13 14 Life 740 makes you angry 596. I'm leaving.
It's me, 7998. Take a walk, 53770. I want to kiss you.
537 19 I'm still affectionate 25 184 Love me all my life 520 I love you.
0594 184 You and I are for life. Love, love, love, love me. I swear I love you.
246437 Love is so magical 13 14925 Love me all my life 594230 I just miss you.
Miss you 20 10000 and love you for ten thousand years 1372 wishful thinking.
259695 Love me, and you will understand me. 078, you go 74839 actually doesn't want to leave.
20999 loves you for a long time 587 1 I don't mind 82475 being loved is happiness.
Kiss me, hug me, 08376, don't be angry, 3307778, I want to blow with you.
There are several kinds of numbers, and Arabic numerals are the most common one. Arabic numerals were not invented by Arabs, but by Indians. In fact, it should be listed as Hindi, but it spread to Arabia first and then to the world, so it is called "Arabic numerals".
Numbers are written symbols used to represent numbers. Different counting systems can use the same number. [ 1]
There are four different interpretations of numbers:
Some words. Biography of Southern History of Ren Fang: "Wang Jian came from a composition, which made the point correct and the characters determined." Song Weng Longyuan's poem "Ruilongyin" says: "The geese are flying in a horizontal array, and the servants are counted, and the dark clouds are hard to recognize."
Text representing numbers. There are two kinds of numbers in Chinese characters, lowercase "one two three four five six seven eight nine Ten" and uppercase "1234567890".
Symbols representing numbers.
Quantity; Number. [ 1]
Arabic digital history
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Around 500 AD, with the rise and development of economy, culture and Buddhism, Punjab in the northwest of Indian subcontinent has been in a leading position in mathematics, which originated in India. Astronomer Ayepihite made a new breakthrough in simplifying numbers: he recorded the numbers with a grid. If there is a symbol in the first grid, such as a point representing 1, then the same point in the second grid represents ten, and the point in the third grid represents one hundred. In this way, not only the digital symbols themselves, but also their position order is of great significance. Indian scholars also introduced the symbol zero. It can be said that these symbols and representations are the old ancestors of Arabic numerals today.
About 700 years ago, the Arabs conquered Punjab, and they were surprised to find that the mathematics in the conquered area was more advanced than theirs. Later, Arabs introduced this figure to Spain. In 10 century, it was spread to other European countries by Pope Gelber Auriac.
Around 1200, European scholars formally adopted these symbols and systems. In the13rd century, at the initiative of Fibonacci, a mathematician in Pisa, Italy, ordinary Europeans also began to adopt Arabic numerals, which was quite common in the15th century. At that time, the shape of Arabic numerals was not exactly the same as that of modern Arabic numerals, but just close. Many mathematicians have spent a lot of effort to make them become the writing methods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 today.
Arabic numerals originated in India, but spread to all directions through Arabs, which is why they were later called Arabic numerals.
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Arabic numerals
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Arabic numerals originated in ancient India, not invented by Arabs. Numbers were later mastered by Arabs for business and spread to the west.
Westerners call these numbers Arabic numerals because they first came into contact with Arabs and used these data, mistakenly thinking that they invented them, which has caused this historical misunderstanding. Later, with the wide spread in the world, everyone agreed with the term "Arabic numerals", which made people in many parts of the world mistakenly think that numerals were invented by Arabs. In fact, Arabs first began to use numbers widely. After it spread to Europe, Europeans liked this convenient and applicable notation very much. Although people later learned the truth, they never corrected it because they were used to it. [2]
Numbers were gradually created by ancient Indians in production and practice.
In ancient India, urban construction needed design and planning, and sacrifices needed to calculate the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars, so mathematical calculation came into being. Around 3000 BC, the number of residents in the Indus Valley was relatively advanced, and the decimal calculation method was adopted.
By the third century BC, a complete set of numbers appeared in India, but the writing in different regions was not completely consistent. Brahmanism was the most representative: this set of numbers was widely used at that time. Its characteristic is that every number from "1" to "9" has a special word. Modern numbers are derived from this set of numbers. In this set of numbers, the symbol "0" (zero) has not appeared yet. The number "0" did not appear until Gupta Dynasty (320-550 AD). The symbol "0" was already used in the mathematical book "The Manual of the Sun" completed in the 4th century A.D., when it was only a solid dot. Later, the dot evolved into a small circle "0". In this way, a set of numbers from "1" to "0" tends to be perfect. This is the great contribution of the ancient Indian people to world culture. [2]
The numbers invented by ancient India first spread to neighboring countries such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Cambodia.
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Complex number classification
Complex number classification
In the seventh and eighth centuries, the Arab Empire spanned Asia, Africa and Europe. While the Arab Empire expanded around, Arabs also absorbed the advanced cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, India and other countries and translated a large number of scientific works from these countries.
