In the list of the top 500 supercomputers published in 17 10 on October 2010, China Tianhe II won the championship for the fourth time in a row, nearly twice as fast as the second American Titan. In May, 20 15, the cosmological N-body numerical simulation of neutrinos and 3 trillion particles of dark matter was successfully carried out on Tianhe-2, revealing the long evolution process of BIGBANG from 16 million years to now. At the same time, this is also the N-body numerical simulation with the largest number of particles in the world so far. 165438+1October16, the list of the world's top 500 supercomputers was announced in the United States, and the "Tianhe II" supercomputer won the sixth consecutive supercomputer with 3.386 trillion times per second. On June 20th, 20 16, a new issue of the list of the world's top 500 supercomputers was announced, and China's self-made chip "Shenwei Light of Taihu Lake" replaced "Tianhe No.2" and topped the list. 2018165438+10/2, the new list of the top 500 global supercomputers was released in Dallas, USA, and the Chinese supercomputer "Tianhe II" ranked fourth.
Basic introduction Chinese name: Tianhe No.2, TH-2 mbth: Tianhe No.2, Milkyway-2 Attribute: Supercomputing Development Country: China Development Agency: China University of National Defense Technology Publication Date: 2065438+May 2003 World Ranking: Fourth (as of 2065438+08165438+/kloc, Composition structure, technical parameters, model, processor, front-end processor, storage, host, connection, operating system, energy consumption, main features, main performance, application field, research history, prospect, honor, ranking first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth, giving way to Shenwei, second and fourth. Tianhe-2 consists of 65,438+06,000 nodes. Each node has two processors based on Ivy Bridge-E Xeon E5 2692 and three Xeon Phis, with a total of 32,000 Ivy Bridge processors and 48,000 Xeon Phis, with a total of 365,438+020,000 computing cores. Each Xeon Phi uses 57 cores instead of all 6 1, because using 6 1 will have problems in the coordination of operation cycles, while using 57 cores can speed up four execution threads, and the amount of operation per thread in a single cycle can reach 4Gflops. The Xeon fusion core running at 1. 1GHz can generate 65438. If CPU is considered, two Ivy Bridges * 0.2112 Tflops/s+3 Xeon Phi * 1.003 TFLOPs/s = 3.431TFLOPs, and two Ivy Bridges+9 Xeon Phis. Each computing node has 256GB of main memory, and each Xeon Phi has 8GB of onboard memory, so each node * * * has 88GB of memory, and a total of 16000 nodes * * has 1.404 PB of memory, and the external storage capacity is as high as 12.4PB. Tianhe II has two computing nodes on each motherboard. The motherboard of each computing node is divided into two parts, one is CPU and the other is APU. The CPU has four cores Ivy Bridge, memory and a Xeon Phi coprocessor, while the APU substrate has five Xeon Phi coprocessors. There are five horizontally inserted connection ports between CPU and APU, which are connected by the built-in PCI-E 2.0 of Ivy Bridge. Although Ivy Bridge has built-in PCI Express 3.0 interface, Xeon Phi only supports 2.0, and the bandwidth of a single channel is 10Gbps. The front-end processor of the computing node is a 4096 FT- 1500 processor. FT- 1500 processor was developed by National University of Defense Technology for Tianhe 1, which can be said to be the greatest achievement of Tianhe 1 project. It is a Sparc V9 architecture processor with the core of 16, and the running frequency is 65430 under the process condition of 40nm. Peak performance 144 Gflops/s and power consumption of 65W. However, compared with Ivy Bridge with Intel 22 nm12core 2.2 GHz 21kloc-0/gflops/s performance, there is still an obvious gap. The interconnection of Tianhe-2 adopts the self-developed Express-2 intranet, with 13 switches, and each switch has 576 connection ports. The connecting medium is photoelectric hybrid. The specific controller is an ASIC-specific integrated circuit named NRC, which adopts 90nm technology. The package size is17.16x17.16mm, and * * has 2577 pins. The throughput of a single NRC is 2.56Tbps. On the terminal side, NIC with similar structure is also used in the network interface, but the scale is slightly smaller, which is 10.76x 10.76mm, 675pin. PCIE 2.0 connection is adopted, the transmission rate is 6.36GB/s, and the delay is also in the case of 12000 nodes. Only 85 dollars. In terms of computing power, the theoretical performance of LINPACK test is 49. 