The handling performance and principle of paraglider is to rely on air stamping to make the wing-shaped umbrella coat have certain rigidity and form a parachute-shaped paraglider. According to the different gliding ratios, paragliders are usually divided into three grades. The gliding ratio is less than 3, which is called primary paragliding; The gliding ratio is greater than 3 and less than 6, which is called intermediate paragliding; And the gliding ratio is greater than 6, which is called advanced paragliding. Generally speaking, according to the aerodynamic principle, it is difficult for primary paragliders to climb and glide for a long time and a long distance by using updraft because of its small gliding ratio and large sinking rate. Because its performance has not yet left the category of "parachute". The middle and advanced paragliders can use the updraft to lift and soar. Because of the large gliding ratio, its performance has approached and reached the standard of gliding wing. Generally, there are 2 ~ 3 groups of control belts on the left and right sides of primary paragliders, and 3 ~ 4 groups of control belts on the left and right sides of intermediate and advanced paragliders. Although the number of control belts of various umbrellas is different, the control system in which the control ring is connected with the control rope is installed on the strap of each umbrella, which is the same. This determines that the basic mobility of the three levels of paragliders is the same. Because paragliding is a combination of paragliding and power propeller, the control of paragliding is essentially the control of paragliding. Therefore, the parachute also has the same basic handling performance. One of its basic handling performance is steering performance. In flight, when the left control ring is pulled down, the control rope will make the trailing edge of the left umbrella droop, the tail will bend, and the angle of attack on the left side of the wing will increase, resulting in an increase in resistance and a decrease in horizontal speed; However, the rear edge of the right canopy still maintains its original state and horizontal speed, and it deflects to the left due to the different forces on both sides of the canopy, thus realizing the left turn of the paraglider. The turning speed is proportional to the displacement of pulling down the control rope. Loosen the control ring, the rear edge of the canopy will return to its original state, and turn left to stop. Similarly, the paraglider can turn right by pulling down the right control ring. Its second basic handling performance is deceleration performance. In flight, when the two control rings are pulled down at the same time, the trailing edge of the whole canopy hangs down, and the angle of attack of the wing surface increases, which leads to the increase of paraglider resistance and instantaneous lift, thus reducing the horizontal speed. This control method is the same as pulling down the control rod by parachute, so it is also called "lifting rod" or "pulling rod", which is also called "braking" because it can quickly reduce the forward speed. Of course, the deceleration is proportional to the displacement of the wing surface caused by pulling down two control ropes at the same time. However, when the control rope is pulled down to make the wing surface exceed the critical angle of attack, that is, the two control rings are pulled to the end, and the airflow on the wing surface of the paraglider is separated for a certain period of time, the lift will drop rapidly and the resistance will increase rapidly, resulting in a sharp drop in the horizontal speed and a sharp increase in the descending speed, which will make the paraglider enter a stall state and must be avoided during deceleration control. Similarly, in flight, if the two control ropes are released upwards, the paraglider can gradually recover its original horizontal speed. When the control rope is released to the top, its speed can reach 9~ 12 m/s, so the length of the pull-down control rope is determined according to the horizontal speed of the paraglider, and full gliding, 1/4 deceleration (with poles), 1/2 deceleration, 3/4 deceleration or full deceleration (braking) are determined and divided. In addition, the advanced paraglider used for competition is also equipped with an acceleration device. The upper end of the acceleration rope is connected with the previous group of control belts, and the lower end is connected with the pedal acceleration rod through the sling pulley. When accelerating, the pilot loosens the control ring to the top with both hands, puts his two pedals on the accelerator lever and straightens it hard. At this time, the leading edge of the canopy is pulled down and the trailing edge of the canopy is raised, which reduces the angle of attack, and the paraglider can increase its forward speed by several meters per second on the basis of its own speed. However, this control method will increase the descending speed and obtain greater horizontal speed at the same time. So when you use this method to accelerate, you must consider the flying height you should have. When the main parachute takes off, the control ring should be put on both hands respectively, and the front control belt should be grasped. Facing the headwind direction, the umbrella clothing can be quickly lifted to the top of the head by using the pull and thrust of the two arms and the force of the upper body pressing forward, and the control belt can be released after the umbrella clothing forms the wing surface. If the umbrella leans to one side, pull the control rope in the opposite direction to adjust it. At the same time, the body moves towards the umbrella, and the umbrella will soon return to normal. At this time, the umbrella in both hands accelerates to run forward. After gaining speed, both hands pull the control ring at the same time to increase its instantaneous angle of attack, thus completing a beautiful take-off action. However, it must be remembered that after taking off from the ground, the control ring should be released upward in time to keep the umbrella at a certain flight speed and leave the take-off place, and the pull-off time should not be too long to prevent it from falling in front of the mountain. When medium and advanced umbrellas take off in windy days (4 ~ 6 m/s) or small venues, the method of inverted umbrellas can be adopted. First, hold the steering ring with both hands, and turn back 180 degrees so that the left and right steering belts cross your chest. Hold the right front