The duties of the Hanlin Academy are:
(1) Banquet Day says: Every autumn, a banquet ceremony is held. First, the Hanlin Academy will list eight official lecturers, namely Manchu (the official lecturer is below the bachelor's degree and the associate lecturer is above the suggestion; The official of the Han Dynasty invited the emperor to send four people to speak as a toast, including Hanlin Bachelor, Shangshu, Assistant Minister, Cabinet Bachelor, James, Du Shi Bachelor, Shi Jiang Bachelor and imperial academy. (2) The imperial examination system in Qing Dynasty, after palace examination handed down all subjects, did not send the list of new scholars to imperial academy, and imperial academy invited the imperial examination to Baohe Hall. (3) On the history of writing: His works include congratulatory messages, conferring titles (concubines), conferring titles (princes), inscriptions, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions. In addition, the compilation of book history, such as factual records, hadith, biographies, jade records, etc., is either undertaken by the Hanlin Academy or sent by the Hanlin Academy to compile and revise. Editing and collating the history of books is the main responsibility of the officials of the Academy. (4) Looking up historical books and keeping records: Six historical books compiled according to the little red book (sent to the cabinet) and keeping records. In order to prevent "sloppy play", two Hanlin officials are sent to check every year. (5) Inspection of officials' homework: The official schools in Zongren House, Jueluo, Xian 'an Palace and Eight Banners of the Ministry of Internal Affairs all sent Hanlin officials to inspect their homework. (6) Check Fan Liyuan's files: Fan Liyuan's files are very important and must be sorted out at any time. For example, in order to attach importance to it, the Hanlin Academy sent an Hanlin official to inspect it. (7) Attending classes: In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1660), it was ordered that Hanlin officials, who belonged to the minister of literary service, should be left behind in different classes for consultation, and a duty room was set up in Jingyunmen, where Hanlin officials worked in different classes. In the thirty-second year of Kangxi (A.D. 1693), the Hanlin official was appointed to the post of Shangshufang. In the eighth year of Daoguang (AD 1828), he was placed on duty in Yuanmingyuan. (8) Attendants: In the ninth year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1652), it was decided that the emperor would visit the capital and the palace, and imperial academy would send someone to accompany him. (nine) as a provincial civil and military examination, senior high school entrance examination, palace examination examiner, reader; After passing the provincial examination in Shuntian, he served as the supervisor, deputy examiner, assistant marking and assistant lecturer of bachelor. After obtaining the provincial and township examinations, people below the undergraduate level and editors can serve as examiners. During the examination, the bachelor's degree in charge of the school serves as the examiner, and the following students serve as the examiner. Martial arts candidates, waiters and lecturers can all serve as examiners. (10) Examining and teaching Jishi Shu: Jishi Shu is listed as the title of teacher, and those with excellent knowledge are selected as primary school teachers from reading, lecturing, editing and reviewing. In imperial academy, there is a church hall and a waiting hall. The library is responsible for memorials, document delivery, management of officials and officers, and keeping books. Canon calligraphy Han 1 person, Confucius Manhan 1 person, and several people in calligraphy style (40 people, 4 people in Han army, working in two halls). To be summoned: there are two people in charge of writing and collating, two Han people, two Han people, and several pen paste bodies. Translate chapters, literature and history when managing the school; Han is waiting for the imperial edict to collate and write history.
