Unit 7 Our continent-Asia

The largest continent in the world.

1. Asian geographical location: Hemisphere location: Most of them are in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere; Latitude position: across the northern cold zone, northern temperate zone and tropical zone; Location of land and sea: Arctic Ocean in the north, Pacific Ocean in the east and Indian Ocean in the south.

2. Scope: bounded by Urals, ural river, Caucasus and Turkish Strait in the west, Suez Canal in Africa in the southwest, North America in the east across the Bering Strait, and Oceania across the sea in the southeast. With an area of 44 million square kilometers, it is the largest continent in the world.

3. Regions and countries: 48 countries and regions; Geographically, it is divided into six regions: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and North Asia. China is in East Asia.

4. Terrain characteristics: First, the terrain types are complex, mainly plateau and mountain; Second, the terrain is high in the middle and low around; Third, the surface fluctuates greatly, and the height varies greatly.

5. Relationship between topography and rivers: Many rivers in Asia originate from the mountains and plateaus in the middle and radiate to the ocean.

Lesson 2 The biggest monsoon climate zone in the world

1, the characteristics of Asian climate: First, the climate is complex and diverse; Second, the monsoon climate is remarkable; Third, the continental climate is strong.

2. Asian monsoon climate: East and South Asia have formed the most typical monsoon climate in the world. From north to south, there are temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate and tropical monsoon climate in turn. Monsoon climate is also characterized by both rain and heat, which is very beneficial to the growth of crops such as rice. However, the seasonal and interannual variation of precipitation in monsoon climate region makes floods and droughts frequent in Asian monsoon region.

Lesson 3 The most populous continent

1. Population of continents: Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, Latin America and Oceania;

2. Countries with a world population of over 6,543.8 billion: China (Asia), India (Asia), the United States, Indonesia (Asia), Brazil, Pakistan (Asia), Russia, Bangladesh (Asia), Japan (Asia) and Nigeria. Six countries are in Asia.

3. Population growth rates of continents: Africa, Latin America, Asia and Oceania (tied), North America and Europe.

4. Population distribution in Asia: uneven distribution, with high population density in the eastern, southeastern and southern coastal areas and the middle and lower reaches of rivers, making it one of the most densely populated areas in the world; North, west and China are sparsely populated.

5. Asian population problem: Asia has a large population and rapid growth, which puts pressure on resource, environment, social and economic development.

Lesson 4 Differences in Economic Development

1. There are great differences in economic development among Asian countries: Japan is the only developed country, while others are developing countries. China is the largest developing country in the world, and there are obvious gaps among developing countries. Saudi Arabia and other countries are relatively rich in oil, Singapore and South Korea are newly industrialized countries, and most other countries are relatively backward.

2. According to local conditions, Asian countries have made full use of their own advantages and embarked on a unique road of economic development.

Unit 8 Areas with Different Characteristics

Southeast Asia (1)

1, composed of Indochina Peninsula and Malay Peninsula;

2. Geographical location: Located at the "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, the geographical location is very important. Malacca Strait is the throat of two oceans and an important sea passage in the world.

3. Topography and River City of Indochina Peninsula: Mountains and rivers extend from north to south, forming a situation in which mountains and rivers alternate with each other and are distributed in columns. Most big cities are located near the mouth of rivers.

4. Chinese overseas Chinese: Southeast Asia is the region with the largest concentration of Chinese overseas Chinese in the world, and their ancestral homes are mostly Guangdong and Fujian provinces.

Lesson 2 Southeast Asia (2)

1. Most of Southeast Asia is located in the tropics, dominated by tropical rain forest climate and tropical monsoon climate. Most of Indochina Peninsula has a tropical monsoon climate, while Malay Archipelago and southern Malay Peninsula have a tropical rain forest climate.

2. Agriculture: rice (Thailand, Vietnam); The most important tropical crop production base in the world: natural rubber, palm oil, coconut, banana and other tropical crops.

3. Tourism: Halong Bay in Vietnam, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, Borobudur in Indonesia, Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar, Gulf of Thailand, and urban scenery in Singapore.

4. Main export commodities: Malaysian natural rubber, palm oil, tin, Philippine coconut, banana, Thai rice, oil from Indonesia and Brunei, etc.

