First, Ma Jun's new achievements in mechanics

During the Three Kingdoms period, science and technology developed further, and a group of outstanding scientists appeared, who made a series of important achievements in various fields. In mechanics, Ma Jun's creation is the most outstanding.

Ma Jun was born in Wei Fufeng (now Xingping County, Shaanxi Province). The dates of birth and death are unknown. His deeds can be found in the preface written for him by Fu Xuan in Volume 29 of the History of the Three Kingdoms and Biography of Du Kui in Ji Fang. Ma Jun was originally Doctor Wei, and his family was poor. He is not talkative, but he is full of clever ideas. The old twill looms "fifty healers and fifty niers" and "sixty healers and sixty niers" are both stupid and heavy, and it takes dozens of days to weave a twill. Ma Jun was simplified to twelve nieces, which greatly improved the production efficiency and quality. In Wei Mingdi, Ma Jun was promoted to this position. On one occasion, Ma Jun argued with Qin Lang, the general who often attended Gaohe, whether there was a south guide car in ancient times. Gao and Qin Dou didn't believe that the ancients could make a compass, but Ma Jun thought it was not difficult to make a compass. So they asked Ming Di to let Ma Jun try to make a tour guide car. Sure enough, it was a success. People think this is a miracle. "From now on, the world will serve it skillfully." At that time, there were many gardens in Luoyang, Kyoto where vegetables could be grown, but there was no water for irrigation. Ma Jun overturned it, causing the children to turn it over and over, so the well water flowed out continuously, and its watering effect was 100 times that of ordinary water lifting tools. Someone donated hundreds of puppets to Wei Mingdi. Although the design is still exquisite, the puppet can't move. Wei Mingdi let Ma Jun try to reform. Ma Jun carved the big wood carving into something in the shape of a wheel, laid it flat on the ground, and then drew water to make the wheel turn. When the wheel moves, the puppet on it moves with it. They play drums and whistle, sing and dance, jump pills and throw swords, or stand upside down on a rope. The pictures are vivid and diverse, which makes the audience feast their eyes.

Ma Jun thinks that the crossbow made by Zhuge Liang is "skillful, but not perfect"; It is said that he can increase the effectiveness of crossbows five times. In addition, Ma Jun also put forward a powerful siege equipment-stone car. However, these two plans are envied and criticized by peers, and ignored by the incumbent, so they cannot be put into practice.

Second, Pei Xiu, an outstanding cartographer.

Pei Xiu (223-27 1), born in Wenxi, Hedong, came from a bureaucratic family. Zu Mao and Korea's Shangshuling; Father Qian, Wei Shangshuling. Show less studious, eight-year-old can belong to the text, learn back, early fame. When Cao Shuang was in Fuzheng, he served as assistant minister of Huangmen. Later, it was reused by the Sima family, and its official position was very high. When Si Mazhao went to Huainan to crusade against Zhuge Dan, Pei Xiu acted according to the plan, which showed that he had certain military experience. After serving as Sikong, he was also responsible for land, farmland and map making. He personally has great interest and skills in drawing maps, so he has made outstanding achievements in cartography.

First of all, Pei Xiu created "six drawing styles", that is, six principles that should be followed in drawing: one is "score", that is, scale; Second, "quasi-hope", that is, orientation; Third, "Dao Li", that is, distance; Fourth, "high and low"; Fifth, Xie Fang; Sixth, "pedantic and straight". Among them, the last three chapters explain the problems brought by the ups and downs, inclinations and the trend of mountains and rivers. Pei Xiu believes that the above six articles are interrelated and mutually restrictive. If there is no scale mark on the map, it is impossible to determine the distance. If there are only scale marks and no orientation, then the direction of a place is right from one direction and wrong from other directions. If you only determine the direction, but don't indicate the actual route and distance of the road, then you don't know how to cross where there are mountains and water. If there are only signs of route and distance, but not the ups and downs of the ground and the shape of the straight line, then the distance of the road must be inconsistent with its distance and the direction is unknown. Therefore, in order to determine the location, distance and terrain of a place, six criteria must be comprehensively applied and mutually verified. So it can be said that Pei Xiu has talked about the main factors needed by modern cartography, except latitude and longitude and projection. From then on, until Matteo Ricci's Map of the World was introduced to China in the Ming Dynasty, China's methods of drawing maps were basically based on the "six-body" stipulated by Pei Xiu, which shows that its achievements and influence are far-reaching and enormous.