the Tang Dynasty
When he was a warrior, Emperor Gaozu set up the Hanlin Academy, which was occupied by people with various artistic talents. In addition to literary talent, medical divination, Ji Fangfu, calligraphy and painting, even monks and Taoists can be selected and called to the academy. History says, "When Hanlin was first established, miscellaneous flows were also handled". During Xuanzong's reign, courtiers who were good at writing were selected to live in Hanlin and draft imperial edicts. As a result, imperial academy has gradually evolved into an important institution for drafting confidential letters, and the incumbent is called Hanlin as a letter. Previously, the system of drafting imperial edicts was originally the full-time job of officials in the Prime Minister's Office, but Xuanzong's imperial edicts were difficult to keep secret and needed urgently, so he chose close officials who were good at literature to prepare for drafting emergency imperial edicts, and also had the responsibility of writing poems and praising peace. In the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), Hanlin College was established to separate the scribes from the miscellaneous stream. Servants are called Hanlin Bachelor, or Bachelor for short. They don't have their own grades, so they value the original products. Since then, "the job is forbidden, and the miscellaneous flow does not enter." Famous poets Li Bai and Bai Juyi both worked in Hanlin College. When the Hanlin Bachelor was first established, there was no post. Later, according to the example in the book, there were six bachelors. When Xianzong was in power, he chose one of the senior people as the undertaker to lead all the bachelors. After the "An Shi Rebellion", wars were frequent, and the position of Hanlin bachelor became more and more important. Not only did the book give up people's rights, but also the prime minister's right to be discussed by aides. After Xianzong, the bachelor of Hanlin was often promoted to prime minister. With the passage of time, the division of labor between Hanlin bachelor and Zhongshu Sheren has become increasingly clear. The bachelor is responsible for drafting military imperial edicts such as the appointment and removal of ministers, the announcement of Amnesty, and the order of conquest, which is called internal system; Chinese officials are responsible for drafting the appointment and dismissal of ordinary officials and routine proclamations, which are called external system. Also called two systems, the internal system is more important than the external system. There are two envoys in the academy who are eunuchs (or envoys of the Imperial Academy), which play the role of communication between the emperor and the Imperial Academy and have great political influence. At the end of Jin Dynasty, in the fifth year of Tianfu (940), he announced the abolition of Hanlin's bachelor degree, and the right to draft imperial edict system was returned to China calligraphers, but it was quickly restored.
Song dynasty; surname
The Hanlin Department set up a bachelor's college along the Tang Dynasty, also known as Hanlin Bachelor's College. Bachelor of Hanlin served as the emperor's adviser, and most of the prime ministers were selected from Bachelor of Hanlin. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Hanlin bachelor also had no rank. After Yuanfeng's political reform, Bachelor of Hanlin and Bachelor of Hanlin became official posts, with three grades and no other posts, specializing in internal system and adding imperial titles. In addition, due to the Tang system in the Song Dynasty, another imperial academy was established, dedicated to magic and geisha. This practice also affects other ethnic minority regimes. Xixia, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Xixia State once had Hanlin Bachelor's College, and officials had bachelor's degrees. Among the southern officials in Liao Dynasty, there was the Hanlin Academy, which was in charge of Chinese documents and prison affairs, and officials included the Hanlin bachelor and Hanlin bachelor's career. Rulers set up Hanlin bachelor's college, Hanlin bachelor's career, Hanlin bachelor's degree, and so on. The Imperial Academy, the National History Academy and the Mongolian Imperial Academy were established in the Yuan Dynasty, and the officials were the same as those in the Jin Dynasty, who were responsible for writing letters patent, compiling national history and translating letters.
bright
The Ming Dynasty was the golden age of the rapid development of the Hanlin Academy. Officially named the original Imperial Academy as the Imperial Academy, which has nothing to do with miscellaneous sacrifices such as Quyi and geisha. In charge of the preparation of letters patent, historical records, literary works, examination system, detailed documents and emperor's advisers. The chief officer is a bachelor of Hanlin, including a bachelor of reading, a bachelor of lecturing, an editor, a proofreader and other officials. And Jishi Shu who is qualified to be an academician. In the Ming Dynasty, the Imperial Academy was designated as a five-level yamen. Hanlin's rank is very low, but he is regarded as a noble choice. If Hanlin enters the Wen Yuan Pavilion to participate in the secret, it will be even more expensive.
