-19 10, henry gantt invented the gantt chart.
-In the1940s, Manhattan planned to focus its project management on planning and coordination.
-In the1950s, American enterprises and the military successively developed technologies such as CPM, PERT and GERT.
From 65438 to the early 1960s, NASA developed "matrix management technology" in the Apollo program.
WBS, EVM, PPBS and performance management have appeared one after another.
-1965, IPMA international project management institute was established in Europe.
-1969, Project Management Institute PMI was established in Pennsylvania, USA.
-1984, PMI introduced the strict expert qualification certification system of PMP based on examination.
-PMBOK research report was released by PMI in 1987 (and revised in 1996, 2000 and 2004 respectively).
-1997, ISO is published as ISO 10006 project management quality standard based on PMBOK.
-1998, IPMA launched ICB.
-1999, PMP became the first certification examination in the world to obtain ISO 900 1 certification.
(PMP has been introduced and recognized by more than 30 countries around the world/kloc-0).
-In 2000, the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs introduced PMBOK, becoming the only organization and education and training institution responsible for PMP qualification examination in China.
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First, the development of international project management
According to the prevailing view, project management is a product after World War II, which is mainly a management method created for national defense construction projects during post-war reconstruction and the Cold War.
The development of project management can be basically divided into two stages: the traditional project management stage before 1980s and the modern project management stage after 1980s.
1. The development stage of traditional project management
From the mid-forties to the sixties, project management was mainly used in national defense engineering construction and industrial/civil engineering construction in developed countries.
At this time, the traditional project management methods mainly focus on the budget and plan of the project and some common operation management methods borrowed to achieve the project objectives, which are management activities carried out in a relatively small scope.
At that time, the project manager was only regarded as a concrete executor. They just passively accept a given task or work, and then constantly accept the instructions from their superiors and complete their own projects according to the instructions.
Since 1960s, many people in the world have taken a keen interest in project management.
Subsequently, two international project management societies were established, namely, the International project management institute (IPMA) dominated by European countries and the Project Management Society (PMI) dominated by American countries, as well as the project management societies established one after another in various countries, which played a positive role in promoting the development of project management and made outstanding contributions.
However, in this traditional project management stage, the national defense departments of developed countries have occupied a dominant position in the research and development of project management, and many project management methods and tools they have created have been used to this day.
For example, a large number of project management methods and tools, such as the project evaluation and review technology (PERT) first developed by the US Air Force and the cost/schedule control system standard (C/SCSC) proposed and popularized by the US Department of Defense, are still widely used.
2. Modern project management stage
Since 1980s, project management has entered the stage of modern project management. With the increasing global competition, the increasing expansion and complexity of project activities, the sharp increase in the number of projects, the continuous expansion of project team size, the increasing conflicts among project stakeholders, and the rising pressure to reduce project costs, a series of situations have emerged, forcing some * * * departments and enterprises as project owners/customers and * * * institutions and enterprises as project implementers to invest a lot of manpower and material resources in research and research.
Especially since the 1990s, with the emergence of new fields of project management, such as information system engineering, network engineering, software engineering, large-scale construction engineering and high-tech project research and development, project management has been continuously developed and modernized in theory and method, and modern project management has made rapid development and great progress in this period.
At the same time, the application field of project management has rapidly expanded to all fields of social production and life and all walks of life during this period, and project management plays an increasingly important role in the strategic development and exception management of enterprises (all of which belong to the management work done by senior managers of enterprises).
For example, ABB in Europe, as a leading engineering company in the world, needs project management for most of its work; IBM is one of the largest computer manufacturers in the world, and it openly admits that project management is the key factor for its future development. Motorola is one of the most successful communication equipment and service providers in the world. In the mid-1990s, it started a plan to improve its project management ability, which made the company develop greatly.
Today, project has become the main mode of production (in the past, it was mainly management and production) to create spiritual wealth, material wealth and social welfare in our society, so modern project management has become one of the fastest growing and most important management fields.
The rapid development of modern project management at this stage is mainly manifested in two aspects.
One is the professional development of project management, and the other is the academic development of project management.
In terms of career development, the project management at this stage is gradually divided and refined, forming a series of professional occupations of project management.
For example, professional project managers, cost engineers, builders, builders and so on.
At the same time, at this stage, a series of project management professional qualification certification systems were born.
For example, the professional qualification certification of project management professionals sponsored by Project Management Institute (PMI) and Project Management Institute (IPMA), the qualification certification of cost engineers sponsored by American Institute of Cost Engineers -AACE, and the qualification certification of quantity surveyors and builders sponsored by Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors -RICS.
These works have greatly promoted the subdivision and professionalization of the project management profession.
For example, the International Project Management Institute (IPMA) has four levels of qualification certification for project management professionals: A, B, C and D, in which A is the certificate of engineering director, B is the certificate of project manager, C is the certificate of project management engineer and D is the certificate of project management technician. Different qualification certificates have different requirements. The certificate holders can be responsible for major projects or international projects, general projects and general projects respectively. Although these project managers have different emphases and methods, they have made great contributions to the professional development of project management.
Now, project managers are no longer regarded as project executors, they have formal titles and greater rights and responsibilities.
They should not only implement the project, but also participate in the project decision-making, cooperate with the project owner/customer efficiently, carry out project management in an all-round way, and be responsible for the economic and financial results of the project.
Now the project manager has become the real project leader and protagonist in the enterprise, and it is a very popular profession.
For example, project management has now become one of the preferred occupations in the United States. According to statistics, the annual salary of junior staff engaged in project management in the United States is 45,000-55,000 dollars, the annual salary of intermediate staff is 65,000-8.5 dollars, and the annual salary of senior staff is11-300,000 dollars, which is higher than that of ordinary technicians and managers.
In the modern project management stage, the academic development of project management is mainly reflected in the establishment of the professional education system of project management and the research on the theory and method of project management.
In the modern project management stage, many universities in the world have successively established and improved the undergraduate and postgraduate education systems of project management. American universities not only offer a master's degree in project management, but also this master's degree tends to replace MBA.
At this stage, many project management research institutions have been established. These research institutions, universities, international and domestic project management professional associations and some large enterprises have done a lot of research on project management theory and methods and achieved fruitful results.
AACE project management knowledge system, total cost management, risk cost management, earned value management, project cooperation management, etc. Are established and developed at this stage.
Through this academic development, today's modern project management has formed a special theory and method system in project scope management, time management, cost management, quality management, human resource management, communication management, procurement management, risk management and integrated management.
In addition, at this stage, the International Organization for Standardization also formulated the modern project management standard (ISO 10006) according to the Guide to Project Management Knowledge System of the Project Management Institute and other documents.
The development of all these modern project management in professional and academic aspects has made great progress in the theory and method of project management.
(quoted from ITPub)