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Statistics is a very old science. It is generally believed that its theoretical research began in Aristotle's time in ancient Greece and has a history of more than 2300 years. It originated from the study of social and economic problems. In the development process of more than 2,000 years, statistics has experienced at least three stages of development: city-state politics, political arithmetic and statistical analysis science. The so-called "mathematical statistics" is not a new discipline independent of statistics. To be exact, it is the general name of all the new methods of collecting and analyzing data formed in the third development stage of statistics. Probability theory is the theoretical basis of mathematical statistics, but it belongs to mathematics rather than statistics.

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1. classification scale: also known as category scale or nominal scale, it is a method to classify the respondents, label them with various names and determine their categories. It is essentially a classification system.

2. Ranking scale: also known as rank scale or sequence scale, it is a scale that arranges respondents in a certain logical order to determine their rank and order.

3. Fixed distance scale: also known as equidistant scale or interval scale, it is a method that can not only distinguish the categories and grades of variables (social phenomena), but also determine the quantitative differences and interval distances between variables.

4. Fixed scale: also known as proportional scale or equal scale, it is a method to measure the proportion or proportional relationship between different variables (social phenomena) in addition to all the properties of the above three scales.