Research on Yang Guang and His Works

Yang Di Yang Guang is a controversial figure in the history of China. Because historians have different views on his political character and lifestyle, literary research circles also have different views on his literary achievements and status in the history of literature.

Xie Wuliang's History of China Literature is a work to evaluate Yang Di's literary achievements at the beginning of this century. The book first quotes Wei Zhi's An Introduction to Sui Shu Literature, arguing that Yang Di's poetry and prose works at the beginning of his accession to the throne can still "coexist with elegance and belong to the canon system. Although he intends to be arrogant, his words are not extravagant, so the author at that time can take them as correct." The evaluation of Yang-ti's later creation is also positive: "Yang-ti's practice has achieved nothing, and he has become increasingly arrogant and violent, running around, impoverished and struggling everywhere. His Night Tour is better than Chen Houzhu's Back Garden. So the scribes at that time resumed their kind words, and the elegant system was finally abolished. However, new voices compete for it, which is the bud of later opera; " The law has made great progress, and there are methods to guide the Tang people. "

Different from Xie Wuliang, Liu Dabai totally negated Yang Guang's poetry creation in The History of China Literature, which is related to his negation of Yang Guangzhi's character. Liu Dabai first compared the Sui Dynasty with the Qin Dynasty, saying that "Yang Guang (Emperor Yang) was dissolute at the bottom, so was Hu Hai (Qin Ershi)" and "he was the most pretentious person at the bottom". Looking at Yang Guang's poetry creation activities with this kind of colored glasses, the evaluation will naturally not be high: "When he was in the Jin Dynasty, he plotted to seize power and had all kinds of hypocritical behaviors. So his theory of "don't underestimate the enemy" is that Anshi is not a deception to cater to the psychology of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty? Even if you are in the throne, you will not float, perhaps just to paint the eyes and ears of your subjects. " "For example, it is almost the same as Chen's" Flowers in the Back Garden of Yushu ",so the words may not be absolutely ups and downs." "Later, when I was lucky, I relied on geisha, new voices competed, and erotic songs continued, so the glitz and lewdness revived and finally died."

Although Zheng Zhenduo's History of China Literature severely criticized his politics, he greatly praised his talent in poetry and prose creation: "(Yang) is an excellent poet, although he is not a very clever politician." "Although he is a northerner, his works can be compared with those of southern scholars. People like Xue and Lu are naturally more difficult to drive north with him. Like his "Sad Autumn" (omitted) and his "Moonlit Night on a Spring River" (omitted), Liang Zu and his essays are indistinguishable. " There is also the phrase "West Western jackdaw flies in a few minutes, and the water flows around the lonely village", which was once included in Qin Guan's words and became a punch line.

Zeng Ruoruo also expressed dissatisfaction with Liu Dabai's over-belittling Yang Guang in the article "An Overview of the Stylistic Changes of Prose in Sui and Tang Dynasties". He believes that "(Yang) advocates elegance and originality, and it is not a temporary trip. It is close to Liu Dabai's" History of China Literature ",which is not true, but harsh?" He also quoted Wei Zhi's "An Introduction to Sui Shu Literature" to evaluate Yang Guangzhi, saying that "from the opponents' mouth, it is obvious that justice is detached from people's hearts and conscience cannot erase it."

In the history of China's literature development, although Zheng also thought that advocating elegant style was a melodramatic move, he did not completely deny his achievements in poetry creation, but affirmed many works from the perspective of the development of poetry art. He thought that "the greatest contribution of the emperor in literature is the' new voice'" and wrote a section entitled "The Emperor's New Voice". Similar to Zheng, Luo Genze's History of Yuefu Literature and Xiao Difei's History of Yuefu Literature in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties also emphasized their contributions to Yuefu literature.

