years. 1682 entered the famous Trinity College in Dublin, and he was not interested in anything except history and poetry. Or is the school "particularly accommodating" to get a degree? After that, he continued to study for a master's degree at Trinity College until 1686. 1688, Ireland faced British invasion, and he went to Britain to find a way out.
The next decade will be a crucial period that will have a great impact on Swift's life. He works as a private secretary at Moore Manor through relatives. Temple, the owner of Moore Manor, is an experienced politician and a philosopher. He has excellent cultivation, which undoubtedly played a positive and even mentor role for Swift. From a political or other practical point of view, this may disappoint Swift, but as far as a satirist is concerned, he has been fully studied in the past decade. His two early satirical masterpieces The Story of the Bucket and divine retribution were written here. Gulliver's Travels Atlas (20)
1723, the British government appointed the political hooligan Wood to cast copper coins for Ireland, and the people were miserable. Swift has published several open letters in succession, encouraging the Irish people to rise up against the coin-making conspiracy. He became the leader of the Irish national independence and freedom movement. After winning the struggle, he went to London to fight for the interests of the Irish people. When he returned to Ireland, countless farmers spontaneously greeted him by land and water.
After leaving Moore Manor, Swift returned to Ireland to continue to be his pastor. He devoted himself to political activities for the sake of the church. He wrote many political pamphlets in his later years and gained considerable reputation. Although he became famous for a while, he was lonely at heart. He even walked to the brink of despair step by step. He experienced everything and saw through everything, so he wrote Gulliver's Travels.
1745 10 June 19, Swift died in darkness and loneliness at the age of 78.
Gulliver's Travels is a wonderful book. It is not a simple children's book, but a literary masterpiece full of satire and criticism. George Orwell, a famous British writer, has read it no less than six times in his life. He said, "If I were to open a bibliography and list six books that I would keep even if other books were destroyed, I would definitely include Gulliver's Travels." In this book, Swift's narrative skills and satirical talent are fully reflected.
The hero of the work, Riemel Gulliver, is an English surgeon and later promoted to captain; He is well educated, proud of his motherland, and seems to be knowledgeable professionally and politically. But he is a mediocre man in essence, and Swift makes full use of this limitation of the hero to achieve the most full irony effect. The book consists of four volumes, each of which Gulliver has to face special circumstances unimaginable to ordinary people.
Jonathan swift (1667— 1745) was the founder of radical democrats in the British Enlightenment, and18th century was the most outstanding political critic and satirical novelist. His father was an Englishman who settled in Ireland and died seven months before he was born. Swift was raised by his uncle and studied at Trinity College in Dublin (named after Trinity College of Catholicism). At that time, being a priest in the church was the safest way out for poor children; But Swift hates theology and complicated philosophy courses, and his interests lie in history and literature. Holding a "chartered diploma" shows that he can't pursue further studies (in fact, he later obtained a master's degree and a doctor's degree), so he has to work as a private secretary in the home of Sir Temple, a distant relative of his mother. The situation is tantamount to a "literate slave". Soon, he showed his talent with insightful and satirical articles. One of his political articles exposing government corruption directly contributed to the armistice between Britain and France, and some even called it a "quick peace treaty". Although he later became the confidant of the Prime Minister and the drafter of the Queen's speech and became the object of flattery, he was still proud of poverty.
Swift doesn't have a formal title, and he doesn't get paid for reviewing newspapers. Prime Minister Harry gave him a bonus for writing an article, but he got angry and withdrew, stating that he was not a hired scholar. Worried about his popularity and satirical articles, the Queen and her powerful people finally expelled him from London. After he arrived in Dublin, he actively participated in the Irish people's struggle for freedom and independence, and successively published highly combative literary theories, which forced the British colonial policy to be contained. Swift is deeply loved by Irish people. When he was arrested by the authorities for his anonymous works, people protected him. When he came back from his last visit to England, people rang the bell to make a fire and returned to his apartment surrounded by guards of honor. Swift's evening scene was bleak, his loved ones died, and he was dizzy and deaf. Whenever he was awake, he still wrote until he died at the age of 78. Among Swift's masterpieces, Gulliver's Travels (1726) is the most widely circulated and loved by readers all over the world. The book tells the strange experience of traveling around four countries through the mouth of Captain Riemel Gulliver. But a careful understanding reveals the dark reality of British society everywhere and embodies the author's ideal.
