Large-scale supermarket chain is an important commercial form developed in 1950s and 1960s, and it is in a major position in the current international retail industry. At present, the largest companies have entered China in different forms (I think everyone is familiar with the ranking), such as Wal-Mart (1), Carrefour (2), Metro (3), Tesco, Markro, Lotus and so on. By the end of this year, China will completely liberalize foreign retail, which means that more foreign supermarkets will enter China. Usually, the opening of the first supermarket chain and the opening of the second supermarket chain are at least one year apart. In fact, with Obi's entry into China for more than a year and the opening of four supermarkets in Shanghai, the expansion speed of this foreign capital will greatly increase. Wal-Mart and Metro announced their grand expansion plans in China in the next two years.
What has the influx of foreign supermarkets brought us?
1, with abundant international capital. For example, Wal-Mart's global turnover is $200 billion, and Metro is € 50 billion. Their funds can be transferred across borders. Moreover, foreign interest rates are lower than domestic ones. So in the early days, they can almost bring a lot of foreign investment. In the early days, there were 8 stores 10 stores, and this kind of foreign investment was greatly reduced, relying on the accumulation of domestic business and the input of suppliers.
2. Advanced management concept and marketing model. Where is the senior? Further study on concept understanding (development direction, potential, layout, technology, etc.). ), the vision is broader, the management is more detailed, the system is more sound, and the attempt is bolder.
3. Cultivate local retail talents. 10 years ago, the quality of retail talents was generally low, and there were usually more secondary school students and high school students. We call retail industry the tertiary industry, which is labor-intensive. College graduates disdain to do retail, even if they go to institutions and industrial enterprises to do technology. China's schools have never trained supermarket staff, and those who do supermarkets are all transformed from other industries. Then the first batch of foreign supermarkets entering China will become universities. It not only shows us the courage and charm of supermarket chains, but also cultivates a large number of talents. These talents are the backbone of the domestic supermarket industry today.
What did the influx of foreign supermarkets take away from us?
1. Start to control China's economy and finance by mastering a large amount of cash flow; This is also the reason why our central government tries its best to restrict foreign retail.
2. Abundant capital and powerful business operation mode have accelerated the demise of domestic traditional businesses. In Shanghai, there is a saying that if Carrefour opens one, five state-owned enterprises will die within 5 kilometers of Fiona Fang.
3. Today, with the rapid expansion of chain retail, while foreign capital trains retail talents in China, it also raises the price of retail talents and increases the brain drain and operating costs of domestic enterprises. For example, a foreign-funded supermarket in Xi 'an opened, and one-third of ordinary middle-level employees came from another supermarket in China, because foreign investors have higher benefits, more training opportunities and faster promotion.
4. Land. In order to attract foreign investment, local governments often provide more favorable conditions than domestic enterprises, including land lease and transfer, which makes the country lose the proliferation of land in decades and also causes unfair competition among domestic enterprises.
However, not all China enterprises have perished in the competition. For example, Hualian, Lianhua, Agriculture, Industry and Commerce in Shanghai, Jiatianxia in Tianjin and Wanjia in Shenzhen have all made great progress in Dancing with Wolves. What does this mean? It shows that we China people are very smart. We knew a long time ago how to combine Marxism-Leninism with the practice of China Revolution. We are still so smart now, and we will become smarter in the future.
The transnational and trans-regional development of large supermarket chains needs a strong logistics system to guarantee it. Let's focus on the logistics of large supermarket chains.
I. Ordering, stocking and selling
1. Sales and profit are the driving forces of logistics.
Commercial enterprises demand the best sales and profit maximization, which requires the guarantee of efficient supply chain. Because of its vast territory and meager profit, chain business requires much higher supply chain capability than traditional retail business. In order to ensure the sufficient sales of goods, ensure the safe inventory and ensure the rapid conversion of funds and goods, chain enterprises have established an effective logistics system.
Like Wal-Mart,
Wal-Mart generally buys goods directly from the factory, and the purchase price is the lowest. Once the transaction is concluded, the headquarters will inform the manufacturer to send the goods directly to the Wal-Mart distribution center. Wal-Mart has 65,438+06 distribution centers in the United States, all of which are located less than one day away from the outlets. It has more than 6,000 trucks and transports an average of 654.38+900,000 boxes of goods every day. From 65438 to 0987, the company established the largest private satellite communication system in the United States, in order to save the communication cost between headquarters and branches, speed up decision-making communication and information feedback, and improve the operation efficiency of the whole company. The high-speed computer at the headquarters connects 16 distribution centers and 1000 stores. Every item sold at the checkout counter of the store through a laser scanner will be automatically recorded in the computer. When the stock of a certain commodity is reduced to a certain amount, the computer will send a signal to remind the store to ask for the goods from the headquarters in time. The headquarters arranges the supply of goods and sends them to the nearest distribution center, and then the computer in the distribution center arranges the delivery time and route. The required goods will appear on the shelves of the warehouse within 36 hours after the store places an order. This efficient logistics management enables the company to quickly grasp the sales situation and market demand trends, and replenish the inventory shortage in time. This can reduce the inventory risk, reduce the backlog of funds and speed up the operation of funds.
Wal-Mart invested heavily to establish its own global efficient logistics system based on satellite, computer and truck transmission, and became a model of global logistics.
2. Order is the basis of logistics quantity.
The order quantity determines the logistics quantity. Therefore, strict ordering system and control system must be established.