In 1950s and 1960s, the academic circles basically held a negative attitude towards Yang Di's literary achievements, which was also linked with accusing him of debauchery and melodrama. For example, when Zhou Zu wrote the Literature History of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, he thought: "His poems and his dissolute life are integrated. Poems such as I like to go to Haruka, Jiangdu Gong Le Ge and Moonlit Night on the Spring River can prove this fact. Sui Shu's Introduction to Wen Yuan said that his works "are meant to be arrogant and obscene, and his words are not floating. The writer can change'. Except that the first sentence is true, the other three sentences are flattering. Yang Di Yang Guang, Emperor of Sui Dynasty, advocated this kind of erotic poems, which was respected by the emperor. The good in the world must have things in the world. Naturally, many officials echoed him, which revived the legacy of Chen Liang, who was already strong in the field of poetry, and somewhat hindered the faster development of poetry to a healthy road. " Liu Dabai's History of the Development of China Literature also thinks that "the debauchery of the emperor (Yang Guang) is no different from that of Chen Houzhu", while the Biography of Sui Shu Literature says that Yang Guang is "a beginner in art and literature, but not smooth", saying that he is "arrogant, but not eloquent" and "that is untrue".

Relatively speaking, the History of Literature of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties edited by Luo Zongqiang and others gave a dialectical evaluation to Yang Guang and made an in-depth study of his poems. First of all, the book sees: "Yang Guang's poems are more complicated", "His poems seem to be somewhat inconsistent with others" and thinks that "this is a literary phenomenon worth studying". When analyzing Yang Guang's poems in detail, the book objectively points out his artistic achievements: "His Yuefu is quite fresh and lively, and Jiangdu Palace tunes:' Fang Shu in Fengting welcomes early summer, and Long Mai in Gao Chang sends Qiu Yu'. Jiangduxia in White Songs of the Four Seasons has a similar situation. Although it describes the court life with flying eaves and flowers, the fresh breath of' Mei Huang Xiaoxiao, Mai Qiuguang, the rustling of maple leaves and Jiang Shuiping' in Jiangnan Shui Mu still dilutes the court style and gives people a sense of pleasure. " Moonlit Night on a Spring River has no palace style, but is a fresh beauty. The book further points out that there may be two reasons why Yang Guang's poems are not completely consistent with people. One reason may be that "the beauty of spring water, spring flowers, night fog, moonlight and legendary moving stories that entered Yang Guang Yuefu with irresistible force brought fresh, bright and pure beauty." In addition, this may be related to Yang Guang's "the complexity of this person". He believes that although there is also a cruel side, "after he acceded to the throne, he revised the new law to reduce the tyranny of Emperor Wen; Restore schools and promote the career of scholars; He loves reading, can write, has a bright collection of books, is good at poetry and is gentle, which is his other side. Or it is precisely because of this that he accepted the beauty of human feelings in the south of the Yangtze River. When writing about his extravagant life, he often unconsciously brought out this beauty, which made people forget that he was a tyrant. These evaluations and analyses can reveal the unique complexity of Yang Guang, a historical figure, and thus be more convincing.