He is the leader of the Irish national independence and freedom movement. After the victory, he went to London to fight for the interests of the Irish people. He was the best satirist and politician in England from 65438 to the beginning of the 8th century.
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Novel catalogue
The first volume Journey to Lilliput
The first chapter briefly describes Gulliver himself and his family-the initial motivation of traveling-sinking at sea, swimming to escape-landing safely in Lilliput-captured and escorted to the mainland.
Chapter II The Lilliput emperor, accompanied by several nobles, came to see Gulliver in custody-describing the emperor's appearance and clothes-scholars were ordered to teach Gulliver the local language-he was favored by the emperor because of his gentle personality-his pockets were searched and his knives and pistols were confiscated.
Chapter Three Gulliver played a very unusual game for the emperors and nobles-describing all kinds of entertainment activities in the court of Lilliput-Gulliver was free after accepting certain conditions.
The fourth chapter describes the palace in Mildundo, the capital of lilliputian country-Gulliver talked with a minister about imperial affairs-Gulliver expressed his willingness to serve the emperor and fight against the enemy.
Chapter five Gulliver used special tactics to stop the enemy's aggression-he was awarded the title of senior honor-Emperor Blefuscu sent a peace envoy-the queen's bedroom caught fire; Gulliver helped save the rest of the palace.
The sixth chapter is about the residents of Lilliput: their academic, legal, customs and methods of educating their children-Gulliver's lifestyle in the countryside-and he defends a lady.
Chapter 7 Gulliver got the news that someone was plotting to accuse him of serious treason, and he had to flee to Blefuscu, where he was welcomed.
Chapter 8 Gulliver fortunately found a way to leave Blefuscu, and after some twists and turns, he returned to his motherland safely.
The second volume Brobdingnag's travels
The first chapter describes a big storm; The captain sent a long boat to get fresh water; In order to see where it was, Gulliver followed the long boat-he was left on the shore; Caught by a local, and then taken to a farmer's home-where he was entertained, and then several incidents occurred-the description of the local residents.
The second chapter is about describing the details of Gulliver, the daughter of a farmer, being taken to a market town and then traveling to the capital.
Chapter III Gulliver was summoned to the palace-the queen bought him from his peasant master and presented him to the king-he argued with his majesty's scholars-the court provided Gulliver with a room-he won the queen's favor-he defended the honor of his motherland-and he argued with the queen's dwarf.
The fourth chapter is about the description of this country-the suggestion to modify the modern map-the general situation of the palace and the capital-Gulliver's travel mode-the description of the main temples.
Chapter five: Gulliver's dangerous experience-the execution of a criminal-Gulliver's performance of navigation skills.
Chapter VI Gulliver's several ways to please the king and queen-he showed his musical talent-the king asked about Britain, Gulliver described it-the king's opinion.
Chapter VII Gulliver's love for the motherland-he put forward a proposal that was extremely beneficial to the king, but it was rejected-the king knew nothing about politics-the country's academics were very imperfect and narrow-the situation of its laws, military affairs and political parties.
Chapter 8 The king and queen went to patrol the border-Gulliver's entourage-Gulliver described in detail how he left the country-and he returned to England.
The third volume Lai Pitard Balny Babilag Nagler Cone Japanese Travel Notes
Chapter 1 Gulliver started his third voyage-robbed by pirates-a vicious Dutchman-he came to an island-and he was connected with Lepita.
Chapter two: Lepi's personality and temper-their scholarship-Gulliver's reception there-the fear of local residents-the situation of women.
The third chapter is the phenomenon that modern philosophy and astronomy have solved-the great progress of others in astronomy-the king's means of suppressing rebellion.