Therefore, we require: first, the ordering personnel must be sales personnel, not purchasing or logistics personnel. Second, the person ordering must be the person in charge of the sales department, not ordinary employees or salesmen. Third, orders must be placed in front of the shelves, not in the office. Fourth, sorting must rely on strict scientific and data standards, rather than memory or subjective speculation.
In many of our supermarkets, this is not the case. A fresh manager of a supermarket told me that he had 16 assistant. I said it was incredible. A manager has at most one assistant. What are you doing with so many assistants? "Order! When I saw the 24-year-old young manager in front of me, who had just graduated from college for two years, I had no idea how young his assistant was! !
Of course, these supermarkets still exist that give such important things as ordering food to young people and promoters who have little knowledge of business. Why? They transfer the risk of their low level of work to suppliers through unconditional exchange and other overlord clauses. However, suppliers will increase prices and reduce quality or weight accordingly, so that supermarkets will lose their advantages in price, quality and quantity. When a better supermarket appears in the same market, these suppliers will abandon you.
The accuracy of ordering food is determined by many comprehensive factors. (You can ask questions for everyone to answer first)
The order is based on the existing inventory, and the inventory in transit should refer to the sales in the previous period and the same period of last year, and also consider factors such as price changes, market demand changes, holidays, and sudden orders from big customers. Even the weather. A sales department usually has thousands of kinds of goods, so ordering is one of the most important things.
Only ordering will bring logistics, and only scientific ordering will bring scientific logistics.
Second, the control of receiving goods.
1, Establishment of Receiving Department System
The receiving department is the first gate of the mall, which not only undertakes the responsibility of receiving and inspecting goods, but also provides the source of basic data for the inventory management of the mall and the basis for payment to suppliers.
So there must be a strict and perfect system in the receiving department. Including:
Technical standards for acceptance and inspection; (such as appearance, freshness, shelf life, quantity, etc. )
B. Operation flow of receiving and inspection; (delivery, receiving orders, checking invoices and orders, inspection, receiving, fine inspection, warehousing, etc.). )
C. Receiving and inspecting documents, delivery process and management system; (Document transfer between shopping malls, between shopping malls and headquarters, and between shopping malls and suppliers)
D access control, health and safety management system in the receiving area. Receiving opening time and principle, access control system, site sanitation, fire control, commodity safety, etc.
2. Post division of receiving department
Divide positions within the receiving department. Because the work of the receiving department is technical and professional, there should be a clear division of posts within the receiving department in order to clarify responsibilities and improve efficiency. Generally, it is divided into four positions: document management, commodity inspection, commodity storage and comprehensive control.
Document management is responsible for receiving orders, checking delivery orders and orders, inputting documents and returning documents.
Commodity inspection is responsible for inspecting the quantity and quality of commodities and filling in the receiving records.
Commodity warehousing is responsible for commodity warehousing and sorting by department.
Fully control the review of documents and the control of personnel and discipline. Preservation of files.
3. Selection and management of personnel
Basic conditions for personnel selection in the receiving department:
Strong sense of responsibility, serious attitude, hard work, less nepotism and low academic requirements. Especially principled. These employees should not have too close relationships with other employees in the mall, especially with the sales department. If you find it, you have to adjust its position. Employees cannot be transferred from the store sales department to the receiving department.
4. Cooperation and supervision with the sales department
The relationship between the receiving department and the sales department is the relationship between service and supervision. In order to improve these relations, we must strengthen communication between the two sides. The logistics manager should always listen to the opinions of the sales department on the receiving department, and also support the supervision of the receiving department on the sales department. In terms of product quality, especially in the process of receiving fresh and high-tech goods, employees in the sales department should participate.
Third, position management.
In a limited space, especially during festivals, how to make full use of positions, save costs and improve space utilization;
1, keep a reasonable inventory. We have talked about how to keep inventory through reasonable ordering. Logistics managers must have considerable sales knowledge and master the circulation speed and sales characteristics of different commodities such as non-food and food, so as to control the total inventory. For example, between general consumer goods and fast-moving consumer goods, and between general food and fresh food, there are great seasonal differences in circulation speed and consumption, and these logistics managers must master and learn.
2. Rational use of existing space and storage capacity.
According to the characteristics and storage requirements of different commodities, the existing storage space is reasonably utilized. For example, the stacking height of glass products is different from that of textiles, that of refrigerators is different from that of office supplies, and that of dry drinks is also different.
There are also different storage locations and temperature conditions. For example, frozen products must be stored in the cold storage. What are the requirements for the cold storage? It's about MINUS 18 degrees, but frozen products can't be put in the freezer. There are also drinks that cannot be stored outdoors in winter and summer, which are easy to freeze or deteriorate.
3. Require the logistics manager to regularly check the locations of warehouses and stores, and timely request the assembly boards and sorting locations. For expired or damaged goods, please ask the relevant departments to deal with them in time. What we are asking here is that we must listen to the reports of our subordinates with our own eyes, instead of sitting in the office. We ask the logistics manager to personally check all the dead ends to ensure the pressure on subordinates and work efficiency.
4. The logistics manager must always check the usage of shelves, pallets, forklifts and refrigeration equipment, and ask relevant departments to repair or replace them in time when problems are found, so as to maintain the normal operation of the equipment. For frequently damaged equipment, it is necessary to find out the specific reasons, formulate strict management improvement plans, and inspect and supervise the implementation.
A good logistics manager can save a lot of money for the enterprise only through post management.