The History of Literature in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, edited by Cao Daoheng and Shen Yucheng, also made a thorough and detailed study of Yang Guang. They have a unique understanding of Yang Guang's "not to be neglected" and "relegated to canon system" in Sui Shu Literature Biography: "First, unlike several kings who perished in the Southern Dynasties, Yang Di was not born in a palace, but grew up in the hands of women. In the first year of Jian 'an (58 1), he went out of town at the age of thirteen and was named King of Jin. He was called' deep and heavy' and studied under Li Che, who was famous for his fortitude. Later, after his military service, he made great achievements, and after he ascended the throne, he "admired Qin Huang's Hanwu", which shows that his character has an enterprising side. At the same time, Emperor Wen advocated frugality, while Queen Dugu' forbidden concubines'. Before his death, Yang Di didn't save his voice or listen to music. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, he also wrote a letter to "Eat fish in the low palace", which was skillful in self-decoration and strict with self-discipline. In short, the' degree between man and king' embodied in his early poems is understandable. It is only because of his later dissoluteness and abuse of people's power, coupled with the rendering of note novels, his image in the eyes of future generations has become very bad. Second, Yang-ti loved literature when he was young. Liu, Zhuge Ying, Yu Shinan and others were all middle school students in Jin. ..... Judging from his life experience, Chen Ping's long-term life in the south of the Yangtze River was a turning point in his exposure to luxury. However, since Emperor Wendi is still here, he probably won't write colorful poems in public. The spiritual and material desires that have been suppressed for a long time since the accession to the throne have expanded infinitely. On the one hand, they yearn for the balance between Qin and Han dynasties, on the other hand, they are addicted to excessive enjoyment and cannot extricate themselves. These two factors are one after another in the works, so there are' elegant sounds' such as the poems of the emperor in Ganyang Hall on the winter solstice, the poems of the Turkish masters in the Great Wall Cave, and the songs of the four seasons such as' Zheng Sheng'. " When evaluating Yang Guang's poems, this book has many new ideas. For example, "Drinking Horses in the Cave of the Great Wall" is "very majestic" and "White Horse" is "more magnificent than Zhou Wang's works of the same name". "No matter how confused he is as the supreme ruler, the bearing pattern presented in his poems is far from comparable to that of the monarch in the Southern Dynasties." Moreover, this book also believes that "the Southern Dynasties began to open the Tang Dynasty from Xie Tiao, mainly from the perspective of charm and rhythm; It can really be used as a prelude to the magnificent Tang sound in the air, and it can only be the work of this confused and violent king. "This evaluation of Yang Di's poetry and its role in the history of literary development is the real objective attitude of not abandoning words for the people.

Since this century, there are not many monographs about Emperor Yangdi Yang Di Yang Guang. Luo Yuling's "The King of National subjugation is Versatile —— Comment on the Literary Achievements of Harmony" focuses on the literary achievements of Harmony, which not only affirms Chen and Sui's contributions to literary creation and promoting the progress of poetry, but also discusses the literary achievements of Emperor Wen of Harmony.

Today, we are going to write a biography of Emperor Yang Di. In fact, we will encounter many difficulties, and we have been working hard on this topic for some time.

Arthur Wright said: "(He) is regarded as a typical national subjugation and a bad king, in a distorted historical record."

Under the weight and legendary hearsay, today's people want to see the true face of this person, and at most they can only get a glimpse. "

However, Yang Guang, the Emperor of Yang Di in the Sui Dynasty, had great talent, gorgeous writing style, extraordinary ambition and creative personality. These are long.

Although his critics can't deny it. For example, in 608 ad, he asked the eagle division of the world to gather in Chang' an, and as soon as he came.

There are more than ten thousand people. In 665,438+00, a hundred plays were held in Duanmen Street, Luoyang, and the world's strange words and different arts gathered until January. male

I also went to watch it incognito several times. I also heard that Tuguhun (a Xianbei tribe that flowed into Qinghai) traveled to Persian horses and put them in the Qing Dynasty.

The grassland on the sea can produce dragonflies, and it takes thousands of miles a day. He entered the female horse in Sichuan Valley for the "dragon seed" and later stopped because it was invalid.

. Such behavior is considered absurd by traditional historians, but today we can speculate that he is imaginative.

I am also willing to try, and I can show my personal humor in all kinds of trivial matters.

On the other hand, judging from various indications, Yang-ti lacks the prudence and prudence as a commander-in-chief, nor can he command generals. such

The weakness may also be due to the arrogance of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty. If he is only thirteen years old, he will be made King of Jin and become the manager of Bin (Shanxi Province).

Governor). In 589 AD, Chen was attacked. Before he was 20 years old, he was appointed Marshal of March, and on the one hand, he commanded Liuhe.

Not counting the army, it also controls other officers, such as the old general Su Yang. This 518,000 people are not out of the moon, flat.

Jiangnan, the reunification of China, by the weak crown Wang Jin wrote a book to report to his father, to achieve this task. This movement, of course, has increased.

His prestige also cultivated his arrogance and made him feel that everything in the world was so easy. He will build the Great Wall, canals and pies in the future.