clean
Because the system was clear, imperial academy was established. There are two bachelor's degrees in the palm of your hand, one is Manchu and the other is Han. Starting from the second class, it is the length of officials below bachelor's degree, and other Hanlin officials are set according to their orders. Since the reign of Kangxi, the bachelor's calendar of Zhangyuan was led by the university of Diange, and its position was more prominent. According to the system of Qing Dynasty, Hanlin officials were not only easier to be promoted than other officials, but also had an example of going to the south study and going to the study, so they had more opportunities to get close to the emperor, the prince and the nearest prince and received preferential treatment. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, imperial examinations were presided over by Hanlin officials, forming a teacher-sitting system, which extended the influence of Hanlin to all fields. Hanlin enjoys a high reputation among intellectuals and has a great influence on all aspects of society. The Hanlin Academy system did not begin in the Qing Dynasty, but was the most complete, rich in materials, the most institutions, the most abrupt grade and the most spectacular scale in the Qing Dynasty, which was the product of all previous dynasties.
Hanlin and Imperial Examination System
Imperial academy has been inextricably linked with the imperial examination since its appearance. The imperial examination system, which originated in Sui and Tang Dynasties, is the product of the combination of education system and election system. Its core is to select officials through examinations and ensure and promote the standardized vertical flow of social members in the form of systems. Despite its shortcomings, this system was a fairly fair material selection system under the social conditions at that time. To a great extent, it broke the kinship and geographical restrictions in the employment system, established a cultural standard, and became another standard in parallel with the deeply rooted official standard and gold standard in society. The imperial examination system brought hope to countless folk scholars living in the lower classes of society and provided a reliable ladder for their rapid rise. Many poor scholars study hard all day in order to become the top scholar, and the rulers of past dynasties used this to recruit a large number of intellectual elites, which not only improved the ruling efficiency and consolidated the rule, but also eliminated the agitation and dissatisfaction that the people might breed, which played an important role in prolonging the life of the dynasty and alleviating the ruling crisis. During the development of the imperial examination system, imperial academy gradually became the highest-level bureaucracy. Since the Tang Dynasty created the imperial edict of Hanlin bachelor and accepted the responsibility of writing, the proportion of promotion in imperial examinations has gradually increased. The imperial examination system in Song Dynasty was consistent with that in imperial academy. In the Ming Dynasty, imperial academy became the official position of the foreign dynasty, and it was stipulated that three scholars from imperial academy should go directly to imperial academy, with the first prize awarded to the editor (from the sixth grade) and the second prize and flower detective awarded to the editor (from the seventh grade); Jishi Shu system was also established. The so-called Jishi Shu is re-selected among the new Jinshi, with the abbreviation of "a scholar" mentioned in the article Li Zhengshi. After studying in the hospital for three years, he will try again. Those who pass the exam will stay in the hospital, and the rest will be appointed as other officials. However, because he is studying in imperial academy, Jishi Shu, who can't stay in the museum, is regarded as an academician by the world. Since then, "no scholar has entered the Hanlin." And since Ming Taizu abolished the Prime Minister, Cheng Zu has set up a cabinet and a college student, similar to the Prime Minister. College students are all from Hanlin. "You don't enter the cabinet unless you are an Hanlin." The Hanlin Academy has become the cradle of training senior civil servants and the place of training high-level scholars. In Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination followed the method of one scholar directly entering the Hanlin, and the second and third scholars could only enter the Hanlin if they chose Jishi Shu, which was called the imperial examination. Nominally presided over by the emperor himself, qualified by the emperor personally hook, known as "hand-picked Hanlin." In order to prevent the phenomenon of indiscriminate examination, a retest was added between the examination and the palace examination, and only those who passed the retest were allowed to take the palace examination. In addition, for those who have already entered the Imperial Academy, a big examination system should be established