In the growth stage of students, each individual's psychology develops continuously with the growth of age and grade, including cognitive process, emotional process, will process and the development of individual psychological characteristics. In this process, the development of individual thinking is the core of the whole cognitive process. Thinking development and mathematics learning are a process of mutual promotion and improvement, and a dynamic development process. It is an important basis for effective mathematics learning. The author will talk about mathematics learning from the perspective of thinking development. Then, how to develop students' mathematical thinking and cultivate students' mathematical thinking ability in teaching practice so as to promote students' mathematical learning? The author thinks that the following points should be done in normal teaching: 1. Grasping the essence and cultivating the profundity of thinking is the quality of thinking that is good at discovering the essence of problems through many phenomena. Thinking about mathematical problems is manifested in being good at using abstract generalization, being able to grasp the essence and laws of problems and analyze them without being confused by superficial phenomena, thus solving problems satisfactorily. To cultivate students' thinking depth, we can design multi-level exercises from shallow to deep, from shallow to deep, from simple to complex, from easy to difficult according to the internal relationship between knowledge, carry out multi-solution training, deepen the understanding of knowledge and master the internal relationship of knowledge, so as to flexibly use knowledge, cultivate thinking ability and improve problem-solving ability.