Lesson 3 The Middle East

1, "Land of Three Continents and Five Seas": The Middle East is located in southwest Asia and northeast Africa, at the junction of Asia, Europe and Africa, connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and between the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea (inland lake), so it is called "Land of Three Continents and Five Seas".

2. World "oil depot": The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves, output and output in the world. Oil is mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas, and most of the oil produced is transported to Western Europe, the United States, Japan and other places.

3. Religion: The Middle East is mostly white. Except Iran, Turkey, Israel and other countries in the Middle East, other countries are mainly Arabs, collectively referred to as "Arab countries". The Middle East is the birthplace of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Mecca in Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Islam, and Jerusalem is regarded as a "holy land" by Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Most residents in the Middle East believe in Islam, and their followers become Muslims.

Lesson 4 Sub-Saharan Africa

1, "Hometown of Black People": Sub-Saharan Africa is the hometown of black people in the world. Black people from America and Oceania come from this area. Most of the more than 600 million people in this area are black, so it is called "black Africa". The languages are English, French and Portuguese.

2. Changes in political map: After World War II, African countries got rid of European colonial rule and became independent one after another.

3. Rich natural resources: there are many kinds of mineral resources with large reserves: gold, diamonds, copper, oil, bauxite, uranium and cobalt; Abundant animal and plant resources: coffee, dates, oil palms, bananas, orangutans, hippos, African elephants, zebras and giraffes.

4. Single commodity economy: Many countries in this region rely too much on one or several primary products, forming a "single commodity economy" with a low level of economic development. At present, these countries are striving to develop national industries and diversified agriculture.

Lesson 5 Western Europe (1)

1. Europe borders the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the south, accounting for about half of Europe's area.

2. Country: There are more than 30 countries in this region, the largest is France, and the smallest is Vatican (the smallest in the world). This area is densely populated and has many countries, which is the area where developed countries are concentrated in the world. Capital: Britain: London; France: Paris; Germany: Berlin; Switzerland: Bern; Italy: Rome.

3. Climate: There are mainly temperate maritime climate, Mediterranean climate, temperate continental climate and frigid climate in Western Europe, among which temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate are very typical.

4. Agriculture: The coastal areas of western Europe are dominated by temperate maritime climate, which is suitable for pasture growth and animal husbandry is very developed. Holland and Denmark are famous dairy producers in the world. The Mediterranean coastal area belongs to the Mediterranean climate, with hot and dry summer and mild and rainy winter, which is beneficial to crop growth, developed horticulture, and subtropical fruit producing areas, rich in citrus, lemon, figs, grapes and so on.

Lesson 6 Western Europe (2)

1. Cradle of industrial civilization: Western Europe is the birthplace of the industrial revolution. Most of the early industrial centers were close to the producing areas of coal and iron, such as Birmingham in Britain and Ruhr in Germany. Western Europe is one of the most industrialized regions in the world today. Germany, France, Britain and Italy are all world industrial powers. Switzerland: Watch Kingdom; Denmark: "European Ranch and Food Bank"; Norway: marine fisheries; Holland: "Tulip Kingdom".

2. Tourism: Western Europe is the most developed area of international tourism. Tower Bridge, Dutch windmill, Norwegian fjord scenery, alpine skiing, Venice, Colosseum, Mediterranean beach, Spanish bullfighting, Eiffel Tower in Paris, Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

3. EU: It is a regional international organization jointly established by Western European countries, referred to as the EU for short, with a unified currency: Euro. The European Union has strengthened economic ties among countries and played an important role in the international political and economic arena.

Lesson 7 Latin America

1, location: Latin America refers to the American countries and regions south of the United States, with more than 30 countries and regions, of which Brazil is the largest. The west is the Pacific Ocean and the east is the Atlantic Ocean.

2. Hometown of Indians: Indians are the earliest inhabitants of Latin America, and they created Mayan culture in ancient times.

3. Topography: The west is the tall Andes (the longest in the world), and the eastern plains and plateaus are alternately distributed. Amazon Plain is the largest plain in the world, covered with the largest primitive tropical rain forest in the world, and Brazil Plateau is the largest plateau in the world, which is rich in iron ore.