to supervise and encourage them. The strictness of the system and the fineness of the measures can be seen. In order to win over the Han intellectuals, the Qing court imitated the story of the Song Dynasty and implemented the system of recruiting talents and talents. A large number of Han scholars were recruited by Luo Zhi and directly entered the Imperial Academy, which influenced and attracted intellectuals and achieved twice the result with half the effort. The predecessors' exposition of the imperial examination system in Ming and Qing dynasties is mostly limited to the theory of success. They only talk about the three-level structure of scholar, juren and Jinshi, and the imperial examination system ends with the entrance examination for Jinshi. People who study the education system, from the government, state and county schools to imperial academy, as well as the Eight Banners official school, religious school and Jueluo school which appeared in the Qing Dynasty, all think that all educational institutions are general. Inadvertently, they both lost sight of Jishi Shu's training system in the imperial academy system. In fact, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in the Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination system was extended and developed, and a level-Hanlin was quietly added to the three-level structure. Therefore, the author puts forward a new view that the imperial examination system in Ming and Qing Dynasties is a four-level talent structure, which is increasingly recognized and adopted by the academic community. Understanding the imperial academy system and the Hanlin Association can not only deepen the understanding of the imperial examination system in history, but also enlighten the overall understanding of the traditional education system and system in China. Due to the long-term implementation of the imperial examination system, many academic families have formed in the history of China. With the improvement of the Hanlin Academy system, academic families have surpassed any previous dynasty in both level and scale, and a large number of "Hanlin families" have emerged. The most prosperous Hanlin family in Qing Dynasty was the Zhang family in Tongcheng, Anhui Province, and Hanlin was the sixth. From Zhang Ying in Kangxi Dynasty to Sun Congxian, ***6 generations 12 people were admitted to Hanlin without interruption, which was indeed an unprecedented event. From the time point of view, from the sixth year of Kangxi when Zhang Yingde selected the museum (1667) to the tenth year of Jiaqing when Cong Xian selected the museum (1805), the family lived in Hanlin for nearly 140 years, which shows that his family style is full of respect for education. In addition, there are more houses in the fifth, fourth, third and second generations of Hanlin, which have become a special landscape of Shilin.
Hanlin and National Blending
Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, many ethnic groups in China, especially those in the northern region, have frequent contacts, and ethnic minorities have flourished, and they have been under their rule for about one third of the time. The northern Wei Dynasty Xianbei Tuoba, Liao Dynasty Qidan, Jin Dynasty Nuzhen and other ethnic groups all entered the Central Plains with strong power and established political power in the north of China, while the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty and Manchu in the Qing Dynasty established central political power and ruled the whole territory of China. Among them, the Qing dynasty ruled for the longest time, about 270 years. As a political power established by ethnic minorities, the Qing Dynasty had to put its own deep brand on various systems. As far as the academician courtyard system is concerned, the Jin Dynasty founded by Nuzhen once initiated the system of awarding the academician courtyard with the top scholar of palace examination, which made the academician inseparable from the imperial examination. The Yuan Dynasty established the Mongolian imperial academy, which put local scholars in it. As far as the Hanlin in Qing Dynasty is concerned, apart from Han people, there are many Manchu Hanlin, as well as outstanding scholars from Hui people and southern minorities, which makes the Hanlin Academy a place where the Chinese nation's multiculturalism meets and blends. The Hanlin Academy has specially formulated a series of relevant systems for this purpose, which is quite original. "Book of Changes, Yi Gua Xun" has a cloud: "Benefits, losses are beneficial, and people's words are unbounded; From top to bottom, the road is bright. " Manchu rulers in Qing Dynasty were all trained by Hanlin, who had a profound knowledge of Chinese studies and knew the way to gain and lose. In order not to hurt the self-esteem of Han scholars, the specific policy of "not counting yuan", that is, Manchu scholars are not top scholars, is quite in line with the principle of "hurting the upper and benefiting the lower, and folk music has no borders"; In order to improve the