Secondly, Pei Xiu compiled 18 Yugong regional maps. Pei Xiu saw some maps preserved in the Han Dynasty, which were neither proportional nor oriented, and even the famous mountains and rivers were not prepared. Although some maps have rough outlines, they are not accurate enough to be used as a basis; Even some maps are more grotesque and far from reality. Therefore, Pei Xiu carefully studied the ancient geographical data, compared the changes of mountains, rivers, ponds and swamps, territorial boundaries and administrative regions between ancient times and then, and also investigated the changes of ancient urban and rural settlements and land and water transportation. He compiled 18 maps of Gong Yu area by using the scientific method of drawing six celestial bodies.

In addition, Pei Xiu also transformed the original map of the world made in the 1980s, reducing it to the ratio of "one is divided into ten miles, and one inch is a hundred miles", making it a small and clear map of the abbot, which is easy to browse. This scaled-down Abbot map is now called a small-scale (1:1,800,000) map. By the time of Liu and Song Dynasties, the writer Xie Zhuang (42 1 to 466) had made a wooden terrain model the size of an abbot. Later, Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty and Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty made terrain models with wood, batter, sawdust, clay and wax. These are the continuous evolution of Pei Xiu's Abbot Map, which shows that Pei Xiu has a far-reaching influence on the development of cartography in later generations.

Fourthly, Zhang Zhongjing and his Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber.

In the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty, Chinese medicine made great progress, and Zhang Zhongjing's medical achievements were particularly noticeable.

Zhang Zhongjing, a famous machine, is from Nieyang County, Nanyang. Born in the first year of Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty (150), he died in the 24th year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (2 19). He is studious and well-read, especially good at medicine, and studied under Zhang Bozu, a famous doctor in the same county. At the beginning of Jian 'an, warlords fought and harassed endlessly, and Chinese people fled. "Counting epidemics" and "Every family has the pain of zombies, and every family has the sorrow of wailing." Either close the door and die, or bring home the bacon. "Only ten years before Jian 'an (205), there were more than 200 people in Zhang Zhongjing's clan, and two-thirds of them died, 70% of them died of typhoid fever. This painful situation made Zhang Zhongjing study medicine more diligently. He summarized the medical achievements of predecessors, collected prescriptions and wrote many valuable medical books. Cherish many dead, only sixteen volumes of Treatise on Febrile Diseases can be passed down to later generations. After collation by later generations, the typhoid part of the book was named Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Miscellaneous diseases are called synopsis of the golden chamber. Treatise on Febrile Diseases, with 22 articles in volume 10 and 397 prescriptions 1 13, discusses the pathology, diagnosis, treatment and medication of exogenous fever such as typhoid. There are 25 articles in six volumes in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, including 139 treatments and 262 prescriptions for more than 40 miscellaneous diseases such as internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology and dermatology. It takes the theory of zang-fu organs and meridians as its basic argument, attaches importance to the overall relationship between zang-fu organs and emphasizes the maintenance of healthy qi, but at the same time it does not ignore the elimination of evil spirits.

