/kloc-in the 0/2nd century, Novgorod's ships first appeared in the Baltic Sea (then called the Varan Sea). During the Livonia War (1558- 1583), Russian privateers (private armed vessels) fought privateers from Sweden and Poland-Lithuania. 1658, the Russian government began to build warships in Kekenhausen, on the Dvinast River, in order to fight in the Baltic Sea. Later, according to the Cadiz Peace Treaty (166 1), Kexinghausen was assigned to Sweden, and Russia had to burn the warship. 1702, 10 years, Russian paddle fleet and army troops captured Notteborg (Schluesselburg, now Petersburg) in Sweden under the command of Peter I, 1703 May, and captured the second fortress on the Neva River-Niyanshanz. As a result, Russia opened the door to the Baltic Sea. 1703 St. Petersburg was established in May, and Fort Schlote in Courand was completed in the autumn of the same year, which laid the foundation for the establishment of the naval fortress in Staade, Courand (the main base of the Baltic Fleet after 1724). 1704 established a warship repair shop in Petersburg, and later became the shipbuilding center of Russia. During the Northern War, with the assistance of the Baltic Fleet, Russian troops captured the ports of Viborg, Reval, Pernov, Riga, Hersinfos and Aubu, as well as the Mon Strait Islands. In the naval battles near Hanko Point, Elsel and Grenga, the Baltic Fleet won, which made Russia gain a firm foothold in the Baltic Sea and become a naval power. By 1722, the Baltic Fleet had 130 sailboats (including 32 battleships) and nearly 400 paddle boats. At that time, the fleet used the recruitment system of lifelong service to supplement its men. The command of the fleet is the responsibility of the naval academy, and the commander of the fleet is appointed temporarily only during the war. During the reign of Peter I, the navy generals who made outstanding achievements in naval battles were: Aprasin, Shiqinya, golitsyn and Golovin. During the Seven Years' War (1756- 1783), the Baltic Fleet blocked the Songde Strait, prevented the British fleet from entering the Baltic Sea, carried out campaign transportation, and participated in the battle to capture Memmel and Kohlberg. /kloc-During the Russian-Turkish War from the second half of the 8th century to the beginning of the 9th century, the Baltic Fleet formed several sub-fleets and went to the Mediterranean to fight the Turkish fleet. The ships of the Baltic Fleet sent to the Mediterranean war zone defeated the Turkish fleet in the naval battles of Cessme, athos and Navarino, and achieved great victory. These victories are inseparable from the command of Russian naval generals such as Spiridov, Shqinya and Gregg. In the Russian-Swiss War of 1788- 1790, the Baltic Fleet foiled all attempts by the Swedish fleet to capture Kranstadt and Petersburg, and won the naval battles of Gogreen Island, Rochensalem, Reval and Viborg.
/kloc-in the first half of the 9th century, Russia did not pay enough attention to the technical transformation of the fleet, so when the Crimean War (1853- 1856) broke out, the Baltic fleet basically used sailboats, while the British and French fleets already had a large number of open ships and propeller ships. However, in 1854, the British and French fleets broke into the Baltic Sea in an attempt to seize Kranstadt and Sviya Castle, and the actions of destroying the Baltic Fleet and blocking Petersburg all failed. In order to deal with British and French warships, mine obstacles were laid with anchor mines for the first time in the waters near Cranstadt. Drawing on the experience of the Crimean War, Russia began to build a steam armored fleet from 186 1. By the end of 19, the Baltic Fleet had 19 steam armored ships, 4 coastal armored ships, 4 armored cruisers and 39 frigates. After the reform in 1874, the service life of sailors was shortened to seven years, and the post of commander-in-chief of fleet and port was established.
The voyage for the purpose of scientific research and the voyage around the world (such as the expeditions of Kludsen, Sting and Lysiansky, lazarev and bellingshausen, Liedtke and NieVelisco) are one of the main activities of the Baltic Fleet. Fleet is the cradle of many important discoveries and inventions. During the Russo-Japanese War (1904- 1905), the ships of the Baltic Fleet were transferred to form the Pacific Fleet. This sub-fleet experienced hardships and sailed 30,000 kilometers to the Pacific Ocean, but it was defeated (see the naval battle against Malaysia). During the First World War, the Baltic Fleet carried out mine-laying campaigns for many times (35,000 pieces in Breillot), harassing the traffic lines of the German fleet, preventing the German fleet from breaking into the Gulf of Finland and gulf of riga, supporting the army from the sea and defending Petrograd.