overall cultural level of their own people to meet the needs of rule, all emperors, princes and ordinary banners are keen to learn China culture, which makes a people outside the customs with low cultural level and great differences from China's cultural system complete the fundamental transformation of their knowledge subjects in a few decades and take on a new look. In particular, the establishment of the study room is specially designed for the prince to study. Because I shoulder the heavy responsibility of cultivating the future emperor, I specially invited Hanlin Guan to be my master. Under the example of the royal family, aristocrats, officials and even civilians in Manchu moved to teach one after another, and the style of writing flourished. Paying attention to teachers and education has become a fashion, which has played a positive role in improving the cultural quality of Manchu and Mongolian minorities. It is quite in line with the purpose of "top-down, bright road". In the Qing Dynasty, Manchu and Mongolian literati came forth in large numbers, and celebrities were like clouds, which was the result of "famous teachers make great disciples". In addition, in the Qing Dynasty, the emperor granted permission to enter imperial academy, which was called Tekugang, and there was no scientific research. However, with the development of the situation and the improvement of the sinology level of Manchu and Mongolian scholars, in addition to a considerable number of Manchu and Mongolian scholars entering imperial academy in the form of selecting libraries, they also created a method of foreign class academicians, that is, selecting Manchu and Mongolian officials from Kejia (Jinshi, Juren) to enter imperial academy to ensure imperial academy's clear vision. At that time, the ruling and opposition parties dubbed the Manchu-Mongolian Hanlin, who was born as a juren, as the "War Word Hanlin". Those who "fight words" are called uneducated. Because he is an outstanding talent of Hanlin, he was named "Dou Zi", and the meaning of praise and criticism is obvious. With the continuous growth of the Manchu-Mongolian Hanlin group, the total number is as high as 600. It has played a powerful leading and promoting role in improving the overall cultural literacy of Manchuria and Mongolia. They can be seen everywhere among civil servants and military commanders. Its influence covers politics, economy, culture, education, diplomacy, religion and many other fields. In this process, the Manchu-Mongolian imperial examination family appeared, and even the fourth largest Hanlin family, the Sochuluo family in Zhengbaiqi, Manzhouli, appeared. The prosperity of this Hanlin family began in Debao. In the second year of Qianlong (1737), Debao was selected as the top three scholars and stayed in the museum for inspection. Later, his sons, his Sun Kuizhao and Wei Xiao, the capital of his great-grandchildren, were elected to the Hanlin, and four generations and five people were among the Hanlin, becoming the first imperial examination in Manchuria. When Kui filmed Hanlin, it had been three years since Debao's family entered Yutang. The ruling and opposition parties unanimously praised it as the clear hope of Manchuria. Yong Xun, the son of Qianlong and a famous calligrapher, took the opportunity to make a plaque of "Han Lin, a brother between grandparents and grandchildren" as a gift, which was respected by the world. When Xi entered Hanyuan, it was a much-told story for a while. All the good things in the world will be bad in the future. In the long run, Manchu and Mongolian nationalities have formed a strong social atmosphere of advocating Confucianism and learning, which is inevitable. Manchu was originally a riding nation, emphasizing "the combination of civil and military". The Hanlin Academy is not only the cradle of training senior civil servants, but also many generals and experts. In the Manchu-Mongolian Hanlin Academy, there were many opportunities to command the seal and command the army, among which Nian Gengyao in Yongzheng period and Na Yancheng in Jiaqing period were typical representatives. This generation is also literate and martial, and has the wind of Confucianism. Because Hanlin Group lived at the top of the pyramid-shaped talent arrangement in the imperial examination in Qing Dynasty, it had the opportunity to contact the supreme ruler. They could not only enter the southern study room to draft imperial edicts and participate in confidential work; He went to the study to guide the prince. As soon as the prince succeeded to the throne, Hanlin became the emperor. For example, Li Guangdi, Tang Bin, Xu, Zhang Zeng-yun, Ji Zeng-yun in Yongzheng, Cai Xin and Na Yancheng in Qianlong, Wang Tingzhen and Xu Xiang in Jiaqing, Du Shoutian in Daoguang, Li Hongzao in Xianfeng and Weng Tonghe in Guangxu are all famous figures. They honed and cultivated a new generation of rulers with their own character and knowledge, and influenced each other, which played an important role in improving their comprehensive quality.