Chapter IV Gulliver left Leipzig-he was sent to Babbini-and arrived in the capital of Babbini-description of the capital and its suburbs-Gulliver was warmly received by a noble-his conversation with the noble.
Chapter 5 Gulliver was allowed to visit the Lagardo Academy of Sciences-an overview of the Academy of Sciences-an academic institution where professors studied.
In the sixth chapter, Gulliver Academy put forward several suggestions for improvement, which were honored to be adopted.
Chapter VII Gulliver left Lagardo-arrived in Nada, Muldor-there was no boat to sit on-sailed a short distance to Gleiter Bay-and was received by the local chief executive.
Overview of Zhangge's Eighth Leda Cone (Continued) —— Revised draft of ancient and modern history.
Chapter 9 Gulliver returned to Nada, Muldor-sailed to the kingdom of Ragnagg-Gulliver was detained-escorted to the court-he was received-and the king was very generous to his subjects.
Chapter 10 The Lagenager people are praised by Gulliver-a detailed explanation of Stroud brug; Gulliver talked about this topic with some celebrities.
Chapter 1 1 Gulliver left Lagenager and sailed for Japan-from there he took a Dutch ship to Amsterdam and then returned to England from Amsterdam.
The fourth volume Huizhi rural travel notes
Chapter 1 Gulliver went to sea and became a captain-subordinates conspired to keep him in the cabin for a long time, and then abandoned him in an unknown land-he entered this country-a description of a strange animal "Wild Hu"-Gulliver met two "Huisui".
Chapter 2 Gulliver was taken home by an Hui Gui man-description of the house-Gulliver was accepted-food in Hui Gui-Gulliver felt pain because he couldn't eat meat, but he finally found a solution-his way of eating in this country.
Chapter 3 Gulliver got the help and guidance of Master Hui Gui, and studied their language seriously-about the introduction of this language-several Hui Gui nobles visited Gulliver out of curiosity-and he briefly reported his voyage to his master.
The fourth chapter "wisdom" concept of truth and falsehood-the owner disagreed with Gulliver's statement-Gulliver described his life experience and travel experience in more detail.
Chapter 5 Gulliver was ordered to report to his master about the cause of the war between British and European monarchs-Gulliver began to interpret the British Constitution.
The sixth chapter tells the character of the prime minister of Britain and Europe under the rule of Queen Ann.
Chapter VII Gulliver's love for the motherland-the master expressed his views on the British constitution and administration according to Gulliver's narrative, and put forward similar examples for comparison-the master's views on human nature.
Chapter VIII Gulliver's account of the education and movement of Yehu, the great figure of Yehu, the youth, and their national congress.
Chapter 9 "Wisdom" held a big debate in the National Assembly, and how was the result of the debate decided-the academics of "Wisdom"-their architecture-their funeral-their language defects.
Chapter 10 Gulliver's daily life arrangement, his happy life with Huisui-because he often talks with them, he has made great progress morally-their conversation-Gulliver was told by his master that he had to leave the country-he was sad and fainted, but he obeyed-he built a boat according to law with the help of his servant and ventured out to sea.
Chapter 11 Gulliver's dangerous voyage-he arrived in New Holland and planned to settle there-was wounded by a local man with an arrow-was caught by the Portuguese and forcibly took their boat-the captain's warm hospitality to him-Gulliver returned to England.
Chapter 12 Gulliver's account of the chronicle is true and reliable-his plan to publish this book-he condemns those travelers who distort the facts-shows that there is no sinister purpose in his writing-someone opposes Gulliver's defense-the method of opening up colonies-Gulliver praises the motherland-he thinks that the king has no right to occupy the countries he describes-conquer the difficulties of those countries-and says his final farewell to the readers; Talk about his future lifestyle; Give advice; Travel notes end.
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List of events of the protagonist
Main time
1699 set sail on May 4th by "Antelope".
1699 1 1.5 lilliput drifting
170 1 left lilliput on September 24th.
1702 returned to China in April.