steering belt with the left hand and the left front steering belt with the right hand. When the center of gravity of the body is pushed back, the umbrella can rise quickly by pulling the steering belt with both hands. At this time, loosen the steering belt, pull the steering ring to the waist, turn around and accelerate to run forward, and the umbrella can be lifted to the ground and into the air. Parachutes generally take off in the form of forward takeoff, which is basically the same as medium and advanced parachutes. The difference is that when carrying an umbrella to speed up running, the pulled control ring should be gradually loosened upward to gain speed and take off as soon as possible. This is because the machine pushes people forward faster, while the canopy lags behind, naturally forming an excessive angle of attack. If the control ring is not released in time to adjust the angle of attack of the canopy, the canopy resistance will not decrease, and it is very difficult to take off. Skilled parachute pilots can also use the method of inverted parachute when taking off in windy days. In order to prevent the leading edge of the umbrella from exceeding the human body, resulting in the failure of downward folding, after the umbrella is lifted, it is necessary to pull down two control rings in time, and the two control rings turn back. After the direction becomes positive, loosen the control rings and increase the throttle to take off. In order to get long-term soaring and long-distance flying, intermediate and advanced paragliders should learn how to find and use updraft on the one hand, and how to operate paragliders in airflow on the other. Simply put, the soaring and flying of paragliders is realized by the pilot's timely turning action in the updraft. In order not to stay away from the updraft area, the pilot should pull down the control rope, turn left and right along the ridge direction, repeatedly make a figure-of-eight hover in the updraft in front of the ridge, and constantly make a reciprocating motion of 180 degrees, always maintaining a certain rising rate and staying in the air for a long time. The size of the maneuvering range during hoisting can be determined according to the terrain, wind speed and distance from the mountain at that time. However, it must be remembered that when the flying height does not exceed the height of the top of the mountain, especially when the wind speed is high in the downwind flight stage and the paraglider is easy to fly to the leeward slope of the mountain, it is strictly forbidden to hover 360 degrees to avoid hitting the mountain or entering the dangerous vortex area behind the mountain. The fluctuation of hot air flow is also realized by the pilot pulling down the control rope. Different from hovering in the dynamic airflow, the hot airflow has a narrow range at low altitude and a wide range at high altitude. Generally speaking, when a pilot encounters a hot airflow, his height will be much higher than the top of the mountain. Therefore, the paraglider can continuously turn infinitely in the hot airflow and climb over 360 degrees without being affected by the terrain. It should be noted that paragliding will speed up the rotation speed, but it will also reduce the height too much during the turning process of the excessively long pull-down control rope. Therefore, when the steering wheel is lifted, the turning slope of the paraglider should be reduced as much as possible, which is the only way to keep the height when turning. There are two kinds of manipulation actions. One is that in flight, both hands always control the two control rings to be in the deceleration state of 1/4 (commonly known as "with rods"), so that the parachute can obtain the minimum sinking rate. When lifting is needed, one hand pulls down the control ring slightly inside the lifting direction, and the other hand slowly releases the control ring on the other side, so that the paraglider can turn and lift at a small slope without losing too much height. The other is that the pilot uses his own weight deviation to move to the left and right as far as possible, and cooperates with the control ring inside the dish elevator to achieve the purpose of rotating the dish elevator without losing height. In flight, except for the updraft, the only way for the power parachute to climb is to slightly increase the throttle to increase the flight speed and adjust the angle of attack of the parachute in time. At the initial stage of climbing, the power parachute should be "armed" a little, and controlled by 1/4 to make the parachute produce a certain angle of attack. With the increase of throttle, the parachute system gains speed, the parachute clothing obviously lags behind people and machines, and the angle of attack naturally occurs and gradually increases. At this time, the control ring should be loosened to the top, so that the parachute can fly at its best angle of attack and maximum speed, and the powered parachute will produce the maximum climb rate. Practice has proved that the maximum thrust of the paramotor engine is rated. It is often counterproductive to increase the climbing speed only by increasing the angle of attack before obtaining the speed, because the thrust cannot be reached. Manipulation skills in the process of descent: the descent speed of medium and advanced paragliders is very small, especially the advanced paragliders not only have a small descent speed, but also rise rapidly when encountering updraft. In flight, due to bad weather or the need to get rid of strong updraft as soon as possible, and the ground commander wants to return to land immediately, the best control method should be adopted to quickly lower the altitude so as to return to the ground safely as soon as possible. We call this kind of manipulator that rapidly lowers its height "lowering its height". There are three ways: one is spiral descent, which is the fastest way to reduce the height. The key point of action is that the pilot pulls the steering ring on one side gently and quickly to the hip, and the paraglider will enter a spiral descending state from slow to fast at a great speed. At this time, one side of the umbrella is pulled down to lower it, while the other side of the umbrella is higher, which greatly increases the inclination angle of the umbrella. The resistance area of the umbrella changes obviously, and the force is uneven, which makes the height of the human umbrella system decrease rapidly in the spiral, and the falling height can exceed10 m/s. Because the speed and falling speed of the spiral are