Affected by climate and population movement (Spring Festival travel rush peak), it is prone to local outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases. Common respiratory infectious diseases in winter and spring are: common cold, influenza, tuberculosis, measles, chickenpox, rubella, mumps, meningitis and so on. It is mainly spread by droplets in the air.

How to prevent respiratory infectious diseases in winter and spring

1. Wash hands frequently: The respiratory secretions of patients with respiratory infectious diseases, such as nasal mucus and sputum, contain a large number of pathogens, which may be transmitted to healthy people through hand contact, so special attention should be paid to hand hygiene.

2. Drink plenty of water: the autumn climate is dry, the dust content in the air is high, and the human nasal mucosa is easily damaged. Drinking plenty of water and keeping the nasal mucosa moist can effectively resist the invasion of viruses, and also help to excrete toxins in the body and purify the environment in the body.

3. Air circulation: In order to prevent the virus from spreading through the air.

4. Strengthen nutrition: eat more fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C to ensure adequate nutrition and enhance immunity.

5. Strengthen exercise: pay attention to daily physical exercise, improve the body's immunity and resistance, and enhance the adaptability to the external environment.

6. Reasonable work and rest: keep the law of life, ensure adequate sleep, prevent excessive tension and fatigue and reduce physical resistance, and try not to go to public places where people are concentrated.

7. Pay attention to cold and warmth: the temperature difference between day and night in autumn is large, so students should add clothes in time according to climate change.

8. Find out and seek medical treatment in time: If you feel unwell, seek medical treatment immediately to avoid delaying your illness.

9. In addition, immunization can also be carried out: corresponding vaccination can be carried out before the epidemic season, such as influenza, pneumonia, measles, meningitis and other vaccines to prevent corresponding respiratory infectious diseases.

flu

Influenza is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease caused by influenza virus. The clinical manifestations are fever, headache, myalgia, fatigue, rhinitis, sore throat, cough and possibly gastrointestinal discomfort.

The difference between flu and common cold:

The onset of common cold is generally slow, fever is usually low-grade, and upper respiratory symptoms such as cough, stuffy nose and runny nose are obvious, while systemic poisoning symptoms such as headache, muscle aches and extreme fatigue are mild and spread slowly; The flu usually starts suddenly, the body temperature often exceeds 39℃, and the symptoms of systemic poisoning are serious, which often forms an epidemic in a short time.

What are the transmission routes of influenza?

Influenza is mainly transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets produced by coughing and sneezing, and sometimes it can be infected by touching objects with viruses on their surfaces and then touching the nose and mouth.

How to treat influenza;

If the flu is not treated, most people will recover within 1-2 weeks. Treatment includes symptomatic treatment and traditional Chinese medicine treatment. Antiviral drugs can be used to treat and prevent influenza and reduce the incidence, complications, hospitalization and death related to influenza. Antiviral drugs need a doctor's prescription to take. If you have influenza, taking antiviral drugs within 48 hours after symptoms appear can relieve symptoms and shorten the course of disease 1-2 days.

How to prevent influenza:

(a) Influenza vaccine is one of the effective methods to prevent influenza and its complications, and it is very effective for some people who are prone to influenza.

People with complications are particularly effective.

(2) In addition, the following measures should be taken to prevent respiratory diseases or influenza infection:

1, pay attention to a balanced diet, exercise regularly, have enough rest, reduce stress and avoid smoking to enhance the body's resistance;

2. Maintain good personal hygiene habits, cover your nose and mouth with a handkerchief or paper towel when sneezing or coughing, to avoid droplets polluting others. Influenza patients wear masks at home or when they go out to avoid infecting others. Wash your hands after sneezing, coughing and clearing your nose; Wash your hands with water and soap for at least half a minute.

3. Open more windows every day for ventilation (avoid ventilation in winter) to keep indoor air circulation;

4. During the high incidence of influenza, try not to go to places with dense people and dirty air; You'd better wear a mask when necessary.

5. If you find flu-like symptoms, you should try not to go to work or attend classes, and seek medical treatment as soon as possible, especially for children, the elderly and patients with chronic diseases.

Who should be vaccinated against influenza:

Those who have been over 6 months and have no contraindications can voluntarily take the flu vaccine at their own expense. Vaccination is recommended for the following people: 1, people over 60 years old;

2. Patients with chronic diseases and the infirm;

3. Staff of medical and health institutions, especially front-line staff;

4. Pupils and kindergarten children;

5. Staff of nursing homes, elderly care centers and child care institutions;

6 service industry employees, especially taxi drivers, drivers and passengers of civil aviation, railway and road transportation, and employees of commercial and tourism services;

epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis

Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by meningococcus, which is highly contagious. Generally, it occurs every year 1 month, with the peak in March and April. It is characterized by acute onset, many changes, rapid spread and wide popularity. Migrant workers often live in poorly ventilated dormitories with poor personal hygiene and are prone to illness.