19Pflops, the actual test performance is 30.65Pflops, and the efficiency is 62.3%. This is inefficient and has great optimization potential. Of course, it may also be limited by insufficient bandwidth, and Xeon Phi only supports PCI Express 2.0. The above tests used 14336 nodes out of 16000 nodes, and used 90% of the scale, which basically represented the overall performance of Tianhe-2. The overall power consumption of performance components (processor, memory and interconnection) of Tianhe-2 is 17.6MW, while the overall computing power is 30.65PFlops, so the calculated performance per watt is 1.935Gflops, which can rank among the top five in the supercomputer TOP500, and the overall performance/power consumption ratio is excellent. The overall power consumption of the system is 17.6 MW, which does not include cooling systems such as water cooling. Considering that the overall power consumption is as high as 24MW, Guangzhou National Supercomputing Center will use the urban water supply system to build a cooling system with high cooling efficiency, which can provide the cooling capacity of 80KW system. Tianhe No.2 supercomputer system consists of 170 cabinets, including 125 computer cabinets, 8 service cabinets, 13 communication cabinets and 24 storage cabinets, covering an area of 720 square meters, with a total memory capacity of 1400 trillion bytes and a total storage capacity of1. The running time of Tianhe-2 is 1 hour, which is equivalent to1.300 million people using calculators to calculate for one thousand years at the same time. Its total storage capacity is equivalent to storing 60 billion books, each with 65.438+0 million words. Compared with the American "Titan" supercomputer, which ranked first in the world before, Tianhe-2 has doubled the computing speed, increased the computing density by 2.5 times, and the energy efficiency ratio is equivalent. Compared with Tianhe No.1 developed by the school before, both of them occupy the same area. The computing performance and computing density of Tianhe-2 are increased by more than 10 times, and the energy efficiency ratio is increased by 2 times. The power consumption of performing the same calculation task is only one-third of that of Tianhe No.1. Technical parameter model Tianhe No.2 model TH-IVB-FEP processor front-end storage mainframe connection adopts photoelectric hybrid transmission technology and adopts self-made TH Express-2 backbone topological network connection. 13 large routers are interconnected with each running node through 576 connection ports by photoelectric transmission medium. The controller is named NRC, the data throughput of single controller is 2.56Tbps, the terminal network interface is connected by PCI-E 2.0 interface, the data transmission rate is 6.36 GB/s, the operating system is Kirin operating system, and the global resource management is based on Slurm (Simple Linux Utility for Resource Management). Ubuntu Linux .Ubuntu OpenStack runs on 256 high-performance nodes and will grow to more than 6,400 nodes in the next few months. Both OpenStack and Ubuntu compiler Juju will run on Tianhe-2, enabling partners and alliance organizations of National University of Defense Technology to quickly deploy and manage high-performance cloud environments. ) energy consumption17808kW. After installing the water cooling system, the power consumption will reach 24 MW regardless of whether the water cooling system is installed or not. At present, the power consumption of Tianhe II, the largest in TOP500, reaches 654.38+0 billion yuan per year. Based on the data released in June, 2007, the performance per watt is 654.38+0.90 1 gflops, which is still not as good as Titan's 2. 143GFLOPS and IBM Sequoia's 2.654.38+0.77 gflops. Main features Tianhe-2 is the second fastest supercomputer in the world today, and its comprehensive technology is at the international leading level. It has five characteristics: first, high performance, peak speed and sustained speed all set a new world record; Second, the energy consumption is low, and the energy efficiency ratio is 0/900 million times per watt/kloc, reaching the world advanced level; Third, it is widely used, focusing on scientific engineering calculation and taking into account cloud computing; Fourth, it is easy to use and innovatively develop heterogeneous fusion architecture to improve software compatibility and programmability; Fifth, the cost performance is high. Main performance in June of 20 13, Tianhe-2 surpassed Titan supercomputer (Rpeak 27, 1 12.5 tflops), with a peak speed of 54,902.4 tflops per second and a sustained speed of 33,862.7 tflops. This achievement was submitted to TOP500 on June, 2065438 17. In fact, in the earlier running test, only 90% of16,000 nodes were used, that is,14,336 nodes. The running speed of LINPACK reached 30.65PFLOPS, which was 74% higher than that of Titan before. On1October 201kloc-0/6.438+08, the international TOP500 organization announced the latest list of the top 500 supercomputers in the world, and the speed of "Tianhe II" climbing to the top was nearly twice as fast as that of the second American Titan. Also in June of 20 13, Tianhe-2 ranked sixth on the Graph500 with the score of 206 1 gteps. Graph500 is the data-intensive computing performance ranking of supercomputers. The first one on this list is IBM Sequoia, with a score of15,363 gteps. The total storage capacity of Tianhe-2 is equivalent to 60 billion books, each with 654.38+10,000 words. Assuming that everyone performs an operation every second, Tianhe-2 operates for one hour, which is equivalent to 65.438+03 billion people calculating 65.438+0000 years with a calculator at the same time. Application fields Tianhe-2 has been applied to biomedicine, new materials, engineering design and simulation analysis, weather forecast, smart city, e-commerce, cloud computing and big data, digital media, animation design and other fields, and will be widely used in big science, big engineering, information technology and other