Baltic Fleet is one of the cradles of Russian working people's active revolutionary struggle. From 1902 to 1903, the first social democratic groups appeared in the crew. During the 1905- 1907 revolution, there were many armed uprisings in the Baltic fleet. Such as the Ribawa (now Lepa Ya) Uprising (1905), Kranstadt Uprising (1905, 1906), Sviaborg Uprising, and in 19 15, the General Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, By the end of June, the entire fleet had about 654.38+500,000 Bolshevik party member. On September 6th (19), the Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet headed by Dai Benke passed a resolution, refusing to recognize the interim government and disobeying its command. 19 17, when the Germans attacked the Mon Channel Islands, the Baltic Fleet caused heavy losses to the German fleet and failed to break into the Gulf of Finland and advance towards Petrograd. The Baltic Fleet played an important role in the October armed uprising in Petrograd (19 17). Workers' Red Guards, sailors and soldiers of Petrograd garrison were the decisive assault forces of the uprising. More than 65,438+100,000 armed sailors and 65,438+065,438+0 warships participated in the battle to overthrow the interim government. Dai Benke, Sladkov, Hoflin and others participated in the Revolutionary Military Committee leading the uprising on behalf of the Baltic Fleet. 1October 25th 10 (165438+1October 7th) 2 1: 40, the bow cannon of the cruiser "Aphrodite" sent a signal to attack the Winter Palace with empty bullets. The Baltic Fleet Radio Station first released a letter signed by Lenin to Russian citizens about overthrowing the interim government. 1965438+from February to April 2008, Russian warships sailed in the ice area, writing a heroic page in the history of the Baltic fleet. This voyage in the ice area rescued 236 warships and transport ships that might be captured by the Germans, and made them cross the frozen Gulf of Finland, heading from Reval to Hersingforth and then to Cranstadt. After the victory of the October Revolution, officers and men of the Baltic Fleet took an active part in the civil war. They are the backbone of the Soviet navy in various naval battles and the formation of inland river fleets. In the defending battle of 19 19 Petrograd, the fleet's ships, coastal guns, aviation and marine units fought side by side with the army and played an important role, sinking the 18 warship which was intervened by the British armed forces, injuring 16 warship, repelling their attacks from the sea, and forcing the British fleet to lift the blockade of Petrograd. The operation of 19 19 in June is also significant. At that time, the army and the Baltic fleet joined forces to recapture the Hongshan fort. This fleet has 20,000 men fighting on all fronts of the civil war. Taking an active part in the struggle against autocracy and civil war, the fleet won the Red Flag Medal of February 1928.
During the five-year plan period before World War II, the Baltic Fleet updated its technical equipment, supplemented new surface ships, submarines and planes, modified old battleships, and established fleet aviation, coastal defense forces and air defense forces. The Baltic Fleet was the basis for 1932 and 1933 to form the Pacific Fleet and the Northern Fleet respectively. In the Sufen War of 1939- 1940, the fleet blocked the waters around the Gulf of Botnia and the Gulf of Finland, attacked the enemy's base and fleet, and supported the Leningrad army to break through the "mannering Line" and attack the Viborg. Twenty-three soldiers in the whole fleet won the title of Soviet hero for their outstanding combat missions. The joint formation of Soviet naval campaign strategy is one of the four major fleets of Soviet navy.
