Multidrug-resistant bacteria refer to pathogens with multidrug resistance. Multi-drug resistance can be translated into multi-drug resistance and multi-drug resistance. The definition of multi-drug resistance is that a microorganism is resistant to three antibiotics (such as aminoglycosides, erythromycin and β-lactams) or more than three antibiotics at the same time, rather than three similar antibiotics. P- resistant strains have become pan-resistant, and they are resistant to almost all antibiotics. For example, pan-resistant Acinetobacter is resistant to aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, tetracyclines, fluquinone and sulfonamides.

Preventive advice

The following suggestions may help prevent the growth and reproduction of MDR:

1. Strictly manage patients (and carriers) infected with MDR, and set up special rooms and special areas for isolation;

2.MDR-infected people are given medical care by trained full-time medical staff, and they are temporarily transferred from their jobs when they find that they are carriers;

3. Wash hands with disinfectant before checking each patient, and change masks, white coats or gloves as needed;

4. Strictly disinfect the ward environment every day;

5. Re-educate medical staff on "prudent and rational use of antibacterial drugs";

6. Drug-resistant bacteria and MDR monitoring in the unified operation process at home and abroad;

7. Strictly implement the antibacterial drug management system. Antibacterials must be prescribed by qualified doctors. Vancomycin, broad-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, etc. It must be re-signed by the designated doctor before it can be issued;

8. Infectious disease professionals at home and abroad (including managers) hold regular meetings, discussions and cooperation.

It may be helpful for sensitive bacteria to overcome MDR by using antibiotics in turn in hospitals or regions, but it needs to be identified in many regions at home and abroad to correctly judge whether it is effective or not. It is excusable to add lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria to health care products, but it seems inappropriate to add enterococci that may cause disease. More new antibacterial drugs with low toxicity and effective MDR control should be developed, but it is undoubtedly more practical to make good use of existing antibacterial drugs.

Who are the risk factors of gram-negative drug-resistant bacteria infection?

In order to help doctors distinguish patients with drug-resistant pathogens from patients without drug-resistant bacteria, we can review the following prediction rules.

Prediction criteria 1 Gram-negative Corynebacterium infection related to nursing is often caused by drug-resistant Enterobacter. Non-fermentative bacteria are unlikely to cause infection unless invasive operations are carried out. The use of fluoroquinolones is closely related to the occurrence of fluoroquinolones resistance.

Predictive standard 2 infection after using antibiotics indicates that it is possible to develop resistance to this drug, and the possibility of developing resistance to all commonly selected drugs is also increased.

The common choice of multidrug resistance (MDR) refers to the resistance to penicillin, cephalosporin, aminoglycosides, sulfaisoxazole or quinolones.

According to these prediction criteria, the risk stratification system of drug-resistant pathogens was established by evaluating the degree of contact between patients and medical institutions, the history of early antibiotic treatment and the characteristics of patients.