1702 On June 20th, she set sail on the "Adventure".
1703 Arrive in Great Britain in June.
/kloc-0 returned to China on June 3, 706.
On August 5th, 1706, we set sail at the Cape of Good Hope.
1707 arrived at Feidao in April.
1709 left Lagenaige for Japan on May 6th.
17 10 arrived in Nagasaki, Japan on June 9th.
17 10 April10 Return to China.
On August 7th, 17 1 1 set sail on the Adventurer as the captain.
1765438+ arrived in huizhiguo on may 7, 2004.
1765438+ He left Huizhiguo in February 2005.
1715165438+/kloc-0 arrived in Lisbon on October 5th.
1715165438+1left Lisbon on October 24th.
1715 65438+return to China on February 5th.
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abstract
The novel is based on the four adventures of the surgeon Gulliver and consists of four parts.
The first volume Lilliput (Lilliput)
Gulliver, a surgeon, survived the voyage and drifted to Lilliput, where he was tied up and presented to the king. Gulliver's docile performance gradually won the favor of the king and the people, and he gradually became familiar with the customs and habits of Lilliput. With Gulliver's help, Lilliput defeated the "Blefuscu" empire, which was also a Lilliput country, but Gulliver did not want to destroy the Blefuscu empire, which made the emperor very unhappy. At this time, the queen's bedroom caught fire. Gulliver was anxious and put out the fire with a bubble of urine, but it made the queen very angry. Therefore, the monarch of Lilliput and his ministers are going to get rid of Gulliver. Gulliver got wind of it, fled from Lilliput, then went to Blefuscu Empire, and finally returned to England safely.
Volume II: The Travels of Brobdingnag.
Gulliver was a monster in the eyes of Lilliput, but in Brobdingnag, he was as small as a weasel in the field. Gulliver was caught in a storm when he went out to sea again and was blown to a foreign land. The residents there are as tall as the iron tower, and he was brought back as a plaything by a farmer in Great Britain. In order to make money, the farmer put Gulliver in a suitcase as a gadget and took it to various towns for performances and exhibitions so that he could play tricks for people to see. Later, he was bought by the queen to help the king. The king summoned him, and he talked eloquently about the greatness of his motherland, the wisdom of politics and the justice of the law, but he was attacked and refuted by the king.
Gulliver accompanied the king on the border patrol in his third year in this country. Because he was homesick, he pretended to be ill and came to the seaside to breathe fresh air. The eagle in the sky mistakenly picked up the box where he lived as a turtle. Several eagles fought in the air and the box fell into the sea. It was found by a passing ship. Gulliver returned to England by boat after being rescued.
Volume III: Leipita (Flying Island), Balny Babi, Lager nagel, Greta Cone and Japanese Travel Notes.
After staying at home for a while, Gulliver went to sea with the Cape of Good Hope. This time, Gulliver's boat was hijacked by a thief boat. Gulliver narrowly escaped and was saved by a flying island called Lepita. These people have unusual appearances and strange clothes, and they meditate all day. Kings and nobles live on a flying island, while civilians live on three islands, including Bobby and Balny. After Gulliver left the island, he visited Babi, Balny, and visited the "Lagardo College" on the island.
Then Gulliver came to Witch Island. The governor of the island is proficient in magic and can summon any ghost at will. Gulliver met many ancient celebrities and found that many records in history books did not conform to historical facts, or even reversed right and wrong. Then Gulliver visited the kingdom of Ragnagg and met an immortal "Stru brug". After leaving this country, Gulliver came to Japan, then took a boat to Holland and returned to England.
Volume IV: Travel Notes of Hui Zhiguo
Gulliver was exiled to the land of wisdom. Here, the horse is the rational resident and ruler of the country. And ",,wild fox, wild goose and other names are translation problems" is the beast that horses raise and work for. Gulliver's behavior and remarks are regarded as rational "Le Hu" by the horses in the "country of returning to China". Influenced by all the virtues of China, Gulliver wanted to stay in China. However, the "State of Hui Gui" decided to destroy Le Hu there, so Gulliver's wish could not be realized. In desperation, Gulliver had to leave the country by boat and go home. Gulliver cherished the yearning for "the country of wisdom" and made friends with horses all his life. He also refused to be worldly and was determined not to go with the flow. Comparing Ma Hui with Hu Lie highlights the value of rationality, kindness and friendship in human nature and the ugliness of greed, distrust and jealousy.