4. Race: Most of them are mixed-race, including white, Indian, black and yellow.

5. Culture:/kloc-After the 6th century, Europe, Spain, Portugal and other countries invaded Latin America (bringing European culture) and sold a large number of African blacks here as slaves (bringing African culture), in addition to Asian yellow people (bringing Asian culture). For hundreds of years, various races have intermarried, and the descendants are mixed-race. Most countries use Spanish as their language, while Brazil uses Portuguese as their language. The cultures of different regions collided and merged with each other, forming a rich and colorful Latin American culture.

Lesson 8 Polar Regions

1. Scientific investigation: China has established scientific investigation stations in the Antarctic: Great Wall Station and Zhongshan Station, and the "Snow Dragon" made its first voyage to the North Pole on 1999.

2. Antarctic region: the region south of the Antarctic circle. It includes the Antarctic continent and the surrounding oceans. The Antarctic continent is the continent with the highest average altitude in the world, and its climate is characterized by severe cold, strong wind and dryness. The Antarctic is colder than the Arctic. Rich in resources: iron ore, coal, marine life, penguins.

3. Arctic region: the region north of the Arctic Circle. It is centered on the Arctic Ocean and surrounded by land and islands, of which Greenland is the largest island in the world. Most of the Arctic Ocean is frozen all year round. Rich in resources: oil, natural gas, coal, iron and nonferrous metals, polar bears, walruses, seals and whales.

4. Protect the polar environment: polar glaciers melt, holes appear in the ozone layer over the polar regions, air and water pollution, etc. Measures: Antarctic Treaty and Arctic environmental protection strategy.

Countries with different types of development

Japan (1)

1. Location: Japan is an island country in the northwest Pacific Ocean, bordering the Sea of Japan in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east, and is composed of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Ryukyu Islands.

2. The coastline is tortuous and there are many good ports: famous seaports: Kobe and Yokohama on Honshu Island. A seaport with winding coastline is conducive to importing raw materials, exporting products, marine fishing, developing marine transportation and shipbuilding.

3. Resources: rich in forest resources, "forest country". This river is short, fast flowing and rich in hydraulic resources. Hokkaido fishing ground is rich in fishery resources, and Japan's annual fishing capacity ranks among the top in the world.

4. Topography: Japan is an island country with many mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes: Mount Fuji, the highest peak, is a famous active volcano. Causes of multi-volcanic earthquakes: Japan is located at the junction of Asia-Europe plate and Pacific plate.

5. Climate: temperate monsoon climate in the north and subtropical monsoon climate in the south. The climate is maritime, with many typhoons along the Pacific coast in summer and autumn.

Lesson 2 Japan (2)

65,438+0. Population: 1.27 billion. The land is narrow and dense, and the land is tight and the people are tight. Measures: Reclaim land and develop into the air and underground.

2. Economy: developed countries, economic and trade powers and industrial powers. Raw materials for industrial production depend on imports, and products are mostly sold abroad, mainly in processing trade. In recent years, Japan regards overseas investment and the establishment of overseas production and sales bases as new economic growth points. Overseas investment bases: USA, Western Europe, China, Southeast Asia, etc.

3. Industrial distribution: Pacific Ocean and Seto Inland Sea coast: Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Kitakyushu and other industrial zones.

4. Capital: Tokyo, located on Honshu Island, is a national political, economic, cultural and transportation center with a dense population and a megacity in the world.

5. East-West compatible culture: Yamato nationality, ordinary Japanese. Japanese culture is influenced by the oriental culture of ancient China and the western culture of modern Europe and America, and it is the product of the fusion of eastern and western cultures. Japanese writing, traditional architecture, religion, clothing (kimono) and diet are all deeply influenced by China's traditional culture.

Lesson 3 Russia (1)

1. Geographical location and area: Russia spans Eastern Europe and North Asia, and the dividing line between Europe and Asia lies in the Urals and ural river. It borders the Baltic and Black Seas in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean in the east. The land area17 million square kilometers is the largest country in the world.

2. Population and language: the population is 65.438+0.5 billion, with more than 654.38+0.30 nationalities, and the common language is Russian. It is a traditional European country.

3. Topography: the terrain is high in the east and low in the west, with vast plains and plateaus. From west to east, there are Eastern Europe Plain, Western Siberia Plain, Central Siberia Plateau and Eastern Siberia Mountain in turn.

