What is all-round development? Comprehensive development refers to the way to develop by using any two or more adits such as vertical shaft, inclined shaft and adit.
It is the way that life insurance companies and property insurance companies use sales resources to market each other. 1: For example, the auto insurance agents of life insurance customers can apply for insurance through a comprehensive development to a cooperative property insurance company and collect commissions. 2. It is to maintain and expand cooperative relations.
This paper discusses the formal characteristics of the comprehensive development model. What is the main reason for being selected? The main task of system analysis is to collect the documents obtained in the detailed investigation of the system, and analyze the overall management and information processing process in the organization. It focuses on the analysis from the perspective of the whole business process. The main contents of the analysis are: whether the flow of business and data is smooth and reasonable; The relationship between data, business process and management function realization; Whether the reform of the old system management mode and the realization of the new system management method are feasible and so on. The purpose of system analysis is to determine the needs of users and their solutions. These results need to be determined, including: the developer's understanding of the existing organizational management; User's demand for information system functions; Data and business processes; Management function and management data index system; Management modes that need to be changed and added in the new system. The content determined by system analysis is the basis of system design and implementation in the future.
Element:
(1) information. Fully describe all the information processed in the system;
(2) behavior. Fully describe the process or function required for system state change.
(3) indicate. Describe the external interface and interface of the system in detail.
The specific steps of the system analysis method include: defining the problem, determining the goal, investigating and collecting data, proposing alternative schemes and evaluation criteria, evaluating alternative schemes and proposing the most feasible scheme.
1、
Restriction problem
The so-called problem is the gap between the actual situation and the planned goal or ideal state. There are two core contents of system analysis: one is to carry out? Diagnosis? , that is, find out the problem and its causes; And second? Prescription? That is, put forward the most feasible solution to the problem. The so-called limited problem is to clarify the nature or characteristics of the problem, the scope and influence of the problem, the time and environment when the problem occurs, the symptoms and causes of the problem, etc. Qualification is a key step in system analysis, because what if? Diagnosis? Error, open it later? Prescription? It is impossible to prescribe the right medicine. When defining a problem, we should pay attention to distinguish between symptoms and problems, and we should not be preconceived when discussing the cause of the problem. At the same time, we should distinguish which problems are local and which are overall, and the final determination of the problems should be after investigation and study.
2, determine the goal
The goal of system analysis should be determined according to the requirements of customers and the understanding of the problems to be solved. If possible, it should be expressed by indicators and analyzed quantitatively. Goals that cannot be described quantitatively should also be explained clearly in words as far as possible, so as to make qualitative analysis and evaluate the effectiveness of system analysis.
3. Investigate and collect data.
Investigation and data collection should focus on the cause of the problem. On the one hand, we should verify the assumptions formed in the limited problem stage, on the other hand, we should explore the root of the problem and prepare for the next alternative solution to the problem.
There are four methods commonly used in investigation and research, namely, reading literature, interviewing, observing and investigating.
The collected data and information include facts, opinions and attitudes. To eliminate the false and retain the true, cross-check the data and information to ensure authenticity and accuracy.
4. Propose alternatives and evaluation criteria.
Through in-depth investigation and study, the real problems to be solved are finally determined, and the main reasons for the problems are clearly defined. On this basis, alternative solutions to the problem can be put forward. Alternatives are alternative suggestions or designs to solve problems and achieve consulting objectives, and more than two alternatives should be put forward to provide further evaluation and screening. In order to evaluate alternatives, we should consider the nature of the problem and the customer's conditions. Put forward constraints or evaluation criteria for the next step.
5. Alternative assessment
According to the above constraints or evaluation criteria, the evaluation of alternative solutions to problems should be comprehensive, considering not only technical factors, but also social and economic factors. The members of the evaluation team should be representative, including the representatives of the customer organizations in addition to the members of the consulting project. Determine the most feasible scheme according to the evaluation results.
6. Submit the most feasible scheme
The most feasible scheme is not necessarily the best scheme, but the most realistic and feasible scheme selected according to the evaluation criteria within the constraints. If the customer is satisfied, the system analysis has achieved the goal. If the customer is not satisfied, it is necessary to negotiate with the customer to adjust the constraints or evaluation criteria, or even redefine the problem and start a new round of system analysis until the customer is satisfied.
systems development lifecycle
A project management framework with phases and activities.
The method of defining the phases and activities required for a system development project is called system development life cycle (SDLC).
As a method, SDLC provides the structure, control and project list needed to ensure successful development.
Differences between various methods: the activities that make up each stage are different, or the methods of executing activities are different.
But all information system development needs to plan projects, analyze requirements, design solutions and realize the final system.
Iterative crossover stage:
Every small project can be an iteration, and each iteration process includes analysis, design and implementation activities.