Before the establishment of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, Russia set out to build a fleet in the Black Sea as early as 1783. Initially, some ships moved from the Azov Sea (see Azov Fleet) to a bay near Arjun in Ahdi (Sevastopol since 1784, the main military port of the Black Sea since 1804). These ships became the core of the new Russian fleet that developed rapidly later. In 18 and 19 centuries, the Russian-Turkish war, the Russian-French war and various wars of Russia against other countries, the Black Sea Fleet successfully fought many times. Among them, the Black Sea Fleet has won great victories in the naval battles near Fidoni Island, Kerch Sea Battle (1790), Kendra Island (1790) and Kaliyakria Cape (179 1). Ships of the Black Sea Fleet participated in naval battles in Daniil (1807) and Ados (1807). 1853 ——1856 during the Crimean war, a sub-fleet of the black sea fleet destroyed the Turkish fleet in the naval battle of sinop (1853). The officers and men of the fleet bravely participated in the battle of Sevastopol (1854- 1855). The establishment, development and victory of the Black Sea Fleet are linked with the activities of outstanding Russian naval commanders ushakov, Shqinya, lazarev, Nakimov and others. According to the Paris Peace Treaty (1856), Russia was deprived of the right to own a fleet in the Black Sea. Later, the London Convention (187 1) lifted this restriction, and Russia began to build a steam armored fleet in the Black Sea. Butakov and makarov have made great contributions to the development of armored vehicles. Before the outbreak of World War I, the Black Sea Fleet had five battleships, two cruisers, 17 destroyer, 12 small destroyer and four submarines. In the First World War, the number of ships increased. The Black Sea Fleet fought against Germany and Turkey in the Black Sea region. Troops that supported the Caucasus Army and Romanian Army (starting from 19 16); Destroy the enemy's maritime communication lines.
The officers and men of the Black Sea Fleet took an active part in the Russian revolutionary movement. 1901-1902, the first social democratic parties in the fleet were established. 1904, the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party Fleet was established in Sevastopol. 1In June, 905, an uprising broke out on the armored ship potemkin. 165438 10, and the Sevastopol uprising broke out again (1905). 19 17 After the February Revolution, especially after the rebellion in Kornilov was crushed, the Bolshevization of Soviet port cities, sailors' committees of the Black Sea Fleet and onshore troops was strengthened. After getting the news of the victory of the great October socialist revolution in Petrograd, the revolutionary officers and men on several ships of the Black Sea Fleet passed the resolution of recognizing the Soviet regime and turning the fleet to the Soviet regime at meetings and mass gatherings. 19 17 At the end of the year, the Black Sea Fleet waged a tenacious struggle against Mensheviks, social revolutionaries, anarchists and bourgeois nationalists who participated in the compromise of the Soviet Union. At the same time, the fierce struggle against hostile officers continues. 19 17 12. The Bolshevik Revolutionary Military Committee was established in Sevastopol, and its power was in its own hands. 19 18 At the beginning of this year, the revolutionary officers and men of the fleet helped many port cities and industrial cities in southern Russia to establish Soviet political power. During the civil war, they fought bravely to defend the Soviet regime in Azov Fleet, Volga Fleet and Dnieper Fleet. As the ships of the fleet were only in danger of being snatched by the German and Austrian occupation forces, some ships were transferred to the ports on the northeast coast of the Black Sea on 19 18. Later, according to the orders of the Soviet government, these ships were sunk in Novorossiysk and Tuapsh. The ships left in Sevastopol were taken away by German occupation forces and Ukrainian nationalists. 19 19 Spring, the Soviet regime in Crimea was restored. But the peninsula soon fell into the hands of the White Guards. 1920 In May, according to the order of the Revolutionary Military Commission of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Black Sea and Azov Sea navies were established on the basis of the maritime and river forces of the Southwest Army established in March this year. This navy took part in the battle against the White Guard ships and army troops, but due to insufficient strength, when the White Guard of General Vrangel fled Crimea at the end of 1920, it failed to stop the White Guard from robbing the main ships of the fleet. According to the decision of the 10th Congress of Russian Production Party (Bolshevik) (192 1), the Soviet fleet in the Black Sea was restored and consolidated. After repair, 2 destroyers, 5 gunboats, 2 submarines, several minesweepers and minesweepers (1922), cruisers made in the world (1923) and red Ukraine (1927) were incorporated into the fleet. The fleet began to conduct planned combat training. By 1928, the fleet recovery basically ended and technical transformation began. At the same time, some ships were transferred from the Baltic Fleet, so that the fleet was continuously strengthened. From 1929 to 1930, the battleship Paris Commune and the cruiser Red Worker International (later renamed the battleship Sevastopol and the light cruiser Red Cramer respectively) were transferred to the Black Sea. On June1935+1October 1 1, the Soviet People's Committee decided to rename the Navy of the Black Sea and the Azov Sea as the Black Sea Fleet (mainly based in Sevastopol). In the five-year plans before the war, the Black Sea Fleet added dozens of new combat ships and many auxiliary ships. Established aviation, coastal defense and air defense systems. By the beginning of the Soviet-German War, the Black Sea Fleet had 1 battleships, 6 cruisers, 3 destroyers, 14 destroyers, 47 submarines, 4 gunboats, 2 torpedo boats, several minesweeper brigades, escort boats, submarine hunting brigades and other ships. The fleet aviation has 625 aircraft of various types. In addition, the Danube Fleet (before 194 1 65438+120 October) and the Azov Fleet reorganized in194/0/were also incorporated into the Black Sea Fleet.
