With the rapid development of social economy and urbanization in China, there are more and more dangerous varieties as raw materials, intermediates and products in chemical production. A considerable amount of dangerous chemicals are unloaded, stored and transported from the port. Due to poor management and improper operation, all kinds of fires and sudden disasters are increasing day by day, and the nature and disposal methods of accidents are becoming more and more complicated, especially the fires caused by some chemical accidents, which have great harm and many casualties, and the fire control work is facing new opportunities and challenges. Facing the increasingly arduous task of fire fighting and rescue, the fire forces need to keep up with the pace of the times, strengthen technical and tactical training, and constantly improve the actual combat level of fire fighting and rescue. However, at present, there are many disadvantages in the fire fighting and rescue work of the fire brigade that are not suitable for the situation and tasks, which have affected the smooth development of the fire fighting and rescue work. Therefore, it is very important to further strengthen the fire safety management of hazardous chemicals and effectively improve the emergency rescue and personal protection ability of hazardous chemicals accidents.

First, the leakage of dangerous chemicals.

Characteristics of fire

The hazardous chemicals listed in the Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals include: explosives, compressed gases and liquefied gases, flammable liquids, flammable solids, flammable materials that spontaneously ignite when wet, oxidants and organic peroxides, drugs and corrosive products. There are many uncertain characteristics: First, many dangerous chemicals will be poisoned as long as they are inhaled in a small amount, and if they are not treated in time, they will lead to death, such as chlorine-containing and phosphorus-containing pesticides; Second, many toxic chemicals are easy to diffuse at room temperature and drift with the wind, which will cause large-scale air pollution; Third, it has the characteristics of fire risk, including evaporation, high flammability, fluidity, thermal expansion, electrification, easy oxidation, toxicity and corrosiveness. Once it leaks or catches fire, it will be very dangerous, which may cause casualties, destruction of production equipment, serious pollution of the nearby environment and other vicious consequences.

Second, deal with the problems exposed in chemical disasters.

(A) the basic business theory level of fire officers and soldiers is not high, especially the nature of dangerous chemicals is not enough.

In the accident of handling chemicals, if we don't know the physical and chemical properties of chemicals, we will deal with them boldly, which will lead to poisoning and even death of firefighters.

(2) In the emergency rescue of chemical accidents, I don't know the use of protectors.

In handling chemical accidents, some fire officers and soldiers use the same protective equipment or ignore the concentration, toxicity, corrosiveness, degree of harm, task requirements, environmental factors and other conditions, resulting in poor protective effect or even counterproductive use of protective equipment, leading to poisoning and even casualties.

(3) The professional knowledge level of fire fighting and rescue workers is low.

Grass-roots fire brigades generally pay attention to the professional and physical training of soldiers, but seldom pay attention to the protection training and theoretical education in dealing with dangerous goods accidents. The reason why many dangerous chemicals fail to extinguish fire today is that the fire extinguishing strategy is not perfect and universal, and the grass-roots commanders do not have enough knowledge of the fire extinguishing methods of related chemicals. There are many kinds of dangerous chemicals with different properties, and the methods and countermeasures in dealing with chemical disasters and accidents are also different. The slightest mistake may lead to an explosion. If a commander who is not proficient in business encounters a major chemical disaster, the situation can be imagined. For example, common chemicals such as lithium, sodium and potassium, commanders know to use carbon dioxide, foam, dry powder and sand to put out fires; However, for sodium hydride, ethyl dichlorosilane and phosphorus pentasulfide, which are uncommon substances that burn when wet, it is inevitable to directly use water guns to extinguish the fire, which will lead to more accidents.

In addition, there are many kinds of dangerous chemicals in chemical disasters and accidents, many of which are in danger of burning and explosion, so having a deep chemical foundation is the basic requirement for dealing with such accidents. In addition, the technology content of the equipment is very high, and even some of it is directly imported from abroad. Without a solid theoretical foundation, it is difficult to control these high-tech equipment, so improving the scientific culture of soldiers is the basic work.