fields, providing important support for economic and social transformation and upgrading. Tianhe-2 has gradually shown its talents in a series of big science and big projects related to the national economy and people's livelihood, such as life science, material science, atmospheric science, geophysics, universe, economics, large-scale genome assembly, gene sequencing and pollution control. In addition, the National Supercomputing Guangzhou Center actively promotes international exchanges and cooperation, and provides high-performance computing services for foreign research institutions by using Tianhe II. It is reported that the Ministry of Science and Technology has continuously increased its investment in research and development of supercomputing application software in recent years. Since the 12th Five-Year Plan, R&D related investment has exceeded 200 million yuan. It is expected that investment will further increase during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. According to the special project "High-performance multi-core CPU for large-scale scientific computing", in 20 1 1 year, China will use FT- 1500CPU to build its own petascale computer-"Tianhe II". With the help of the "computational magic" of Tianhe-2, the domestic C9 19 large passenger plane has carried out high-precision aerodynamic calculation of the external flow field; Shanghai Institute of Pharmacology, China Academy of Sciences has carried out the binding affinity evaluation of 750,000 small molecular compounds, and completed the in vitro and in vivo activity evaluation of more than 600 drugs. Tianhe No.2 has adapted to Guangzhou e-government data management system and cloud disk storage system, and built an efficient and reliable bearing platform for smart city construction ... Research history In 2009, Tianhe No.1, China's first petaflop computer, was successfully developed, and the Galaxy Kirin operating system supported by "Nuclear High Foundation" was developed, ranking fifth in the list of top 500 international supercomputers and first in Asia, making China the first in the world after the United States. In 20 10, Tianhe-1, the first petascale supercomputer developed in China, once ranked first in the list of the top 500 supercomputers in the world, but it was surpassed by the newly developed supercomputer "Jing" in Japan in 20 1 1 year. By 20 12, America's Titan has surpassed Japan's "Beijing". "Tianhe II" was developed by 280 people for more than two years, costing about 654.38 billion US dollars. The R&D expenses are about 1 billion dollars, which are jointly funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, the people of Guangdong Province and the people of Guangzhou City. 20 13 will be put into operation in Guangzhou Supercomputer Center in the second half of the year, and its pilot system has begun to provide services for users in biomedicine, new materials and other fields. From 2010165438+10/4, Tianhe-1 ranked first in the world in June of 20 13, and Tianhe-2 once again topped the list of supercomputers in the world, with 470 million times from Tianhe-1 to Tianhe-2, from supercomputing to trillions. At present, Tianhe-2 supercomputer has been officially put into operation in Guangzhou Center of National Supercomputing, providing more than 300 typical application calculations for more than 120 users. At the same time, it has trained a group of super-computing technical talents for users. 20/kloc-in may, 2005, a cosmic neutrino numerical simulation team composed of Beijing normal university, national university of defense technology, Canadian institute of theoretical astrophysics, Peking University and institute of high energy physics of Chinese academy of sciences, after a series of technological breakthroughs, successfully carried out cosmological numerical simulation of neutrinos and dark matter with 3 trillion particles on Tianhe-2, revealing about/kloc after the big bang160,000 years. 2065438+September, 2008 1 1, it was learned that Wu Junjie team of National University of Defense Technology cooperated with Jin Xianmin of Shanghai Jiaotong University, and initiated the research on hegemonic standards in the world, which was called quantum hegemony. The long-term goal is to form an independent R&D and industrial system for high-end general-purpose chips and basic software products in China by 2020. The research and development and industrialization of embedded software platform of smart phone and network operation platform of 3G mobile communication network, as well as the research and development and industrialization of embedded software platform of smart phone and network operation system oriented to new network application mode are specially arranged by "Nuclear High Foundation" and have made great progress. In 20 10, Tianhe No.1, developed by China University of National Defense Technology, ranked first in the 36th list of the top 500 supercomputers, followed by 20 12 and 2012, so Tianhe No.2 returned to the podium. In 20 13, the 20 13 global supercomputer technology conference held in Leipzig, Germany, was responsible for investigating the world's top 500 supercomputers and published the latest list of the world's top 500 supercomputers; At this conference, Tianhe II (also known as Yinhe II), a