In the early days of the Soviet-German War, the Black Sea Fleet used naval guns and coastal guns to support the army corps and regiments in defensive and coastal operations. Fleet aviation raided some important naval bases, ports and oil fields in Romania. Fleet formations and troops participated in combat activities such as transporting landing soldiers to land, defending naval bases, and destroying enemy maritime transport. From August 194 1 year to June 10, the Black Sea Fleet actively participated in the defense of Odessa and Sevastopol. The Black Sea Fleet participated in the significant Kerch-Feo Docia landing campaign (194 1- 1942). In the Caucasian Campaign (1942- 1943), all the crew members of the fleet supported in the battles of defending Novorossiysk and transporting the landing soldiers to South Ozeleka and Stanika (see Mesako), in the heroic defense of a small place that lasted for seven months, and in the battle of Novorossiysk-Taman (660). During the period of 1944, the formations and troops of the Black Sea Fleet actively participated in the battles of Odessa, Kerim and Yasi-Kishniov. Azov Fleet supported the army to liberate Taganrog, upor of Mali and Osipenco, and accomplished many other important tasks. 1944 In April, the Danube Fleet rebuilt on the basis of Azov Fleet arrived in Vienna from the mouth of the Danube.
During the war, the Black Sea Fleet sank and injured hundreds of enemy combat vessels, auxiliary ships and transport ships. Fleet aviation, naval guns and coastal guns annihilated a large number of enemy support points, effective forces and military technical equipment. The Black Sea Fleet has completed the task of transporting about 2 million people and more than 8 million tons of military and civilian materials at sea. In the battle against the enemy, all officers and men of the fleet set an example, were brave and good at fighting, and mastered superb military skills. In the process of the Black Sea Fleet's successful completion of various combat tasks, the targeted party and government work often carried out has played a huge role in the successful completion of various combat tasks for the Black Sea Fleet. Due to the excellent completion of the tasks assigned by superiors in the war, as well as the courage and high degree of organizational discipline, 18 units in all ships, units and formations of the whole fleet won the title of Guards, 59 units won medals, and 44 units and formations were awarded honorary titles. Thousands of officers and men of the Black Sea Fleet won medals and medals for their outstanding achievements, and more than 200 of them were awarded the title of Soviet hero.
From 1950s to 1960s, the Black Sea Fleet was supplemented by modern weapons and technical equipment such as new ships, planes and missiles. The improvement of the quantity and quality of all arms of the Black Sea Fleet has greatly improved the strength and combat readiness of the fleet and enabled it to be competent for new tasks. Ships of the Black Sea Fleet began their long voyage and exploration to the Mediterranean Sea and the world's oceans. The officers and men of the fleet have shown high naval combat literacy in the "ocean" exercise and a series of other exercises. In recognition of the fighting feats, collective heroism and bravery of the Black Sea Fleet in the Great Patriotic War, on the occasion of celebrating the 20th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet people in this war, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union issued an order on May 7th, 1965, awarding the Black Sea Fleet the Red Flag Medal. Many ships, troops and formations of the fleet were awarded the award flags by The CPC Central Committee of the Soviet Union, the Presidium and the Council of Ministers of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, certificates and medals to commemorate Lenin's birthday, and the award flags of "Courage and Military Heroism" issued by the Soviet Defense Minister. The joint formation of Soviet naval campaign strategy is one of the four major fleets of Soviet navy.