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theme
The lilliputian scene depicted in the first volume of the novel is the epitome of the British Empire. The perennial struggle and foreign war between the Tories and Whigs in Britain are essentially just the internal struggles of politicians on some details that have nothing to do with the national economy and people's livelihood.
The second volume of the novel sharply criticizes Gulliver's proud British electoral system, parliamentary system and various political and religious measures, and expresses doubts and negation on various British systems and political and religious measures.
In the third volume of the novel, the author points the irony at British philosophers, scientists who are divorced from reality and addicted to fantasy, absurd inventors, critics and historians who turn black and white upside down.
In the fourth volume of the novel, the author uses Gulliver to answer a series of questions, and exposes the nature of war, the hypocrisy of law and the shameful behavior of obtaining the status of duke by any means.
Looking at the overall plot of the novel, Gulliver's Travels has obvious political tendency. His critical edge focused on attacking parliamentary politics and reactionary religious forces in Britain at that time. Through Gulliver's adventures in Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island and Hui Hui, the novel reflects some contradictions in British society in the first half of the18th century, and exposes and criticizes the corruption and evil of the British ruling class and the crazy plunder and cruel exploitation of British capitalism during the primitive accumulation period of capitalism.
The artistic features of Gulliver's Travels are mainly reflected in the use of satire, and sharp and profound satire is the soul of this work.
Britain at that time was the object of attack and satire by the author. Gulliver's first adventure was in Lilliput. In this tiny country, partisan struggles are tense, and neighbors not only want to defeat but also enslave each other. The king of Lilliput used rope competitions to select officials. In order to get a few colored silk threads from the king, the officials did not hesitate to perform a clown-like absurd performance. This small court was the epitome of Britain at that time, and even the political habits and laws of Lilliputian were exactly the same as the British political situation at that time. In the second volume, the author even criticized Britain by name. Gulliver gave a detailed introduction to the history, system and present situation of Britain, as well as various matters of national self-defense to the King of Great Britain. But from the perspective of Great Britain, British history is full of "greed, competition, cruelty, hypocrisy, lust, sinister and ambition". In The King's Word, the author said that "such a humble and incompetent bug" was "the most harmful little poisonous bug crawling on the ground in nature", which satirized all aspects of British society. The third volume satirizes the pseudo-science in Britain at that time through the boring and absurd scientific research conducted by the people of the Lagardo Academy of Sciences. The description of the island of Lepita criticizes the British exploitation and oppression of Ireland.
The novel not only attacked the social status quo, but also directly satirized human nature itself at a deeper level. The fourth volume, the discussion about "money" is like this. Gulliver came to the country where there was no money, no army and no police, and explained to his horse owner, "The wild sheep there believe that the more money, the better. No matter whether it is used or saved, there is not enough time. Because of their nature, they are either extravagant or insatiable. The rich enjoy the fruits of the poor's labor, and the ratio of the poor to the rich is one thousand. Therefore, most of us are forced to live a miserable life ... ". The author is concerned about the pure money relationship between people in capitalist society. Thus questioning human nature.
When the author satirized and attacked the parliamentary politics and reactionary religious forces in Britain at that time mercilessly and bitterly, some of them bluntly ridiculed each other, some used foreigners' lips, some used metaphors to satirize people, and some used animals to satirize people. All this is interesting.