large supercomputer jointly developed by China's Ministry of Science and Technology and China National University of Defense Technology, became the fastest supercomputer in the world with a floating-point operation speed of 3.386 trillion times per second. In June of 20 14, Tianhe-2 supercomputer, which was developed by National University of Defense Technology and settled in Guangzhou Center of National Supercomputing, once again topped the top 500 supercomputers in the world on the 23rd, and won the "three consecutive championships" in the world. Tianhe-2 supercomputer is a major national science and technology project of "Nuclear High Foundation" undertaken by the National "863" Plan and National University of Defense Technology. Four consecutive championships: 2011in 2004. At the World Supercomputer Conference held in New Orleans, USA, Tianhe No.2 ranked first in the world in the list of supercomputer high-performance tests officially released by the international TOP500 organization for the first time. Previously, in the 44th list of the world's top 500 supercomputers released by the organization, Tianhe II ranked first with a peak operation speed of 549 million times per second and a continuous operation speed of 339 million times per second, and won the "four consecutive championships". On July 3rd, 20 15, the international TOP500 organization held the 20 15 international supercomputer conference in Germany, and released the latest list of the top 500 supercomputers in the world at the conference. China Tianhe II won the championship for the fifth time with a floating-point operation speed of 3.386 trillion times per second, and won the "five consecutive championships". 20 15 10 10/0 16, the new list of the world's top 500 supercomputers was released in the United States, and the "Tianhe II" supercomputer won the sixth consecutive supercomputer at a speed of 3.386 trillion times per second. Make way for Shenwei 2065438+ On June 20th, 2006, the new list of the top 500 supercomputers in the world was announced, and Shenwei Taihu Light, which was made by China's own chip, replaced Tianhe II as the first. For the first time in history, China surpassed the United States in the total number of supercomputers on the list. According to the list released by the international TOP500 organization on the same day, the floating-point operation speed of "Shenwei Taihu Light" is 930 million times per second, which is not only nearly twice as fast as the second place "Tianhe No.2", but also improves the efficiency by three times. More importantly, unlike Tianhe-2, which uses Intel chips, Shenwei Taihu Light uses chips with independent intellectual property rights in China. 2065438+ 1 1 month runner-up in the list of the new top 500 supercomputers in the world in 2006, "Tianhe II" still ranks second with a floating-point operation speed of 3.386 trillion times per second. 2065438+On June 19, 2007, the list of the world's top 500 supercomputers was announced, and Tianhe II ranked second with a floating-point operation speed of 339 million times per second? 2017165438+10/3, the new list of the top 500 global supercomputers was released. China's supercomputers "Taihu Lake Light Shenwei" and "Tianhe No.2" won the championship and runner-up for the fourth time in a row, and the total number of Chinese supercomputers on the list once again surpassed the United States to win the first place. This time, China's "The Light of Taihu Lake" and "Tianhe No.2" took the lead again, and their floating-point operation speed was 930 million times per second and 339 million times per second respectively. Fourth place 201810 June 12, the new list of the top 500 global supercomputers was released in Dallas, USA, and the Chinese supercomputer "Tianhe II" ranked fourth. There is a problem that speed is the first and efficiency is backward, and the practicality and efficiency of Tianhe-2 are not satisfactory. Tianhe-2, the world's top 500 supercomputer, released on June 20 14, has a computational efficiency of 6 1.7%, while IBM nx360M4, which ranks first in efficiency, has an efficiency as high as 99.8%, and Japan's K computer, which ranks fourth in speed, ranks 18 with an efficiency of 93.2%. Lack of high-performance processors 2065438+On April 9, 2005, the US Department of Commerce issued a report and decided to reject Intel's application to sell Xeon chips to China National Supercomputing Guangzhou Center for the upgrade of Tianhe II system. Four national supercomputing centers, Changsha Center, Guangzhou Center, Tianjin Center and National University of Defense Technology, have been included in the export control list. According to the social evaluation of the American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the completion of Tianhe-2 and its re-entry into the top 500 "show China's firm commitment to an arms race in the field of supercomputers". At present, People's Republic of China (PRC) has 66 supercomputers in the top 500, second only to 252 in the United States. Jack Dongarra, a professor of computer science at the University of Tennessee, one of the main compilers of the TOP500 list, told Xinhua: "Tianhe-2 is a very powerful computing system, and I won't be surprised if it occupies the first place in another year.