The Russian Far East Navy was founded in/kloc-0 at the beginning of the 8th century. At that time, Peter I sent shipbuilders and navigators to Okhotsk and began to build fishing boats, warships and ports. The Okhotsk fleet was founded in 173 1. 1856, the Okhotsk fleet was reorganized and renamed the Siberian fleet because of its increasing strength and increasing role in defending the Far East. 1904- 1905 Before the Russo-Japanese War began, Russia owned the Pacific Fleet 1 in the Far East. During the Russo-Japanese War, the basic forces of the Russian navy in the Pacific were completely annihilated due to the negligence and poor leadership of the high command (see the naval battle against Malaysia). After the war, Russia's naval power in the Far East was only a fleet weakened in Siberia and several ships in amur river. The officers and men of these two fleets took an active part in the 1905- 1907 revolution. During the October Revolution and Civil War of 19 17, they played an important role in the struggle to establish Soviet regime and annihilate the White Guards and foreign armed interveners in the Far East. When the enemy retreated, they plundered ships of almost all regional fleets. Many sailors on board went to the front and took part in the battle to defend the Soviet regime.
After annihilating the White Guards and expelling Japanese armed meddlers from the Far East, the Soviet Far East Navy (headed by Kozhanov) was established in 1922, including Vladivostok Fleet and amur river Fleet. This navy took an active part in the battle to eliminate the white bandits along the Okhotsk Sea and defend the Soviet border. 1926, the Far East Navy was dissolved, Vladivostok Fleet was handed over to the Far East Maritime Border Guard Force, and amur river Fleet (1926 from September) became an independent regiment of the Red Army Navy of Workers and Peasants. From the late 1920s to the early 1930s, the situation in the Far East became very severe. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Soviet People's Committee have taken a series of measures to strengthen the border defense in the Soviet Far East. 1932 In April, they decided to rebuild the Far East Navy, which later became the backbone of the Pacific Fleet. At that time, submarines, torpedo boats, coastal guns and other technical weapons were transferred from the Baltic and Black Seas to Vladivostok by rail. In a short time, airports, shore artillery fortifications, ship berths, barracks, shipyards and docks were built. Some transport ships and fishing boats have also been converted into minesweepers and minesweepers. Improve the main naval base-Vladivostok. According to the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League of Lenin in the Soviet Union, the youth league organizations in West Siberia, East Siberia and the Far East are responsible for supporting the Far East Navy. After the introduction of the Youth League, thousands of members came to serve in ships, aviation and land forces. Through tenacious study, all the personnel of the Far East Navy have mastered the new technical equipment and the situation of the Pacific theater. Political organs and party organizations actively helped the headquarters to establish the Soviet navy in the Pacific Ocean, and helped to train and educate personnel. Therefore, by the mid-1930s, the Far East Navy had improved both in quantity and quality. 193565438+1October 1 1, the Far East Navy was renamed the Pacific Fleet. Military and political training for all personnel has been further strengthened. 1In August, 938, the air force of the fleet bombed and attacked the enemy forces near Zaojiornaya Mountain and Bezimianya Mountain, while the ships were responsible for transporting materials and equipment for the army, evacuating the wounded and protecting the maritime communication lines (see the Battle of Hassan Lake).
Before the start of World War II, the Pacific Fleet was composed of two surface ship detachments, four submarine detachments, 1 torpedo boat detachments, several independent ship brigades, some aviation units and corps, coastal defense units and weapons, communication service departments and rear service departments. During the Soviet-German War, the fleet was always on standby to deal with the possible aggression of imperialist Japan. Fleet troops cooperated with Soviet troops to strengthen anti-landing defense in coastal areas. At the same time, the Pacific fleet also defends the far east maritime traffic line. Some ships and aviation were transferred to the fleet of the Soviet navy. Many officers and men of the Pacific Fleet fought against the Germans in the ships and troops of the Northern Fleet, the Baltic Fleet and the Black Sea Fleet, as well as in the fleets of rivers, lakes and seas. More than 0/47,000 officers and men of the Pacific Fleet/KLOC were incorporated into various naval infantry brigades and participated in battles in Moscow, Stalingrad, Caucasus, Sevastopol, Leningrad and the Arctic.