Hanlin and Cultural Autocracy
For thousands of years, the central government of China has been very strong, which must have its profound social and historical reasons. On the one hand, natural disasters are frequent, the territory is vast and the surrounding environment is harsh; On the one hand, it is a fragmented farming and animal husbandry economy with low productivity and a large population. In order to deal with the above problems, a centralized political system was formed as early as the Qin Dynasty. The autocracy in the ideological and cultural field of Han Dynasty was accomplished by "respecting Confucianism alone". The two are interdependent, and the supreme ruler has established a * * relationship with the intellectual community, formally establishing the dual pattern of legal system (political system) and Taoist system (cultural system). The emperor was decorated in the south according to the legal system and ascended the throne in China; Literati live by orthodoxy and inherit civilization. The emperor can hold a sharp knife to live and die, honor and disgrace scholars; Scholars can lie and be bald, hiding whether to praise or criticize the monarch. The emperor conferred official titles on scholars, who helped the monarch with wisdom. The dual factors of the demand for scholars and the awe of history make the monarch dare not be too arrogant and do whatever he wants; Scholars can also learn from the imperial court by selling it and wait for the price to sell it. A master or corporal who seeks wisdom and morality, such as Liu Bei's invitation to Zhuge; Or in order not to leave a thousand years of blame, Cao Cao's cutting and balancing failed. Literati either resign and keep nature, such as Tao Qian's "Picking Chrysanthemums under the Hedge"; Or because of the emphasis on the enjoyment of life, such as the decline of Du Mu in the south of the Yangtze River. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, although the status of scholars fluctuated, it was basically stable, and China culture flourished in stability. During this period, the prime minister, as the chief assistant of the emperor and the head of the hundred ministers, was always selected on the basis of talent, and his position was respected and relatively stable, which was also an important support for the dignity and rights of scholars. During this period, the imperial examination system and imperial academy system came into being. Its original purpose is to obtain the intellectual support from the intellectual leaders for the supreme ruler, and its development shows that both sides have been exploring the best way to realize the alliance in the process of interaction. Regrettably, however, since then, the relationship between the two has been developing in the direction of the rule of law growing and the rule of law declining. Scholars gradually dedicated all their power and dignity to the supreme ruler, while Hanlin Group and fame winners, who were lucky in the intellectual world, sacrificed their dignity in exchange for the power to deprive others of their dignity, and followed suit step by step, making the bottom members of society lose almost all their dignity and power and struggle in hot water. The relationship between monarch and minister developed from sitting in the Han and Tang Dynasties, from obeying orders when the Song Dynasty was established, to kneeling for orders in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The relationship between respect and inferiority is absolute and rigid. The essence of democracy in China's cultural system has been constantly cleansed, forcing hundreds of millions of people to prostrate themselves at the feet of autocratic power. In this process, the Hanlin Academy and the Hanlin Association have always played a decisive role. In the Ming Dynasty, marked by the abolition of the prime minister system, the imperial power expanded more viciously, and then the university system with Hanlin as the main choice began to appear. Compared with the prime minister, the power and status of university students can not be compared with it, and the status of scholars also sinks. In the Qing Dynasty, Manchu entered the Central Plains as a herding and hunting nation outside the customs. The barbarism of slave society and the primitive political system have caused bleak storms for more than 200 years. In order to meet the needs of ruling, the Qing Dynasty explored a series of effective methods to improve the personal quality of the supreme ruler. Most of the Qing emperors trained by Hanlin were smart and energetic. They stand at the top of power, control the relaxation of the huge ruling network, and expect their arrogance. On the one hand, using the imperial examination and imperial academy system, countless scholars are given attractive steps, and some lucky individuals are made regularly to whitewash the peace, leading the scholars all over the world to be poor and work hard in the examination room; On the other hand, he bared his teeth and surrounded and cleaned up all the unstable cultural factors he thought until he killed each other. Emperor Kangxi, Han Hanlin Zhu Tianbao, Yong Zhengdi, Han Hanlin, and Dai Mingshi, the second on the list, all became ghosts under the sword because of the literary inquisition. In the Qing Dynasty, Luo Zhiyou 160 literary inquisitions finally left the intelligentsia speechless. Exploring the deep heart of the Qing emperor, the inferiority caused by low culture and the fear caused by few people are intertwined, which makes them nervous and allergic all day long. They relied on the Manchu Hanlin, especially the slave Manchu Hanlin, as their confidants, and through them, they promoted and transformed the Manchu Hanlin, so that in the end they hardly knew what integrity was and were willing to be the emperor's eagle dog. What he did not only made the integrity of Lindong Party, which remained in the Ming Dynasty, disappear in the Qing Dynasty, but also contributed to the formation of political rickets and lack of integrity of many intellectuals in modern and even contemporary times.
