Hukou, formerly known as Hukou, is located in Youyu County, Shanxi Province. Its terrain is dangerous and it is a natural entrance. Hu Yuanyi didn't explain much, but later changed his name to kill the tiger's mouth to ease the contradiction.
Walking to the west exit, one of the five most famous migration events in China's modern history, is due to the poor land, frequent natural disasters and poor living environment in some areas of Shanxi, forcing many people in northern Shaanxi to make a living outside their mouths. Countless Shanxi people and Shaanxi people have left their homes, which has accelerated various exchanges with Mongolian grasslands and promoted the development of this region.
Welcome to open the historical treasure and watch those things in Shanxi together. (About 400 words, 2 points for reading)
A song "Go West" reminds us of a special history.
In northern Shaanxi and northern Shaanxi, between husband and wife and lovers, more brothers and sisters are commensurate.
This folk song named "Going West" is full of women's endless concern and sadness about their husbands and lovers leaving home to "go west".
Especially through the interpretation of the true feelings of Wang Erni, a girl from northern Shaanxi, this long and sad journey to the west has become a unique cultural memory, expressing the people's deep feelings about the hard life in Shanxi and Shaanxi.
What is the "West Exit"? In the traditional era, in order to resist the intrusion of nomadic people in the north, the Central Plains dynasty often set up defensive fortresses in the dangerous places of the Great Wall in the north. Especially in the Ming Dynasty, the Central Plains Dynasty successively set up nine important towns along the Great Wall, and "Kou" specifically refers to the pass along the Great Wall. With the help of the military customs, many passes have gradually evolved into trading places since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Zhangjiakou, xifengkou, Gubeikou and Shahukou.
"Westward Journey" in history is a process of population migration with great influence in the history of China immigration. People on the Great Wall in Ming and Qing Dynasties "marched westward" and went to places outside the customs that were not suitable for farming, mainly to avoid natural disasters such as drought. In addition, there are businessmen from Shanxi and Shaanxi who walk inside and outside the Great Wall, not afraid of cold and heat.
As far as nature is concerned, "westward movement" is a social activity in which the working people in northern Shaanxi, within the Great Wall of Ming and Qing Dynasties, went outside the Great Wall to make a living, and it is also an immigration activity in which thousands of people poured in from the population in Hohhot and Erdos, Inner Mongolia. At the same time, "westward advancement" is also an economic phenomenon and immigrant cultural phenomenon gradually bred since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The westward journey in history refers to the population migration in Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei and North China Plain, while the westward journey refers to Zhangjiakou in Hebei. In ancient times, people usually said that the mouth is the mouth, and the mouth is the mouth, which means that Shanxi went all the way west to Inner Mongolia, until the Hexi Corridor, and then to the west to Xinjiang, and some people settled in Gansu and Shaanxi.
From ancient times to the Republic of China, they all went west, so it was very hard for people to go west. Most people settled in Inner Mongolia, and further west is now Xinjiang. It is extremely hard to walk at 18 station in the Gobi desert of Xinjiang. I heard that several people are going to Xinjiang, if they don't follow the caravan. It is difficult to go to Xinjiang. Usually people say goodbye at yangguan. There is a poem that says: I advise you to drink one more glass of wine, and there is no reason to go out to Yangguan in the west. Others say: after Jiayuguan, tears can't be wiped away. The lyrics sing: brother, you go to the west, sister, I cry. Seeing my brother, I feel sad and so on. It's really bitter and tearful. My opinion, thank you for reading.
Xikou is the killing tiger mouth in Shanxi. Today, it is in the northwest corner of Youwei Town, Youyu County, Inner Mongolia, just outside the killing tiger mouth. I went here a few days ago for training reasons, and the Saibei Plateau was refreshing. 1, the origin of Youwei Town In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang set up Datong Youwei here. Later, the frontier defense moved south, and Yulin Wei moved here, and the two guards were together. For the sake of convenience, they are collectively called You Yulin Wei.
(Datong Town in Ming Dynasty)
After the demise of the Ming dynasty, in the Qing dynasty, military households began to pay taxes as a whole. During the Yongzheng period, Wei was directly abolished as a county, and Youyulinwei was changed to Youwei County.
(Youwei Town)
In the 1970s, because of the sandstorm, the county moved south. Last time I went here, I found that in Tucheng and farmland, it was not as prosperous as in Ming Dynasty.
2. Killing the tiger's mouth is on the border, and "Lu" and "Lu" are generally changed to "Lu" and "Hu" is generally changed to "tiger".