In 77 1 A.D., an Indian traveler, Maoka, made a long journey to Baghdad, the capital of Abbasid Dynasty of Arab Empire. Maoka dedicated an Indian astronomical work "Sidanta" that he carried with him to the then caliph (king) Mansour. Mansour cherished the book very much and ordered the translator to translate it into Arabic. Translated into Sindh Sindh Sindh. This book uses a lot of Indian figures. As a result, Indian numbers were absorbed and adopted by Arabs.
Since then, Arabs have gradually given up the original 28 letters as a symbol of calculation, and widely used Indian numerals, and in practice, they have also modified and improved Indian numerals to make them easier to write.
When Arabs got hold of Indian figures, they soon introduced them to Europeans. It was very inconvenient for Europeans in the Middle Ages to use long Roman numerals when counting. Therefore, as soon as the simple and clear Indian figures spread to Europe, they were welcomed by Europeans. But in the beginning, Indian numerals replaced Roman numerals, but it was strongly opposed by the Pope because it was knowledge from "pagans". But practice has proved that Indian numbers are far superior to Roman numbers [3].
1202, Italy published an important mathematical book, The Book of Calculations, which widely used Indian numerals improved by Arabs, which marked the beginning of using new numerals in Europe. This book is divided into fifteen chapters. The first chapter reads: "The nine numbers in India are' 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1'. Any number can be represented by these nine numbers and the symbol' 0' called' zero' by Arabs. "
With the passage of time, China printing spread to Europe in the14th century, which accelerated the popularization and application of Indian numerals in Europe. Indian numbers are gradually adopted by all Europeans.
Westerners accepted the Indian figures from Arabia, but ignored the ancient Indians at that time and regarded them only as the achievements of Arabs, so they called them Arabic figures, which have been passed down to this day.
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Numbers are both unfamiliar and familiar terms. It consists of ten letters from 0 to 9. Numbers not only include counting, but also have rich philosophical connotations.
1: It can be seen as the number "1", a stick, a crutch, an upright gun, a candle and a one-dimensional space. ...
2. It can be seen as the number "2", a wooden horse, a kneeling person, a steep slope, a slide and a goose. ...
3. Can be seen as the number "3", two fingers, breasts, cross-eyed, branches, inverted W. ...
It can be seen as the number "4", a squatting person, a small sailboat, a small red flag and a knife. ...
5: Can be seen as the number "5", big belly, little ass, notes. ...
6. It can be seen as the number "6", a tadpole, a person with a head and an arm exposed. ...
7. It can be seen as the number "7", crutches, small tables, benches, fork roads, T-shaped objects and sickles. ...
8. It can be seen as the number "8", the mathematical symbol "∞", peanuts, collars and snowman. ...
9: Can be seen as the number "9", a person sitting next to it, a small bud. ...
0: can be regarded as the number "0", chubby person, round "○", sole, feet, two-dimensional space, thin face, eggs. ...
Numbers can be divided into real numbers and imaginary numbers, real numbers can be divided into rational numbers and irrational numbers, or into integers and decimals, and any rational number can be converted into digital form.
Roman numeral
On the basis of Greek numerals, the Romans established their own counting methods.
Romans used letters to represent numbers, I for 1, V for 5, X for 10, C for 100, and M for 1000. Such a large number is relatively short to write, but it is still very inconvenient to calculate. So today people seldom count with Roman numerals, but sometimes they can be seen to be used in year numbers or clocks. [2]
Numbers are written symbols used to represent numbers.
Different numeration systems can use the same number. For example, the numbers "0" and "1" are used in both decimal and binary systems.
The same number has different representations in different counting systems, for example,
The number 37 (Arabic decimal) can be written in many ways:
The number of China is written as 37.
Roman numeral writing XXXVII
Arabic binary writing 100 10 1
meaning
In the corresponding counting system, the position of a number determines the value it represents. For example, the number "3":
In the decimal number 37, it represents the value of 30 (decimal);
In the octal number 23, the value it represents is 3 (decimal);
In the octal number 37, it represents the value of 3×8=24 (decimal).
China number
Chinese numerals represent numbers in the form of Chinese characters, including lowercase and uppercase.
Lowercase: zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, hundred, thousand, ten million, trillion, Beijing, Hong, Dong, Dong, Gou, Jian, Zheng, Zai and Ji.
In words: zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten thousand, ten thousand, one hundred million, one trillion, Beijing, Hong, Hong, Gou, Jian, Zheng, Zai, Ji.
Heavenly stems: A, B, C, D, E, Ji, G, Xin, Ren and Gui.
Dizhi: Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai.
Zodiac: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog and pig.
Twenty (niàn, 20, capital: read), thirty (30, sà), thirty (40, x).
See (b √, 200)