Liu Fang defeated Lin Yi (in today's), listened to the designs of Fijians, broke the mud, detained Turks, and traveled to the rouge mountain in the west.

China, under the control of human and material resources, lives in prosperity and has not suffered setbacks. After he was in adversity, he was disheartened and fled.

Reality, so his tragic complex also has long-term accumulation of cause and effect.

Yang Di's conquest of Korea is said to have mobilized 1 133800 people, twice as many as those who sent them. This figure is reliable.

Degree, there is no way to determine. It's just that Yang Guang is superstitious about the superiority of military quantity, which is beyond doubt. In fact, on the day of the siege, wild

The number of war troops is too large to be manipulated. It will only be effective if this number is used as the lead to make the other party lose its fighting spirit. otherwise

Deploying too many troops makes it difficult to control managers in your own lineup, which has also become a weakness in the future battlefield. expected

In the battle of 6 12 AD, Sui Jun met with strong resistance from North Korea in the area north of Yalu River and east of Liaohe River in order to take care of his children.

Our navy landed successfully on the Korean peninsula, but it did not have the effect of surprise attack, nor could it cooperate with the army that replenished it.

The commander-in-chief was too strict, and Emperor Yangdi had no determination to fight to the death. When the war is favorable, North Korea

Cheat surrender, senior generals dare not decide, so they can't expand the results. Finally, due to the rainy autumn, in the north of Pyongyang.

In the retreat, the foot soldiers had no actual training. As soon as they were chased by North Korean soldiers, they lost control and collapsed, resulting in the ninth army.

There are thousands of devices trapped and lost. In 6 13, Yang-ti made a comeback and went to the front in person. Sui Jun is Bo and Liaodong.

In the city, the tunnel was also attacked by flying ladders, and several Sui soldiers boarded the city with short knives to meet them, but at this time they were supervising the transportation of food and grass in the Central Plains.

Yang Xuangan knew that thieves were everywhere, and Yang-ti could not last long. In Liyang (near Xunxian County, Henan Province, in the north-south traffic,

Point) fight, ministry of war assistant minister Angle, politics is defected to north Korea, and China's actual situation. Emperor Yang Di summoned the generals to make a decision at midnight.

Heart give up the siege. When the soldiers came back, all the military equipment was piled up and abandoned. Finally, this operation is confidential and retreat.

Two days after joining the army, although Koryo found out that she still dared not pursue it.

Two months later, although Yang Xuangan was completely annihilated, the prestige of Emperor Yang Di had been debunked, and people in the north and south were miserable.

Recruiting troops and attacking them in groups, often tens of thousands. In 6 14, emperor yang-ti called for an expedition against Korea and called it "Huang".

Emperor 50 World War II, Tang Cheng 27 levy ",but the liegeman did not dare to respond, and the cities captured by the rebels everywhere could not be leveled.

Depression. Although the water army who came to protect the son at this time forced Pyongyang, the king of Korea sent envoys to surrender and sent the prisoners to the court, so that Emperor Yang could take this opportunity.

Move troops, but have deviated from the road. During June15, he traveled to the north and was besieged by Turks. Almost inevitably, he was ordered to come and go.

It's hard to get him out of the encirclement. The following year, fortunately, I was in Jiangdu (Yangzhou) and I didn't plan to return to the north. Those who advised him were convicted, and finally,

I don't want to hear the report that the overall situation is out of control. So for more than a year. In the winter of 6 17, Tang Guogong Li Yuan (i.e.

) into changan, made his grandson Tang Gaozu emperor, respect him as the emperor's father, Yang-ti also no action response. 6 18

In the spring of 2008, the abandoned emperor was killed. It was not the rebel generals or militia who killed him, but

I used to like my followers and guards. Therefore, the traditional historians' criticism of Emperor Yang Di Yang Guang may be one of them.

Exaggerated, but not all the facts, because Yang Guang has his weakness of being attacked.

Today, however, we still follow the traditional historians' policy of "different opinions" in writing history, but we ignore the time and rings in history.