Hukou was originally a place to witness the killing of nomadic and agricultural peoples. After the peace talks in Qin Long, it became a place for border exchanges. "People who are kind get their benefits, and people get their gifts, until today.".
(kill the tiger's mouth)
During the Kangxi period, it was changed to "kill the tiger's mouth" because of national factors.
On the whole, the land in Shanxi is barren. In the era when coal can't be transported to foreign countries on a large scale, we can only adjust measures to local conditions, use materials nearby and start trade with grasslands. Killing Tiger Mouth is the shortest road from Suiyuan in Shanxi, which is naturally more prosperous.
(Shahukou Great Wall)
There is also a lot of research in academic circles today.
(Fight the tiger to get through)
With the opening of high-speed and high-speed rail, the status of playing tiger has declined now. On the whole, it is desolate, and there is a feeling of sad autumn wind when climbing the mountain.
This Shanxi folk song "Going West" sings the sadness and hope of Shanxi businessmen for hundreds of years.
In a narrow sense, Xikou is the killing tiger mouth in Youyu County, Shanxi Province, and it is the traffic gateway between Shanxi merchants and Mongolia.
1, in the seventh year of Yongle in Xikou, Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1409), Judy merged Yulin Wei outside the Great Wall into Datong Youwei and renamed it Yulin Wei, which belonged to Datong Prefecture. It was renamed Youyu County in Qing Dynasty.
In order to prevent the Tatars and the Warras from going south, the Great Wall was built in the Ming Dynasty. There are nine important towns and a city entrance at the entrance of the Great Wall.
In the third year of orthodoxy (1438), Datong mutual market was established and Hu Bao mutual market was killed. In the eighteenth year of Qing Shunzhi, 166 1 year, it was changed to kill the tiger's mouth because of taboo.
However, due to the ups and downs of relations with Mongolia, these common markets are often closed.
The Qin Long peace talks started in Qin Long in the fourth year (1570) and went to Qin Long in the fifth year. In the Ming Dynasty, Tatar Anda Khan was made king and eleven Great Wall ports were opened for trade and exchange. History calls Anda a tribute.
After the Qin Long peace talks, the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia traded with each other, with many exchanges.
In a narrow sense, going westward means going to Mongolia for business activities after killing the tiger's mouth.
Mongolia imports cattle, sheep, camels, horses and leather to the mainland, and the mainland exports a wide variety of goods to Mongolia, including cloth, silk, cotton, grain, salt, sugar and fruit.
2. The Zhungeer khanate was defeated and perished during the Kanggan period, and the Mongolian grassland was finally unified in the Qing Dynasty.
The mainland and Mongolia are integrated, and the trade between the two sides has entered a new period of great development.
Shanxi merchants called Zhangjiakou in the east of Datong as the east exit, and Shahukou in Youyu County in the west of Datong as the west exit.
Broadly speaking, the Great Wall Pass to the west of Datong can be called Xikou.
There are four main routes to take the west exit:
1) Depart from Shahukou, pass Tumote, and go west along the Yellow River to Baotou;
2) From northern Shaanxi to Baotou via Yulin and Erdos;
3) From Ningxia to Baotou or Ordos;
4) Starting from Zhangjiakou, passing through Tumote, and going west along the Yellow River to Baotou, this route is called the East Exit.
The general meeting point of these routes is Baotou.
3. The Rise of Shanxi Merchants During the Qing Dynasty, the trade between Shanxi merchants and Mongolia produced famous Shanxi merchants such as Dashengkui and Qiao Jia.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the environment of the Loess Plateau deteriorated, with almost no forest cover and serious desertification. Coupled with the influence of small glaciers in the late Ming Dynasty, Shanxi farmers had to go west and go out to work and do business.
During the reign of Kanggan in Qing Dynasty, the population surged, which caused great population pressure in Shanxi, and some people migrated to Inner Mongolia.
After defeating Zhungeer khanate, the Qing Dynasty actively encouraged Inner Mongolia to emigrate and graze.
During the Qing Dynasty, Shanxi merchants developed through Mongolian trade.
I am Zhao from Yilan Academy, mainly studying the history of Song Dynasty and modern history, and inheriting Zhang Taiyan's theory of unique historical view. This article is original. If you find it interesting, please pay attention and like it. Going west is from Shanxi to Baotou, Inner Mongolia, to earn money to support the family.