[Edit this paragraph] The influence of the Hanlin Academy
Throughout the Qing Dynasty, about 6,000 people were admitted to the Imperial Academy. It goes without saying that such a high-level and huge knowledge group has a great influence on society. In the Qing dynasty, the potential of the model of maintaining rule by the infinitely autocratic regime organization model has been exhausted. The so-called "Prosperous Age of Kanggan" is undoubtedly a bright light of China's traditional civilization model, which is brilliant. At the same time, a brand-new model of civilization has sprung up in the west and shown great vitality. When western civilization knocks on the door, we are faced with "changes that have not happened in three thousand years (Li Hongzhang's language)". Since then, the west wind has gradually spread eastward, and the incident has become increasingly urgent. Hanlin Group is bound to split. Although most of them naturally become conservative bureaucrats, there are still many people who take the world as their responsibility and are guided by self-improvement and change, and have played an irreplaceable role in China's modernization process. From Lin Zexu to Zeng Guofan, from Li Hongzhang to Zhang Zhidong, Hanlin is active everywhere in the team of saving the nation from extinction. 19 1 1 year revolution marked the end of the Qing dynasty. The Hanlin Academy also died, but the Hanlin Group still exists. In the early years of the Republic of China, it was not difficult to find the trace of Hanlin in many fields such as politics, economy, culture, military affairs and diplomacy. For example, academic leaders include Cai Yuanpei, chief education officer, Xu Shichang, minister of Beiyang, Zhang Jian, a national industrialist, Tan, military commander, and Yan Huiqing, foreign minister. Due to the formation of academic families, the cultural advantages of Hanlin descendants should not be underestimated. During the Republic of China, there were many descendants of Hanlin among the elites who were active in the cultural circles. Such as descendants of Fu Yijian, the first scholar in Qing Dynasty, famous educator Fu Sinian, daughter of Hanlin Lv Fengqi, pioneer of women's education Lv Bicheng, daughter of Hanlin Zhang Peilun, famous writer Zhang Ailing, Sun Zhou Fuqing of Jishi Shu, famous writer Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren) and Zhou Zuoren. Until the founding of New China, there were still many outstanding descendants of Hanlin. Such as Shang Chengzuo, the son of Shang, the master of Chinese studies, Yu Pingbo, the great grandson of the academic giant Yu Quyuan, Qu, the grandson of the minister of military and political affairs, Qu Tongzu, a great social historian, Zhao, a descendant of Jiaqing scholar, Zhao Puchu, a master of Chinese studies, the grandson of Hanlin Yulong, a calligrapher's imperial clan, and the nephew of Puyi, an economist, all reflect the obvious cultural advantages of Hanlin family. To sum up, the glory of the Hanlin Academy and Hanlin has become a thing of the past, but it has left great spiritual wealth to the world. It is the unshirkable mission of our generation of scholars to count and evaluate this wealth, so as to benefit the present and enlighten future generations.