Environmental factors. In the 7th century, the turn of Sui and Tang Dynasties was a prominent period in the history of China. Today's 20th century

The last leaf is another outstanding period in the history of China. Sui Shu in Twenty-four Histories was written by the author in the early Tang Dynasty.

It's called "Yin Jian is not far away". They never thought that the Sui Dynasty was not an ordinary dynasty, let alone the Pan-Zhou people in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Called China, it will be derived into today's China. Because of our different positions, we write a biography of Emperor Yang Di, and the same is true.

It takes a long time and a long distance to keep up with the times.

From the perspective of "great history", the Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties can be called the "second empire" of China, which is different from the "first" of Qin and Han Dynasties.

The difference between an empire. Although Korea called it centralization, its county organization was reorganized from the feudal system of Zhou Dynasty.

The original system inherited by the Sui and Tang Dynasties dates back to the Tuoba family in the Northern Wei Dynasty from the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties, and started from the localization of nomadic people.

The "three-long system" and the land equalization system can be described as the whole society, artificially hatched under the national laws and regulations, with small farmers as the main body.

Pay attention to the level of low-level institutions. The documents of Qin and Han dynasties also used bamboo and wood; Not only has paper been used for more than 500 years between Sui and Tang Dynasties, but also

Woodblock printing also appeared around 600 AD. These factors make education more popular than before, and also make the whole civil service

Groups can keep up with this small-scale peasant society and keep the same level of simplicity with each other.

At the beginning of Selected Records of the New Tang Dynasty, it was mentioned that "the subjects of selecting scholars in the Tang Dynasty were mostly from Sui to the old". One of them is the most important.

The program is that "all students are pregnant and die in Liezhou County", that is, there is no need for recommendation, and the comprehensive and open examination system has been established.

It started in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and didn't stop until this century 1905.

Because of this, the narrative of the Sui Dynasty began to be dominated by the central government. Yang-ti is a dialogue between Niu Hong and Liu Xuan, who made laws and regulations, and once mentioned it.

The following paragraph reads like this: "In the past, the state only set up discipline, counties set up guards, counties set up orders, and the rest had aides, and the chief executive did it himself. be under a subpoena

Ren, there are only a few dozen in each state. This is not the case today. The size of the official is informed by the official department. Traces of fiber interface belong to inspection.

Such a personnel system certainly makes bureaucrats more civilian, but it also makes the middle-level organizations of the country more hollow.

Because there is no power and obligation between the superior and the subordinate, the trend of the emperor directly ruling the whole people is becoming more and more obvious. Sui dynasty

Wendi, the founder of entrepreneurship, started from the roots of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and swept the Southern Dynasties after annexing the Northern Qi Dynasty. This is also caused by uniform terrain and human factors.

The simple field has expanded to the complex field of humanities. After he destroyed Chen, he established 500 as the township and 100 as the interior.

His intermittent promotion in Jiangnan was completely resisted by the giants. Since the rebellion was put down, his rule

The more he wants to go up, the more his design will be based on maintaining a unified empire. So it is 15. And in

In this primitive agricultural society, the shortcut to achieve its goal is not to increase the complexity of its structure at the middle level, but to maintain the lower level.

The balance. In 594, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, ordered all counties to grant public land, and officials were not allowed to compete for profits. five

No manufacturer shall be employed. In 598, a decree was issued prohibiting large private vessels, and all vessels over 30 feet were officially accepted. All from keeping

The simplicity of rural society. His advocacy of Buddhism is not based on religious piety, but on unified thought.

Think for the purpose. It is also because of Confucianism that we cut off state studies and abandoned state and county studies, which is nothing more than "knowing the meaning of the father and the son, the monarch and the minister."

Senior talents need "morality as an example to serve the country", so there is no need to reserve a lot.

. His food and clothing are rough, and he is nothing more than a low standard.