A duet "Go West" sings bitter tears. Walking west refers to journey to the south, a disaster victim in Shanxi, passing through the "Shahukou" in Youyu County and reaching Inner Mongolia and Bashang area in Hebei Province. The main distribution areas are Baotou, Tuzuo, Tuyou Banner, Damao, Siziwangqi, Chaqian, Houqi, Shangdu and Huade. Bashang area in Hebei mainly refers to Shangyi, Guyuan, Zhangbei and Kangbao areas in Zhangjiakou area, commonly known as Bashang Plateau. Because there are many grasslands here, the land is vast and the population is sparse, which is suitable for people who flee for land reclamation or work. Slowly, the residents of Shanxi merged with the local residents and formed new residents. The Journey to the West is a painful history, which is closely related to the formation and development of Errentai. Errentai is now mainly distributed at the junction of Shanxi, Hebei, Mongolia and Shaanxi provinces, with a radiation population of 30 million. It is the birthplace and expansion of Errentai. Errentai is a local opera, mainly in dialects, which is basically the same. The process of westward advancement is also the process of interaction and integration of residents in these four provinces.
The Journey to the West's time began in Guangxu period, but it was mainly in the early years of the Republic of China, which was also related to the trade development of Zhangku Avenue. Some homeless Xikou people, forced to make a living, joined the camel team and left home to start a business. Some people become rich, others make ends meet and live a hungry and full life. This is a generalized The Journey to the West. There is also a saying that Zhangjiakou is divided into two parts, commonly known as the "outer mouth". The refugees in Basha and Shanxi have left their homes to make a living, open up wasteland or work in Bashang area, which has gradually formed today's situation.
My hometown, Kangbanol Grassland, is populated by people from the west. Specifically, my grandfather and grandfather are from Wanquan area under the dam. Most of our ancestors here came from Tianzhen, Hunyuan, Lingqiu and other places in Shanxi. Typical is the existing residents of Xitucheng, No.2 Buxiang, who came from four provinces and thirteen counties in the early Republic of China. This is the destination or habitat of people coming from the west exit. Most people's hometown is still in Shanxi or Kou, and the old Shanxi people who exchanged needed items with relatives in their hometown are still alive. So people here often sing duet, also known as the hometown of duet.
Westward, downward to Southeast Asia and eastward are all famous phenomena of population migration and mobility in China's modern history. Among them, going to Xikou is synonymous with Shaanxi and Shanxi people migrating to Xikou area to make a living since the Qing Dynasty.
Xikou originally referred to the killing tiger mouth west of Datong, and later became Suiyuan area centered on Guihuacheng.
Before the Qing Dynasty, it was the territory of Mongolian nomads. After the Qing Dynasty, Han people from Shanxi and Shaanxi came here to farm, trade and settle down, which gradually transformed the primitive nomadic society into a semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral society. Even in some areas, such as Tumote in Cheng Guihua, Chahar Right Wing and southern Ordos, almost all of them have become the agricultural world.
With the adjustment of population composition, the administrative system outside the mouth, which was originally dominated by Mongolian League flags, gradually evolved into a situation in which flags and churches coexisted and Mongolian and Chinese were divided.
It is worth mentioning that the westward movement has also spawned some cultural phenomena. Since the Qing dynasty, there have been a lot of folk songs and stories praising the westward journey. For example:
As can be seen from the lyrics, the difficult livelihood at that time was the reason for forcing people to go to Xikou, and the world outside Xikou has become a paradise for harvest.
The above is a brief introduction to the history of going to the West.
Westbound is one of the five most famous migration events in China's modern history. In the long history of more than 400 years from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the early Republic of China, countless Shanxi people, Shaanxi people and Hebei people left their homes, which opened up the economic and cultural channel between the hinterland of the Central Plains and the Mongolian grassland and promoted the prosperity and development of the northern region.
Xikou, in a narrow sense, refers to the mouth north of the Great Wall, including Shahukou in Shanxi; Fugukou, Shaanxi; Dushikou, Hebei Province, is the intersection of people from northern Shanxi, northern Shaanxi and Hebei Province moving westward. Xikou is a place where Shanxi merchants, Shaanxi merchants, Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia pass through customs and trade, so the people who pass through Xikou are mainly from northern Shaanxi, northern Shaanxi and Hebei. Houxikou generally refers to the place where Mongolia engages in agriculture and commodity trade north of the Great Wall, including Shenmukou in northern Shaanxi, Zhangjiakou and Guihuacheng in northern Hebei (now Hohhot). We should respect historical facts, which is not only responsible for history, but also for future generations.