The organic combination of the fantasy of the plot and the authenticity of reality also adds unique artistic charm to the novel. Although the author shows a fictional fairy-tale magical world, it is based on the reality of British social life at that time. Because the author's description is accurate, delicate and appropriate, people don't think it is a fictional illusion, as if everything is true. For example, when describing the proportional relationship between villains and adults, people and things, they are all reduced or enlarged at a ratio of one to twelve. The villain in Lilliput is twelve times smaller than Gulliver; Adults in big countries are twelve times bigger than Gulliver. Gulliver's handkerchief can be used as a carpet for Lilliput Palace. A peasant woman's handkerchief in an adult country covered Gulliver and turned into a sheet. When describing the operation of the flying island, the architecture of the palace and the structure of the town, the author also deliberately used the knowledge and data of mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy and medicine. In this way, the authenticity, harmony and symmetry of the local details of the characters are transformed into the authenticity, harmony and unity of the whole picture and scene, which greatly enhances the realism and appeal of the works.
The author's writing is concise and clear. For example, it is written that Gulliver copied an official proclamation in Lilliput, praising the king as "king of kings", "standing in the center of the earth, with the sun overhead" and so on. Gulliver also quietly explained in brackets: "the circumference is about twelve miles." With this explanation, the boundless territory of "reaching the four poles of the earth" suddenly shrank into a tiny place of about ten miles. This contrast is hilarious. The words in brackets show the author's simple and realistic narrative style. It seems that he has no intention to comment, but he is objectively and faithfully explaining the scale of lilliput for us. He once declared: "I would rather tell ordinary facts in the simplest and simplest style, because I wrote this book mainly to report to you, not to entertain you." Although the scenes of Lilliputian, Adult and Wisdom are different and the protagonist's situation is different, the layout and style of the whole novel are the same. The causes and effects of Gulliver's every sea trip are explained in detail, and the complicated plots are described in order of time and spatial order. The text is concise and vivid, and the story is strong. So Gulliver's Travels has been appreciated in European countries for hundreds of years.
Gulliver's Travels expresses the author's thoughts in a perfect artistic form. The author deeply analyzed the social reality of Britain at that time with rich satirical techniques and bizarre plots of fictional fantasies. The works are the fusion of reality and fantasy, and they are compared, and the artistic effect of satire is perfected in the comparison between reality and reality, which has strong appeal.
The author can be translated into jonathan swift, jonathan swift and jonathan swift, and The Travels of the New Gulliver has been published.
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Famous comments
Swift enriches the moral meaning of his works with humor, exposes the absurdity with irony, and makes incredible events come true through characters and narrative framework. Even Robinson Crusoe is hard to compare with it in the meanness and diversity of narration. -Scott (UK)
Through Gulliver's experience in countries such as Lilliput, this novel reflects the contradictions in British society in the first half of the18th century and satirizes the social situation in Britain at that time. Gulliver was treated differently when he arrived in a country, seeing and hearing everything. The author gives a detailed description of each scene, which makes people feel immersive, imaginative, novel and interesting.
Gulliver's Travels is a unique novel masterpiece. Like many European novels in the18th century, it inherited the structural method of vagrant novels and adopted the popular novels describing travel experiences at that time, especially the model of maritime adventure novels. It is a very good book. Describe a series of adventures of Gulliver, the hero, drifting at sea. Undoubtedly, it was influenced by Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and other travel adventure novels to a considerable extent. However, Gulliver's Travels is similar to them in form, but completely different in nature. It is the further development of novels such as The Story of a Bucket and The Punishment of Heaven, and it has some unique properties different from the realistic novels that began to rise in the 8th century/kloc-0. -Wu on fable novels and their literary status
Evaluation of Gulliver's Travels in the history of literature: under the guise of the protagonist Dr Gulliver, the work describes his experiences in several fairy tale countries, such as Lilliput, Adult, Flying Island and Smart Malaysia, and satirizes the social reality of Britain in an all-round way. Although the social ideals of "adult country" and "smart horse country" retain the original characteristics of patriarchal society,
Swift has personal experience and profound understanding of British politics, especially British rule in Ireland. -The History of European Literature by Yang and Wu Dayuan
Playwrights Guy and Richard Brinsley Sheridan, novelist Fielding and poet Byron are all followers and successors of Swift in some aspects of their creation. -Anikst's Outline of the History of English Literature