4. Rivers and lakes: the Volga River flows southward into the Caspian Sea, and the ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River flow northward into the Arctic Ocean; Lake Baikal.

5. Climate: most areas have temperate continental climate and sub-frigid coniferous forest climate, the Arctic Circle has a frigid climate, and the southern part of the Pacific coast has a temperate monsoon climate.

6. Abundant natural resources: The types, reserves and output of natural resources are among the highest in the world, and 80% of them are in Asia. Kursk Iron Mine in Tyumen Oilfield of Kuzbas Coalfield.

Lesson 4 Russia (2)

1. Heavy industry is developed: nuclear industry and aerospace industry play an important role. Distribution: mainly distributed in its European part, including Moscow industrial zone and St. Petersburg industrial zone; There are Urals Industrial Zone and Novosibirsk Industrial Zone in Asia.

2. Transportation: The transportation sector is complete, mainly by railways: some railways in Europe are dense, while some railways in Asia are sparse, mainly in trans-siberian railway. Inland navigation is dominated by Volga River. Oil and gas pipelines are developed.

3. City: Moscow is located in the plain of Eastern Europe, the capital, the largest city in China and the political, economic, cultural and transportation center. St Petersburg is an important seaport along the Baltic Sea and the second largest city in China. Murmansk is an important seaport along the Arctic Ocean, which is not frozen all year round. Vladivostok is an important seaport along the Pacific coast and an important city in the Far East.

Lesson 5 Australia

1. Paleocontinent: The territory includes the Australian mainland and Tasmania, with a land area of more than 7 million and a population of190,000. It is vast and sparsely populated. Australia was separated from other continents as early as tens of millions of years ago, and its biological evolution was very slow, and many ancient creatures were preserved: platypus, kangaroo and so on.

2. Climate: tropical desert climate, savanna climate, tropical rain forest climate, subtropical humid climate, temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate.

3. "country riding on sheep's back": the world's major wool producers and exporters. Agricultural and animal husbandry production is highly mechanized, and the exported agricultural and animal husbandry products include wool, beef and wheat. Agricultural layout: extensive shepherd belt, extensive grazing cattle belt, mixed management belt of sheep and wheat, and mixed management belt of cash crops of sheep and cattle.

4. "The country by car": rich in mineral resources: the reserves of iron, magnesium, bauxite and manganese rank among the top in the world. The export of coal and iron ore is very important in the world, and it is called "a country sitting on a mine car". Mining, metallurgy and machinery manufacturing are pillar industries. Australia's coal and iron ore are mainly distributed in coastal areas, which is convenient for export.

5. Population and cities: mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, and the vast central and western regions are sparsely populated. Most of the population is descended from European immigrants such as Britain. Big cities are also mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas. Canberra, the capital, the political center; Sydney is the largest city, the largest seaport, industrial center and cultural center; Melbourne, the second largest city, is a land, sea and air transportation hub.

Lesson 6 America (1)

1. Territorial composition: the land area is 9.3 million square kilometers, ranking fourth in the world. The United States is located in the middle of North America, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. The United States consists of 50 states, including 48 states and the special zone where the capital is located. The other two States are located in Alaska in the northwest of North America and Hawaii near the Tropic of Cancer in the Pacific Ocean.

2. Immigration country: Indians are indigenous. The descendants of European immigrants are the main body, accounting for more than 80% of the total population, in addition to African blacks, Asian and Latin American immigrants. The number of overseas Chinese is about 6.5438+0.5 million-2 million.

3. Topography: Cordillera Mountains and other high mountains in the west, plains in the middle and Appalachian Mountains in the east.

4. Climate: The local climate is dominated by temperate continental climate, and the distribution of precipitation is significantly affected by topography: it decreases from the eastern coast to the western inland, and only the coastal mountainous areas along the Pacific coast are rainy in the west.

5. Rivers and lakes: The Mississippi River is the longest river in the United States and the fourth longest river in the world. The Great Lakes of North America, located at the junction of the United States and Canada, are the largest freshwater lakes in the world.

6. Natural resources: very rich: the reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, copper and iron rank among the highest in the world, with vast forests and cultivated land.

Lesson 7 America (2)

1. Modern agriculture: Specialization and modernization are the characteristics of American agricultural production. The output and export volume of many agricultural products are among the highest in the world, and they are the world's agricultural powers.