Qing Dynasty is an important period in the history of population development in China. In the early Qing Dynasty, after the recuperation and development of Gan III, the population of the whole country exceeded 300 million during the Qianlong period. The contradiction between man and land is acute, and a large number of poor people in the mainland are forced by the pressure of life to "go west", "travel east", "travel the ancient road", "go down to Nanyang" and "go up to Jinshan", resulting in five major immigration waves in modern times, all of which are unofficial behaviors characterized by making a living. Since the Qing Dynasty, thousands of people from Shaanxi and Shanxi have flocked to Cheng Guihua, Tumote, Chahar and Erdos to make a living. "Westward migration" has greatly changed the social structure, economic structure and lifestyle of Inner Mongolia. At the same time, Shanxi immigrants, who account for a very high proportion of immigrants, as the main carrier of cultural communication, brought Shanxi's Jin culture to the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia, forming an immigrant culture rich in Shanxi's local characteristics. As a part of farming culture, Jin culture has merged with local nomadic culture through population migration, forming a vibrant multicultural and enriching China culture.
The barren land, frequent natural disasters and poor living environment in northern Shanxi have forced many northerners to make a living outside. There is an old saying in Shanxi, "Hequ defends Texas, and it will not be collected for ten years and nine years." Men go outside and women dig wild vegetables, which fully shows that most people who go to the west are hungry people caused by natural disasters. From the third year to the fifth year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty, Shanxi and other provinces suffered from drought for three consecutive years, and the worst drought occurred in modern times, known as the "Seven Famines in butyl five", and it didn't even rain in some areas. Population migration caused by natural disasters is most prominent in northern Shanxi, such as Xinzhou and Yanbei. The barren land and harsh natural environment in northern Shanxi forced a large number of people to leave their homes. For example, "Yanggao is located in the northern fortress, with excellent sand moraine, high soil and yellow sand, and low soil everywhere. It is difficult to cultivate with alkali and brine ... The land is barren and the people are poor, so there is nothing to hide. In case of famine, they are displaced. " In the harsh natural environment of barren land, cold climate and no stream irrigation, people in northern Shaanxi live in poverty. Every time there is a disaster, people have to be displaced and go out to make a living.
Judging from the general road map of Shanxi people's westward advance, Shanxi people set out from the north-central part of Shanxi, headed west, passed through the Shahukou and entered the Mongolian grassland; All the way east, through Datong, through Zhangjiakou and into Mongolia.
The west exit in the folk "westbound" refers to the exit north of the Great Wall. Out of the killing tiger mouth in Shanxi, we went to Guisui (collectively referred to as Guisui), Kulun and Duolun, Wuliyasutai, Cobudo, Xinjiang and other areas, which used to be dominated by Shanxi people. "Killing the tiger's mouth" is also an important trade route leading to Mongolia, Chaktu and Russia. The rise and fall history of Kill Tiger Mouth also reflects the rise and fall history of Shanxi merchants.
"Westward Journey" is a bitter history of immigration, but also a history of hard struggle and entrepreneurship. Groups of immigrants left their homes and came to Mongolia outside Beikou to develop Inner Mongolia. More importantly, they brought advanced farming culture to the central and western Inner Mongolia, which was in a backward nomadic state at that time, and fundamentally changed the whole local cultural outlook. With the process of "westward migration", Inner Mongolia outside the mouth has evolved from a traditional single nomadic society to a diversified society with both banner and county, grazing and farming. In this evolution process, Shanxi immigrants, as the main body of immigrants, have made great contributions. Because Shanxi immigrants account for the vast majority of immigrants, the local immigrant culture is more characteristic of Jin culture, which can also be said to be the expansion of Jin culture in this area.
The flow of population promotes the spread of culture, which narrows the distance between regions and enhances the sense of identity between regions. The migration wave of "going to the west" has greatly promoted the exchanges between the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia and the mainland, further enhanced the national feelings of Mongolia and China, and had a certain positive impact on the prosperity and stability of our multi-ethnic country.
The real journey to the west is from the west exit of the flood and drought wharf in Hequ County to the ancient capital of Inner Mongolia. Only datong county natives passed the customs in Youyu County. Hequ County, Pianguan County, Baode County, Shenchi County, Wuzhai County, kelan county, ningwu county, Yuanping County, Xinzhou and Taiyuan pass through the west exit of the flood and drought wharf in Hequ County.