Typhoid fever in ancient China is different from typhoid fever caused by typhoid bacilli now. The treatise on Su Wen's fever in Neijing says: "Today's fever patients are all typhoid fever and the like"; He also said, "When a person is injured by cold, it is a fever." It can be seen that typhoid fever mentioned by the ancients refers to some diseases with high fever symptoms due to exogenous factors, including typhoid fever and other infectious diseases today. The condition of this disease is complex, changing rapidly and difficult to diagnose and treat. In addition to "assiduously seeking ancient teachings and learning from all kinds of prescriptions", Zhang Zhongjing learned about the illness from many aspects by observing, hearing, asking and cutting four diagnoses, and then analyzed and synthesized them, and summarized them into six types of symptoms: three yang (sun, shaoyang, yin and yang) and three yin (lunar, shaoyin and jueyin). Strong disease resistance, hyperactivity is Sanyang disease; Diseases with weak disease resistance and weak disease potential are three diseases of yin. In the treatment of Sanyang disease, exorcism is the main method to quickly eliminate the focus. The treatment of three diseases of yin is mainly based on strengthening the body's resistance, thus increasing the patient's disease resistance and mobilizing the positive factors of the human body. In specific medical treatment, yin, yang, exterior, interior, cold, heat, deficiency and excess are taken as the outline of syndrome differentiation, provided that yang or yin comes first. Yin and yang are divided into exterior and interior, then into excess and deficiency, and then into cold and heat. This is the famous "Eight Courses" in Diagnostics of the Motherland. Generally speaking, the symptoms such as excitement, congestion, fever and strong and slippery pulse are yang syndrome; Yin syndrome is hard to find, aversion to cold, syncope and weak pulse; Symptoms appearing on the body surface are superficial symptoms; Internal disease is internal disease; The virus stays in the body, and where the essence is weak, it is virtual. The pathogen is full, but the energy is enough to resist the real disease; Pathological manifestations are cold syndrome with cold tendency and heat syndrome with heat tendency.

After the symptoms are confirmed, the treatment will be carried out. According to his predecessors' and his own experience in treating diseases, Zhang Zhongjing summarized the treatment methods for various symptoms into eight types: sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, harmony, warming, clearing away heat, tonifying and dissipating. That is, the pathogen perspires on the muscle surface. The pathogen was trapped in the upper body and vomited (induced vomiting). Pathogen is in the interior, and purgation is used. Evil is combined with law (detoxification) between exterior and interior. Warm method is used for cold syndrome, clear method for heat syndrome, tonic method for deficiency syndrome, and elimination method for stasis and lump. These therapeutic principles have strong generality and high practical value, and can be used alone or in combination according to different situations. Zhang Zhongjing's academic thought and exposition of related diseases have the function of connecting the past with the future, and are still required reading for studying Chinese medicine.

Third, Liu Hui's contribution to mathematics.

Three Kingdoms ago, Nine Chapters Arithmetic was the first mathematics textbook in China. Liu Hui's contribution to mathematics is mainly in his book Nine Chapters of Arithmetic Notes. Fa Li Sui Shu (16) contains: "Chen Wei and Wang Jingyuan four years, Liu Hui notes nine chapters". Notes on Nine Chapters of Arithmetic was written in the fourth year of Jingyuan (263). Sui Shu, Volume 34, Jing Ji Zhi San, has ten volumes of Nine Chapters Arithmetic and one volume of Nine Chapters Heavy Difference Diagram, all of which are referred to by Liu Hui. After the loss of "Nine Chapters of Weighted Difference Diagram", the Tang people took out a volume of Weighted Difference in "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic Note", which was used to measure in mathematics and made it into a book. Because the first problem is measuring the island, it was renamed as the classic of island calculation. Liu Hui's two works are precious documents in the history of mathematics in China, and also have a certain position in the history of mathematics in the world. The main contributions are as follows:

1. The concept of limit and the significance of secant limit appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the actual application was Liu Hui. Liu Hui has realized the importance of the limit of sequence, so she can make important achievements. Liu Hui's outstanding contribution is to be the first to popularize the method of secant circle, which he founded in Nine Chapters of Arithmetic Notes. Its method includes the initial concept of limit and the idea of line-curve transformation. It is commendable that we can continue to use this idea of 1500 years ago.