Before the start of the war against Japan (1 August 1945), the Pacific Fleet had 2 cruisers, 1 driving warship1ship, 1 destroyer 12, 78 submarines, 1 frigate 19, 1 mine-laying ship 10 and 52 minesweepers. During the Far East Campaign (1945), the fleet aviation carried out a surprise attack on enemy naval bases, airports and other military targets in North Korea. The Pacific Fleet laid mine obstacles in the waters near Vladivostok, Kamchatka-Petropavlovsk, Vladimir Bay and Olga Bay, as well as in tatar strait and Sakhalin Bay, which destroyed the enemy's maritime transportation. The Pacific Fleet successfully completed the task of annihilating enemy military targets and transport ships in North Korea's bases and ports, thus supporting the troops of the Far East 1 Army attacking along the east coast of North Korea. From August 12 to August 20, the landing soldiers transported by the fleet occupied ports such as Xiong Ji, Luo Jin, Yudajin, Jinqing naval base and Yuanshan, which made the troops of 1 army advance rapidly in the coastal direction, preventing the Japanese army from withdrawing troops from North Korean ports and transporting precious materials to Japan by sea. From August 1 1 to 25th, the troops of the Pacific Fleet participated in the Battle of South Sakhalin Island (1945). They cooperated with the forces of Kamchatka, the Second Army of the Far East, and launched the Thousand Islands Landing Campaign (1945), which liberated the island. Fleet aviation dropped airborne troops to Lushun and Dalian. Ships and aviation are not only responsible for protecting maritime traffic, but also escorting various escort transport teams. More than 30,000 naval officers, pilots and marines of the Pacific Fleet won medals and medals for their outstanding achievements, of which 43 were awarded the title of Soviet hero, and Levanov won the second "Golden Star" medal. The whole fleet has 19 ships, and several units and formations have been awarded the title of Guards, 13 units have been awarded the honorary title, and 16 units have been awarded medals. Many officers and men, ships and troops of the amur river Fleet also received high rewards.
1June, 947, the Pacific Fleet was divided into the 5th Fleet (the main naval base was in Vladivostok) and the 7th Fleet (the main naval base was in the Soviet port). 1in April, 953, the two fleets merged into the Pacific Fleet again, and the main base was in Vladivostok. The major military changes that began in the 1950s also had a decisive impact on the development of the Pacific Fleet. In the fleet formation, there are missile surface ships, missile nuclear submarines, torpedo nuclear submarines, missile aviation, coastal missile artillery units and modern marine corps. The long-distance training of ships and aircraft plays an important role in the combat training of fleet and the improvement of naval warfare literacy of personnel. Victorov from April 1932 to June 1937 (the first-class fleet level is from June 1935 to June165438); June1937-June 1938 65438+ 10 is Kireev (first-class fleet level), and June 1938 65438+ 10 -3/kloc-0. 1March, 939 to1June, 947 was Yumashev (the first class was divided into fleet class,1June, 940 was lieutenant general, and1May, 943 was promoted to general). Commander of the Fifth Fleet: 1947,1-1950, Flo vice admiral; 195 1, August-1953, vice admiral, Panteleyev (1953, promoted to general in August 6543). Commander of the Seventh Fleet: 1947 65438+ 10 month-1year 10 month Baikoff vice admiral 195 1 year. Commander of the Pacific Fleet: 1956 65438+ 10-1958 February, Chekhov vice admiral; From February 65438 to June 962, he was the prefect of Fujin; 1June, 962-1March, 969 was a lieutenant general in armel (1April, 964 was promoted to general); 1March 1969 to1September 1974 was smirnoff vice admiral (1April 1970 was promoted to general,165438+1October was promoted to Admiral of the fleet); 1September 1974 to1August 1979 was maslov vice admiral (1April 1975 was promoted to general),1August 1979 was spiridonov vice admiral (1June 1979 was promoted to general).