All these facilities were also in line with the tax policy at that time. Sui and Tang dynasties inherited the "rent-mediocre tune" system of the previous dynasty, and its main points are as follows

In the national finance, the simple rural economy, in parallel with the equal land system, avoids the difference between the rich and the poor of taxpayers in principle, which is extreme.

Only when the low tax rate is fully levied can it have a wide range of effects. Nevertheless, there are still technical difficulties. Sui Shu's diet records.

It is mentioned that in the Northern Qi Dynasty, the tax payment for monogamy was "one bed" and the single person paid "half a bed", so it was "one county with many households".

More than ten thousand people have no wives. "It is precisely because the imperial power is condensed in the world that the obligation to pay taxes is spread all over the ordinary people, lacking all kinds.

It has the power to judge the compromise adjustment and even the service-oriented institutions, so whether the system can be implemented depends entirely on the emperor himself.

Face, put down the pressure. Emperor Wendi devoted himself to this matter in his later years. He envied his subordinate officials for taking bribes. All recipients must

Go to hell. He also questioned his lieutenants in court, appealed for dissatisfaction and killed them immediately. So Sui Shu said he was "born obese"

Guess, there is no scholarship, it is better to be decimal, but I don't know the general meaning. "

However, after his high-handed policy, the treasures of the Sui Dynasty piled up like mountains and even hoarded them. So Qian Muzeng

It is said that the Western Han Dynasty, after 70 years of rest and recuperation by the four emperors, will be prosperous when it reaches the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. "Sui Wenze was rich on his first day in the world." So was this.

It represents a special phenomenon under China's traditional policy of attaching importance to agriculture. Because of all-round production, we don't pay attention to exchange, distribution and country at all.

The diversification of domestic economy, without the improvement of quality, and short-term national mobilization can make the wealth of agriculture (because of its

Unorganized structure is different from commercial wealth. In 604 AD, Emperor Yang ascended the throne, which was considered as inheritance.

Based on the economic foundation since the founding of the Second Empire, only such affluence has become the redundant burden of the country and the political thought of that day.

To prevent "merger", what about the mobilized labor force in rural areas, and will it make a large number of people unemployed?

?

In this way, Yang Di's consumption of China's manpower and material resources seems to have its historical background, that is, he gathered all the eagles in Chang 'an.

The Jule workers in Luoyang were induced by the objective environment. As for the canal, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty led it.

It has been used for grain transportation in the valley. The construction of the palace began with the construction of Renshou Palace by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. It is said that "tens of thousands of people died." very

To cut Korea, it also began with Emperor Wen. The campaign in 598 AD mobilized 300,000 people, which was both rainy and epidemic.

When a teacher is a teacher, many boats float away. Traditional historians call it "the dead 189". Therefore, the actions of Emperor Yang are still with Emperor Wen.

Steps are the product of the integration of fate. In the early days, they also had the support of civil and military officials. Otherwise, Emperor Yang Guangzong of Yang Di was.

It is impossible for one person to win public opinion for so long.

Therefore, when we review the success or failure of Yang-ti today, we can't give the final answer only by his merits. That is, in yangsui.

Before that, the Northern Dynasties had crossed the Juntian Line. In this way, the ideal mathematical formula hangs down, and what is the effect?

Once this scheme is initiated as a mass movement, it is not easy to collect it in time.

Bind So overcorrection must be overcorrected. So there are only the numbers needed above, and there are no real statistics below, so that men can finish smoking.

Women are forced to serve, and "the people are not well-off, and there is a temporary crisis to help them, not to use them."

Hey. "Before the failure of North Korea, the whole country rebelled and I didn't know what to do. Although Emperor Yang Di had imagination, he was not a great thinker after all.

He doesn't like us to see the historical depth of ancient and modern China and foreign countries. He finally retired to Jiangdu for more than a year, but he couldn't think of a master.

Meaning, it can also be seen that he has not completely understood his position in history. Legend has it that he once looked at Hou Yaozong in the mirror.

Say, "Who should be a good head and neck?" It is doubtful whether this is true or not. But its helpless tone has been with him.

The tragic ending is the same.