2. World high-tech industrial base: The United States is the most developed industrial country in the world, with a complete industrial sector system. At the same time, it is also a world high-tech industrial base. Located in the southeast of San Francisco, "Silicon Valley" is the center of the world electronics industry.

3. Population and cities: 280 million, with urban population accounting for more than three quarters. The coastal plain and the areas along the Great Lakes are densely populated. The western plateau and mountainous areas are vast and sparsely populated, with few cities. Washington, the capital, is the national political and cultural center. New york is the most populous city in the United States, the largest port and one of the world's financial centers. Los Angeles and San Francisco, important seaport cities along the western Pacific Ocean, are the financial, trade, educational and cultural centers in the western United States, and are also cities with concentrated Chinese.

4. Transportation: America is the most developed country in the world.

Lesson 8 India (1)

1. Location and scope: The Tropic of Cancer passes through, including tropics and subtropics, bordering the Arabian Sea in the west, the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, and neighboring Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar.

2. Topography: Deccan Plateau in the south, Indus and Ganges plains in the middle, and the southern foothills of Himalayas in the north.

3. Ethnic and religious diversity: multi-ethnic countries: Hindustan, Tamil, Sikh and other ethnic groups. 1000 languages: Hindi and English are the official languages. There are many religions: Hinduism is the largest religion, and other religions include Islam, Christianity, Sikhism and Buddhism.

4. Population: 654.38+0 billion, the second in the world, with a large population base and rapid growth, which brings great pressure to the social economy.

Lesson 9 India (2)

Climate: tropical monsoon climate. High temperature throughout the year, dry season and rainy season are distinct. It has a great impact on agriculture, with frequent droughts and floods.

2. Agriculture: Rice and wheat are the main food crops, cotton, jute and tea are the main cash crops, and the output ranks among the top in the world.

3. Complete industrial system: steel, machinery, chemistry, cotton and linen textile industry. Industrial distribution: Kolkata: the largest hemp textile industrial center, iron and steel industry and the largest city, with jute crops and iron, coal and manganese mines nearby; Mumbai: the largest cotton textile industrial center and seaport, with cotton crops nearby; New Delhi: the capital, political and cultural center, cotton textile industry, cotton crops nearby; Bangalore: information industry center, cotton textile industry, with cotton crops distributed nearby.

4. Emerging information technology industry: The information industry is mainly distributed in Bangalore, New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and other cities, among which Bangalore is the information industry center of India. Software technology is second only to the United States. In addition, the nuclear industry and aerospace industry are also at the advanced level in the world.

Brazil

1. area and population: the area is 8.5 million square kilometers, and the population is1.500 million, ranking first in Latin America and fifth in the world.

2. Natural environment: Latitude: most of the north is in the tropics, and a small part of the south is in the south temperate zone. Topography: Amazon Plain in the north and Brazil Plateau in the south. Climate type: tropical rain forest climate in the north and savanna climate in the south.

3. Protect the tropical rain forest: On the Amazon Plain in the tropical rain forest climate zone, there is the largest tropical rain forest in the world, most of which is located in Brazil. Amazon rainforest is called "the world animal and plant kingdom" and "the lung of the earth", which plays an important role in the global ecological balance. In order to protect and rationally develop the Amazon rainforest, eight countries in the Amazon region signed the Amazon Cooperation Treaty.

4. Tropical cash crops kingdom: coffee, sugarcane, cocoa, sisal and other tropical cash crops, soybeans, corn and other crops rank among the top in the world.

5. National industrial development: during the colonial period, agricultural and mineral products were the main export commodities, and it was a single product economy. A relatively complete industrial system has been formed at present. The manufacture of steel, automobiles, ships and airplanes plays an important role. Brazil's mineral resources are mainly iron, manganese and coal, which provide raw materials for the development of iron and steel industry. Itaipu hydropower station is located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay, and it is the largest hydropower station in the world at present. Brazilian industry is mainly distributed in the southeast region, because the southeast region is rich in minerals and energy and has convenient land and water transportation.

6. City: Capital: Brasilia. Rio de Janeiro: the largest port and the largest shipbuilding center. Sao Paulo: The largest city in South America, the largest industrial center and automobile industrial center in Brazil.