Three. Measures taken to solve the above problems

(a) to carry out professional training in disaster emergency rescue, improve the actual combat ability.

Necessary protective training and theoretical education should be strengthened in daily training. The main contents of training and education are:

1. Identify the types of risks that may be encountered and explain the possible injuries and consequences if protective measures are not taken;

2. Study the types of respiratory protective equipment and skin protective equipment, and the basis and method of selection;

3. Study the use and actual operation of respiratory protective equipment and skin protective equipment to ensure the effective use of different types of respirators and the reliable protection of protective clothing;

4. Strengthen field subject training and emergency rescue drills;

5. Regularly discuss the gains and lessons from previous participation in emergency rescue operations;

6. Learn to choose a protective mask, check the air tightness and wear it correctly.

7. Learn to use various portable personal monitoring devices, including combustible gas detectors and toxic gas alarms.

We should not only organize the broad masses of officers and men to learn relevant chemical knowledge, learn the classification and dangerous characteristics of dangerous chemicals, and understand and master the common disposal methods of leakage, fire and explosion of dangerous chemicals, but also focus on training commanders at all levels in the procedures and methods of organizing and commanding petrochemical disaster relief. Improving the quality of rescue workers, improving the scientific and technological content of fire fighting and rescue work in disasters and accidents, and cultivating a team of commanders with high scientific and technological quality and strong professional ability can not only complete the fire fighting and rescue work and ensure the safety of national property and people's lives, but also ensure the life safety of fire fighting and rescue workers with the help of some new technologies.

(two) familiar with the use and classification of chemical accident emergency rescue protective equipment.

Protective equipment commonly used for emergency rescue of chemical accidents can be divided into two categories according to their uses, one is respiratory protective equipment and the other is skin protective equipment. These devices are different in design, usage rights and protective performance. Only by being familiar with and mastering the performance and characteristics of these devices can we truly achieve the purpose of protection.

(3) Attention should be paid to environmental and physiological factors.

1. personnel collapse due to heatstroke: wear protective equipment (especially isolation protective clothing) to inhibit normal heat dissipation, and heatstroke collapse will occur during moderate physical labor. The higher the temperature, the earlier and more this phenomenon appears.

2. Personnel fatigue: Personnel wearing full-body protective equipment and any level of protection will feel tired due to breathing resistance of masks, physical exertion, sun exposure and site temperature, as well as psychological and physical depression and pressure.

3. Feeling: people who need to make full use of their senses or related functions (such as flexible hands and feet, sharp eyes or sound contact, etc.). Wearing full-body protective equipment will reduce their work efficiency to varying degrees.

4. self-demand: people can't be in a state of total protection indefinitely, and need to eat, drink and pee. Therefore, fire commanders should flexibly adopt appropriate protection levels according to the situation to protect the safety of rescuers.

Four, in-depth investigation and study, formulate detailed plans.

Only by seriously carrying out investigation and research and making plans can we fight a well-prepared and sure battle and effectively deal with chemical accidents. The fire brigade shall conduct investigation and study within its jurisdiction to understand and master:

1. Name, address and scale of the unit with potential danger of chemical accidents, types and dangerous characteristics of chemical dangerous goods, technological process and technical requirements for production (storage and use), location and quantity of dangerous sources, factors that can cause explosion and combustion, etc. ;

2. The type and degree of danger of chemical accidents that may occur in chemical hazard source units, the type and performance of their own fire control facilities and equipment, the type, quantity and performance of protective facilities, the strength of full-time (part-time) rescue teams, the number and division of responsibilities of engineering and technical personnel, etc. ;

3. The geographical environment inside and around the chemical hazard source unit, such as the internal layout of the unit, the distance from the surrounding units, residential buildings, population density, evacuation routes, fire water sources (and possible pollution), etc. ;

4. After a sudden chemical accident, the targets that need to be defended within the maximum accident range and the implementation methods;

5. Distribution of units with rescue capability, such as environmental monitoring, epidemic prevention, medical rescue, transportation, meteorology, chemical defense units, and higher authorities of chemical dangerous goods units, as well as notification of contact information, assembly method and place;

Hydrometeorological data of six dangerous target areas. On the basis of in-depth investigation and study, the potential risk of chemical accidents in chemical units in this area is evaluated, and then the key rescue targets are determined. Then the degree and harm of possible accidents in key targets are predicted and analyzed, which provides a basis for making plans.

