1, on error theory and survey adjustment

Error is an experimental scientific term, which refers to the degree to which the measurement results deviate from the true value. Mathematically, the difference between the measured value or other approximate value and the true value is called error.

It is impossible to get an absolutely accurate value by measuring any physical quantity. Even the most perfect method that measurement technology can achieve, the measured value is different from the real value. The difference between the measured value and the real value is called error. Numerical calculation is divided into absolute error and relative error. According to the source of error, it can also be divided into system error.

Error theory is a theory to study the error situation in experiments. Error theory is an indispensable theoretical basis in testing technology, instrumentation and engineering experiments. It plays an important role in science and production practice, so it has been widely concerned and developed rapidly. With the continuous emergence of modernization, automation and high-precision testing technology.

2. The development of error theory and measurement adjustment.

The application and research of error theory has experienced a history of 200 years. It develops in step with production and science and technology. The whole process can be divided into two stages: classical error theory and modern error theory. Classical error theory is based on strict statistical theory, which is mainly limited to a series of data processing methods for random errors. The development of modern science and technology.

It also reveals that it has many shortcomings. Modern error theory is based on the principle of combining traditional theory with modern theory and practice, and deals with many errors of different nature, which has obvious practical characteristics.

Analyzing the long process of the emergence and development of error theory, we can see that an important factor that has been puzzling us is how to deal with the concept of systematic error implied in measurement data. In the early classical error theory, only errors were used, and statistical theory was used to process the measurement results and evaluate the errors. Obviously, this means that there are only random errors in the measured data, but in the long-term scientific practice.