very fast when it descends, it is necessary to overcome its inertia when it returns to normal, so the height of the spiral cannot be lower than/. It is forbidden to lower the height in this way. The recovery method is: the pilot slowly loosens the steering ring on one side and slowly lowers the steering ring on the other side until the two circles are at the same height, and then loosens the two circles to the deceleration position of 1/4, so that the paraglider can gently recover the spiral. When pulling down the release control ring, the action should not be rude or violent, so as to avoid the paraglider from producing irregular violent swing or folding wings and endangering safety. This method of lowering height has great centrifugal force, and the human body feels overloaded. The distance of lowering height cannot be forced according to the physical condition. The second is to pull the B belt to reduce the height. This is a method to reduce the height with high safety factor. The key point of action is to grasp the B group control belts on the left and right sides with both hands, and gently pull them down by 20 ~ 40 cm, so that the canopy folds along the wingspan direction, destroying the original wing shape and increasing the effective resistance area, thus significantly reducing the horizontal speed and lift of the umbrella and increasing the descending speed, with its direction unchanged. The descending speed depends on the length of the pull-down B-belt. In this way, the height can be lowered, and the descending speed can reach more than 5 meters per second. When the descent is stopped, both hands can be released back to the B belt evenly and flexibly. Normally, the stopping height shall not be less than 50 meters. The third type is a double-sided folding wing. This is a method to reduce the resistance area and improve the descending speed while maintaining the horizontal speed. This is also a safe control method when the height of complex ridge front decreases. The key points of action are as follows: Hold the control ring with both gloves, stretch it upward as far as possible, grasp the 1 ~ 2 umbrella rope outside the control belt of Group A, and gently pull it down, so that the two wing tips of the umbrella cover are folded inward under the umbrella cover, which can effectively reduce the resistance area and increase the descending speed. At this time, the two ends of the umbrella are folded inward and swing backwards, which looks like human ears, so westerners call this method of lowering height "big ears". When flying in the "big ears" state, the direction can be adjusted by shifting the weight and pressing the wing side. When stopping at high altitude, the normal flight state of the umbrella can be restored as long as the pulled umbrella rope is gently loosened and slightly "tied". It must be noted that it is forbidden to continue the spiral descent when controlling the bilateral flaps. Stop the lowering of the bilateral folding wings and ensure a sufficient safety height. In order to prevent serious wing folding, it is forbidden to suddenly pull down the umbrella rope at the front edge of the umbrella coat. The descending height of the power parachute is mainly achieved by reducing the throttle and the idle speed of the engine. When it is difficult to reduce the height when encountering strong updraft, the above three methods can also be selectively used to reduce the height. However, to stop the altitude drop, there must be a guarantee of safe landing. Control skills when landing paraglider is in full gliding state with high horizontal speed. However, when entering the stall state, the horizontal speed disappears substantially, while the descending speed increases rapidly. Landing in these two conditions is not safe. According to the flight principle, it is proved that there is a minimum horizontal speed and descending speed between the maximum horizontal speed and the maximum stall speed of paraglider, which is the optimal landing speed. This speed is obtained by changing the angle of attack of the canopy. So when landing, you can use effective control methods to adjust the horizontal speed and angle of attack, and you can land very lightly. The method is: first turn to the headwind direction and reduce the ground speed. Because the airspeed is constant, as long as the angle of attack is properly increased, the paraglider will generate lift, and the pilot will touch the ground with his feet when gaining lift, and the landing impact is very small. If you land on a windy day and enter a pentagonal route, you can lower the horizontal speed of the umbrella by pulling down an appropriate amount of control ring according to the situation, but at most, it should not exceed the deceleration position of 1/2, so as to avoid the horizontal speed being too small, and the "pull rod" cannot generate enough lift when landing, which will increase the impact force of landing. The best "pull rod" braking time should be below the ground 10 meter. When both feet touch the ground, pull the two control rings to the end at the same time, and you can get the effect of "bird landing". If the "pull rod" is too early, it will easily lead to the stall of the umbrella. If the "pull rod" is too late, the forward speed will not be reduced, the lift will not be generated, and the landing impact will be great. Therefore, mastering the braking timing of the "pull rod" is the key to ensure safe landing. Beginners of paragliding sometimes have the problem of "pulling the stick" prematurely because of their lack of experience in judging the height. In order to avoid landing in a stall state, they can slowly loosen the two control ropes for 20 ~ 30 cm, then pull them to the bottom and then ground them. However, it is strictly forbidden to release the control rope violently upwards, and it is too long to prevent the leading edge of the umbrella from suddenly falling and the lift force from suddenly decreasing, so that the pilot suddenly lands in the process of sharp swing, that is, it is in a state of "power stall" and is in danger. When the parachute falls, the engine should be turned off at a height of 10 meter from the ground. Other control methods and action essentials are the same as those of paragliding. After landing, the pilot turned back and pulled back the control rope on one side, causing the canopy to fall sideways. The upper canopy had certain rigidity, which caused the leading edge to suddenly land, resulting in excessive air pressure in the canopy air chamber, which broke through the wing and upper and lower wing surfaces.