In addition, the emergency rescue plan for disasters and accidents should also include the leadership of the rescue organization, the composition and division of labor, the procedures and methods of accident alarm and response, the contents, procedures and methods of on-site rescue, the procedures, contents and methods of rescue command, the contents and methods of on-site support, the signals, signs and action regulations of various professional teams, and the contents and requirements of peacetime rescue preparation. After the plan is formulated, dispersed and comprehensive emergency rescue drills should be organized in time. If the plan is inconsistent with the actual situation or the situation changes, it should be revised in time. It should also be noted that there are thousands of dangerous chemicals. As far as a specific fire brigade is concerned, there are not many opportunities to participate in handling chemical accidents. As a fire commander, it is impossible to keep in mind the relevant information of every hazardous chemical. Therefore, the fire dispatching command center should establish a database of chemical dangerous goods and chemical accident disposal plans. Covers leading expert information, equipment information, plan information and common sense information. The on-site command vehicle shall be equipped with a computer, with software including information on hazardous chemicals and handling methods of chemical accidents for on-site extraction and use.

Five, some matters that should be paid attention to in the process of fire fighting.

1. Accidents in petrochemical enterprises are often accompanied by the leakage or release of toxic gases, most of which are flammable gases. Once they catch fire, their toxicity is greatly weakened, and if they are fully burned, they will basically reach a non-toxic state. Therefore, the most violent stage of poisonous gas fire is the stage with the least poisonous gas and the weakest one. The initial stage and extinguishing stage of fire are important stages to prevent poisoning. Especially in the fire-fighting stage, because firefighters are extremely excited or careless after coming to the fire, they do not take necessary personal protective measures, which often leads to poisoning. For example, in the process of fire extinguishing in the benzene workshop of a chemical plant, six people were slightly poisoned because benzene could not be completely burned and firefighters did not take protective measures in time. What needs special attention here is that when putting out a fire, don't be afraid of being bulky and not wearing a respirator, which is quite dangerous. According to the ever-changing situation at the scene, we can adopt the methods of eye observation, nose smell, instrument detection, plan control, insider notification and so on to decide whether to wear a respirator. When there is no respirator to put out the fire, it is necessary to grasp the upper air outlet or the side air outlet to put out the fire, and try not to put out the fire at the lower air outlet. If you want to put out the fire in downward flow, you should take the method of rotating into battle to reduce the operation time in the toxic area of downward flow. It is necessary to take simple gas masks, spray water coverage, and strengthen ventilation and exhaust to reduce the degree of poisoning. At the same time, we should also consider using water guns and blisters with brackets instead of manual guns to reduce the time of personnel in toxic areas.

2. In the process of fire fighting, if someone is found to be poisoned or suffocated, active rescue measures must be taken to avoid delaying the unfortunate opportunity. When someone vomits or feels dizzy, they should be escorted to a safe place with fresh air. In severe cases, they should be sent to hospital for treatment. In case of suffocation, coma and other poisoning situations, we should adhere to the principle of immediate on-site rescue. First, quickly check whether there is a foreign body in the patient's mouth. If there is a foreign body, take it out quickly. Then immediately bring the patient a Su Sheng device, or take rescue measures such as mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest massage. Never send him to the hospital blindly, so as not to delay the opportunity and lead to misfortune. If the fire is not completely extinguished, people should take off their contaminated clothes and shoes as soon as possible after leaving the fire to prevent chronic poisoning. Those who put out a fire in a toxic area without wearing a respirator should have a physical examination to avoid potential poisoning.

Source:/jiuyuankepu/3077.html.