Xia and Shang Dynasties, Western Zhou Dynasty and Eastern Zhou Dynasty are divided into two parts.
(1) Pre-Qin period (Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties: slave society;
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period unified Qin and Han Dynasties, and the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: the transition from slave society to feudal society)
Wei Shuwu was divided into three parts, which were expanded around the second Jin Dynasty. (2) Qin and Han dynasties.
The Southern and Northern Dynasties coexisted, and the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties passed on.
(3) The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties
After Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial dynasty ended here.
(4) Sui and Tang Dynasties
(V) Song and Yuan Dynasties
(6) Ming and Qing Dynasties
(1) Pre-Qin period (Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties: slave society; Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: the transition from slave society to feudal society)
Xia: When public power appears, the country appears.
Shang and Zhou dynasties: internal and external service system; Well-field system appeared; Mine agriculture and collective agriculture; Bronze smelting; Government-run handicrafts came into being; Professional businessmen and the earliest currency appeared in Shang dynasty; The Policy of "Industrial and Commercial Food Officials" in the Western Zhou Dynasty: Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty
Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (Spring and Autumn Period: 770-476 BC; Warring States period: 475 BC-2265438 BC+0 BC)
1. Politically, the enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system were destroyed, and the king of Zhou lost his status as the princess of the world, and the county system appeared.
2. Economically: agriculture: the emergence of Niu Geng, the reform of tax system, the collapse of well field system, the emergence of small-scale peasant economy, the establishment of private ownership of feudal land, Dujiangyan. Handicraft industry: iron smelting technology, the emergence of family handicraft industry and private handicraft industry, commerce: private businessmen replace official businessmen to become the main body of businessmen; The rise of the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business
3. Ideologically and culturally: a hundred schools of thought contend (Confucian education, noble and orderly; Taoism governs by doing nothing; Mohist frugality; Legalist school: authoritarian centralization theory)
4. militarily: the battle for hegemony
5. Class: the emergence and growth of the emerging landlord class.
6. Culturally: The Book of Songs has four fonts and a realistic tendency; Free and Flexible Sentences and Romanticism in Chuci
(2) Qin and Han Dynasties
Qin dynasty: (22 1 year-206 years ago) the establishment of authoritarian centralization system: emperor system, three public officials and nine ministers system (prime minister, Qiu, suggestion history), county system; Military merit system; Legalist thought governs the country; Use the standard of seal script to unify the characters.
Western Han dynasty: the parallel system of Han Gaozu county and state; Emperor Han Jing cut the princes and put down the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pushed the pet order and secretariat; To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone; Procuratorial system and collection system; The invention of plow wall and the Niu Geng of iron plow were widely popularized; Kanerjing; The country of silk; Invented papermaking; Han Fu emphasizes the contrast between the past and the present, and its literary talent is gorgeous. Eastern Han Dynasty: Wang Jingzhi ruled the Yellow River; greyish-green
(3) The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties
Three kingdoms: Cao Wei overturned his conviction
Jin dynasty: Wang Xizhi's calligraphy in the eastern Jin dynasty is illusory and clever; Literati painting highlights individuality and represents Gu Kaizhi.
Northern and Southern Dynasties: Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty reformed the equal land system and the three-long system; National integration; Zu Chongzhi's Pi in the Southern Dynasties; The Book of Qi Yao Min by Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties: white porcelain;
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4) Sui and Tang Dynasties (58 1 year -907)
Tang dynasty: three provinces and six departments, imperial examination system, Anshi rebellion, and separatist regime in buffer regions; Crankshaft plough marks the basic form of traditional step plough. Silk reeling skills; Porcelain industry became an independent production department, porcelain became an indispensable commodity, and porcelain began to be exported in large quantities; Maritime ceramic road, land and maritime silk road; The policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business has been loosened. Engraving printing
(5) Song and Yuan Dynasties (960- 1368)
Song dynasty: 1. Politically: cutting the place: collecting elite soldiers, cutting real power (civil servants serve as state and county governors and pass sentences), Qian Gu; Phase-breaking right: Zhongshumen, Privy Council and Third Division; There are three redundancies (redundant officials, redundant soldiers and redundant expenses) and two products (poor and weak).
2. Economically: agriculture-under the condition of not restricting land merger, tenancy management has only become an important mode of operation in the form of yeomen. Handicraft industry-Jingdezhen. Commerce-the earliest paper money appeared in the world, the market town prospered, the night market, the morning market and the grass market appeared, the overseas trade prospered, the boundary between the square market and the bazaar was broken, and the restriction of commodity trading time was broken.
3. Ideologically: Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism (reason is the world origin, and reason is reflected in Confucian ethics in the social field) Lu Jiuyuan's mind (mind is the world origin, invention origin).
4. In science and technology, movable type printing was invented, gunpowder was widely used, compass was invented and applied to navigation.
5. Art: calligraphy: characteristics pursue individuality, ignore statutes, and advocate intentional impossibility; Painting: genre painting "Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival"; Literati landscape painting pays attention to artistic conception; Opera: Southern Opera marks the formation of opera.
6. Literally: Song Ci-bold and graceful.
Yuan dynasty: local governments implemented provincial system; The central government implements a one-province system, with only the Chinese book province; Paper money is widely circulated; Huang Daopo comprehensively reforms the backward cotton textile technology in the mainland; Colored porcelain;
Wang Zhen's agricultural books
(6) Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368- 1840)
Ming and Qing dynasties: 1. Politically: Ming Taizu abolished the prime minister, set up a palace university, and formed a cabinet in Ming Chengzu; Yong Zhengdi established a military headquarters in the Qing Dynasty. In short, the absolute monarchy has been strengthened unprecedentedly, and the feudal system has declined.
2. Economically: the production technology is improved, double cropping rice is planted in a large area, corn and sweet potato are introduced and popularized, and cotton is planted in a large area; Private handicraft industry is dominant, which gives birth to the employment relationship and the germination of capitalism; With the rise of commercial towns, a large number of agricultural products entered the market, silver was widely used in circulation, and regional merchant groups appeared; Adhere to the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business; Closed to the sea. In a word, with the development of commodity economy, capitalism sprouted, but the natural economy dominated.