Remember, most projects use SDLC in multiple iterations instead of sequential SDLC.
Every stage of the system development life cycle
(1) planning stage
(2) Analysis stage
⑶ Design stage
(4) Implementation stage
5] Support stage
⑴
Planning stage
The initial stage of SDLC.
Main objectives: determine the scope of the new system and make the project plan.
Main activities:
1.
Define the problem;
2.
Make the project progress plan;
3.
Confirmed project
feasibility
;
4.
Arrange project personnel;
5.
Start the project.
Confirm project feasibility
Feasibility: refers to the necessity and possibility of carrying out a project under the current specific conditions inside and outside the organization.
Content:
① Economic feasibility
② technical feasibility
③ Feasibility of organization and management.
(timetable, resources)
① Economic feasibility
Is the expected income greater than the development cost of the project?
Does the organization have enough cash flow investment projects during the development period?
Cost/benefit analysis: Analyze and compare costs and benefits to understand whether it is beneficial to invest in developing new systems.
Determine the cost/
Income analysis
Step 1: Evaluate the expected development and operation costs. The development cost occurs during the development of the new system, and the operating cost occurs after the delivery of the system.
Step 2: Evaluate the expected financial benefits. Financial benefit refers to the estimated annual savings or increased income after installing the new system.
Step 3: Calculate the cost/benefit analysis based on the detailed cost and benefit evaluation.
Development and operation costs
Development costs: salaries and wages, equipment and installation, software and licenses, consulting fees and fees paid to third parties, training, facilities, utilities and tools, support personnel, travel and miscellaneous.
Operating costs: connection, equipment maintenance, software update costs, computer operation, programming support, installment payment of equipment, training and assistance (service desk) and supply.
Financial income
Direct economic benefits. How much will cost be reduced by strengthening cost control? Strengthen cost analysis and control to reduce costs? How much will the inventory funds be reduced by strengthening inventory management? How many people were saved?
Indirect economic benefits. Improve the management level; Improve corporate reputation; Provide decision support; The economic benefits brought by the timeliness of management information collection, processing, processing and use.
Financial calculation
Net Present Value (NPV): The present value of the income and cost of new system investment in dollars.
Payback period: the period when the dollar income offsets the dollar cost.
Break-even point: the point at which dollar revenue offsets dollar cost.
Return on Investment (ROI): A measure of the percentage return on investment in new systems.
② technical feasibility
Equipment: From the aspects of internal and external memory capacity, networking capability, main frequency speed, input and output equipment, reliability and security of the computer, this paper discusses whether the requirements of data processing in the management system can be met, whether data transmission and communication can meet the requirements, and how to realize the network and database.
Technical strength: mainly consider the technical strength engaged in system development and maintenance, that IS, whether all kinds of specialized personnel needed in each stage of IS development, use and maintenance can meet the requirements. Those who do not meet the requirements can meet the requirements after a certain period of training. If the training does not meet the requirements, it is considered that the system development is not technically feasible.
③ Feasibility of organization and management.
Whether the business leaders and department heads support the development of the new system and whether their attitudes are firm;
How is the manager's attitude and cooperation towards the development of the new system?
How is the basic management work, and whether the business handling of the current management system is standardized;
The development and operation of the new system leads to changes in management mode, data processing mode and work habits, and to what extent these changes are accepted by managers.
⑵
Analysis stage
Main objectives: to understand the business requirements and processing requirements of the new system and make written documents.
Main activities:
1.
Collect information;
2.
Define system requirements;
3.
Establish the prototype of requirement discovery;
4.
Prioritize the requirements;
5.
Generate and evaluate alternatives;
6.
Review the recommendations with management.
Problem domain: user's business domain.
⑶
design phase
Main objective: To design a solution system based on the requirement determination and decision-making in the analysis stage.
Main activities:
1.
Design and integrate networks;
2. Design the application structure;
3. Design the user interface;
4. Design the system interface;
5. Design and integrate the database;
6. Prototyping of design details;
7. Design and integrate system control.
Application: A part of an information system that can meet the needs of users in problem areas.
⑷
implementation phase
The stage of programming and installing a new system in SDLC.
The main goal: not only to have a reliable and comprehensive IS, but also to ensure that all users are trained and make the organization get the expected benefits from it. All previous activities are concentrated in this stage to realize an effective operating system.
Main activities: building software components;
1. Inspection and testing;
2. Convert data;
3. Train users and make documents;
4. Install the system.
⑸
Support phase
Main goal: keep the system running effectively for several years after the initial installation of the system.
Main activities:
1. Maintenance system;
2. Strengthen the system;
3. Support users.
Project stage schedule
1. waterfall method
2. Causes of overlap