With pi, there are theories and methods to calculate pi. π is the ratio of circumference to diameter, which is called π value for short. Whether the π value is correct or not is directly related to the astronomical calendar, weights and measures, water conservancy projects and the application of civil buildings, so it is an important task in mathematics to accurately calculate π value.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Hua Tuo, a famous surgeon

Hua Tuo, a native of Guo Peiqiao County, is introverted. He studied in Xuzhou in his early years and learned a lot of mathematics knowledge. Pei Xiang, Chen Gui, Yang Lianxiao and Qiu Huang Wan all refused. Just to be a doctor, he traveled all over the Jiangbei area of Henan, Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu. Many patients have been cured. He is good at prescription. Every time he treats a disease, he only prescribes several kinds of soup. He doesn't have to weigh the medicine, he takes it at will, naturally and moderately. In human acupuncture, as long as one or two places are pricked, each place has seven or eight needles, and the needles are pulled out, it will be effective. In addition to internal medicine and acupuncture, he is also proficient in obstetrics and gynecology and pediatrics, especially surgery. In order to alleviate the pain of patients during surgery, he summarized the previous medical experience and learned from his own observation of drunkenness, and completed the invention of anesthesia. The 82-volume Biography of Prescriptions in the History of the Later Han Dynasty said that Hua Tuo intoxicated the patient with wine before operation, which was a great breakthrough in Chinese medicine. It is said that Arab doctors know how to use anesthetics, which is from China, indicating that it is of world significance to use alcohol and hemp boiling powder as anesthetics before clinical surgery. The reflection volume 29 "Ji Fang biography" said:

If the disease accumulates, acupuncture and drugs can't reach it. When you need to cut it, drink it, and you will be drunk to death soon because it is broken. If the disease is in the intestine, break it and wash it, and wipe the abdomen with ointment. It takes four or five days, and it doesn't hurt, and people won't slap themselves. In January, they will calm down.

Diplomatic achievements:

It is estimated that the statue of Zhuge Liang (181July 23-August 28, 234), whose name is Kongming, was named Wolong (also known as Long Fu), Han nationality, Langya Yang Du (now yinan county, Linyi City, Shandong Province), prime minister, and an outstanding politician, strategist and inventor during the Three Kingdoms period. When he was alive, he was named Wuxiang Hou, and he was called Zhong Wuhou. Later, in order to admire Zhuge Liang's military talents, the Eastern Jin regime named him King Wuxing. The representative works include Front Model, Back Model and Book of Commandments. Invented wooden ox and flowing horse, Kongming lantern and so on. Chengdu has Wuhou Temple. In addition, Du Fu, a great poet, also has the classic Shu Xiang handed down from ancient times.

Lu Su.

Lu Su (172-2 17), born in Dongcheng (now Dingyuan, Anhui), was a famous military general in China at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He once put forward a strategic plan for Sun Quan, so he was appreciated by Sun Quan. After Zhou Yu's death, he led the troops to guard the land instead of Zhou Yu. Later, Lu Su invited Guan Yu, the governor of Jingzhou, to meet him, but failed. In the 22nd year of Jian 'an (2 17), Lu Su died at the age of 46. Sun Quan personally mourned for Lu Su, and Zhuge Liang also mourned for him. ○ In addition, there are contemporary Peking Opera actors with the same name.

Deng zhi

Deng Zhi, a word, was a new savage in Yiyang, an important courtier of Shu and Han in the Three Kingdoms period. 25 1 year, pawn, official as general, saving time.

Morality:

Guan Yu Yu portrait Guan Yu (? -220) this word is immortal, and later it was changed to Yunchang, Hedong boundary (now Yuncheng, Shanxi). China, a famous soldier in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, has been following Liu Bei since he assembled his troops in the village. He is one of the most trusted generals of Liu Bei. After Guan Yu's death, his image was gradually deified by later generations, and he was always the object of folk sacrifice, and was honored as "Guan Gong". Praised and sealed by the court. In the Qing Dynasty, it was regarded as "the spirit of loyalty and righteousness in SHEN WOO, showing great sage in benevolence, righteousness and bravery" and was honored as "warrior sage", just like Confucius in Wen Sheng. Guan Yu's deeds are also described in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, in which Guan Yu is described as the first of the "Five Tiger Generals" and Mao Zonggang called it "one of the three wonders of Romance". In addition, there was a place called Guan Yu in ancient times, and its exact location is unknown.

Zhuge Liang

To sum up, Zhuge Liang has made great achievements in these three aspects. Technically, the cow is running wild. Diplomatically, the war of words was fought by Confucianism, even by Wu Kangcao. Morally, he was helpless, loyal and conscientious when he was in danger!