How to prevent meningitis;

(1) Always open the window for ventilation to keep indoor air circulation. Often dry clothes and bedding to maintain personal hygiene;

2 work and rest on time, ensure sleep, and try to go to crowded public places as little as possible;

(3) Pay attention to the weather change and change clothes at any time; Proper exercise enhances immunity and avoids catching a cold; (4) In case of unexplained fever, fatigue, sore throat and other symptoms, you should go to a regular hospital in time;

5] Vaccination with meningococcal vaccine can effectively prevent meningitis.

tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (commonly known as consumption) is mainly transmitted through the air, that is, patients with open tuberculosis (sputum positive) spread droplets containing mycobacterium tuberculosis in the air by coughing and sneezing, and then they are inhaled by healthy people and infected. The main symptoms of tuberculosis:

(1) Systemic symptoms:

1, general weakness, burnout and fatigue.

2. Fever: Most patients show low fever or afternoon hot flashes.

3, night sweats: mostly in the middle of the night and early morning, patients wake up unconsciously, underwear has been soaked.

4. Loss of appetite, emaciation and weight loss.

(2) Respiratory symptoms:

1, cough and expectoration are the most common early symptoms of tuberculosis. At first, it is a mild or short-term dry cough, which may be accompanied by a small amount of mucus and phlegm, and often does not attract the attention of patients. Often mistaken for colds and tracheitis, with the progress of the disease, the amount of sputum gradually increases, mostly yellow-white or yellow-gray sputum.

2, hemoptysis and blood sputum

3, chest tightness, chest pain.

4. Shortness of breath.

Therefore, anyone who coughs and expectorates for more than 2 weeks, hemoptysis with bloody sputum, chest pain for more than 2 weeks, fever for more than 2 weeks, etc. You should doubt whether you have tuberculosis, and you must go to a regular tuberculosis prevention and treatment institution for examination.

Pay special attention! Tuberculosis patients must go to regular tuberculosis prevention and treatment institutions for treatment, and tuberculosis can be completely cured. What should I do if I get tuberculosis?

With the advent of several major anti-tuberculosis drugs, the history of no cure for tuberculosis is over. Most patients can be cured after 6-8 months of treatment as long as they adhere to the regular treatment plan and use a variety of drugs in combination. In order to ensure that patients can insist on taking medicine and discover the adverse reactions of patients in time, patients are required to take medicine under the supervision of supervisors. The consequences of irregular treatment of tuberculosis patients;

The cure rate of non-standard treatment (non-standard medication, failure to complete the prescribed course of treatment or unreasonable chemotherapy scheme) is only 45%, and about 50% of the treatment failure of very few severe patients can lead to death. Moreover, irregular treatment can easily make bacteria become drug-resistant tuberculosis patients because of drug resistance, and in serious cases, they will become "terminal diseases" because there is no effective drug treatment.

What should tuberculosis patients pay attention to?

Patients with tuberculosis should cover their nose and mouth with handkerchiefs when coughing. Don't cough or sneeze directly in front of people around you. Speak loudly. The place where they live should be ventilated frequently, and clothes, bedding and other supplies should be dried frequently to achieve the purpose of disinfection. We should build up confidence, insist on treatment, and keep a relaxed and happy mood to overcome the disease.

How to prevent tuberculosis

1, the room should be ventilated regularly to keep the indoor air fresh. According to statistics, 99% of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the air can be blown away after ventilation for 4 ~ 5 times every ten minutes.

2. Cultivate good hygiene habits, use special personnel for washing utensils, wash hands frequently, change clothes frequently and disinfect regularly.

3. When coughing or sneezing, cover your nose and mouth with a tissue. Wrap the phlegm in paper and burn it. Don't spit everywhere. Prevent tuberculosis from infecting others through droplets.

4, strengthen physical exercise, life should be regular, pay attention to diet nutrition and adequate sleep, maintain a healthy psychology, enhance the body's resistance, and minimize the chance of getting sick.

National major free policy

In China, chest radiographs and sputum smears are provided free of charge to newly diagnosed patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms or suspected pulmonary tuberculosis patients, sputum smears are provided free of charge to patients with pulmonary tuberculosis who are followed up during treatment, and main anti-tuberculosis drugs are provided free of charge to patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis during treatment.

How do tuberculosis patients view love and marriage?

Tuberculosis can be cured if you can persist in taking medicine for 6-8 months; However, if you don't insist on taking medicine, you will not be cured or become a drug-resistant patient, and it is difficult to completely cure. Therefore, young tuberculosis patients should first concentrate on curing the disease; If you don't have a lover yet, put your love affairs aside until you fully recover; If you are already in love, you should tell each other the truth about your illness. At present, you should concentrate on treating the disease until tuberculosis is cured.

When you get married, don't get married in a hurry when your condition is still unstable, so as to avoid a series of problems such as husband and wife's life, childbirth, prenatal and postnatal care, housework, etc., which will cause unnecessary trouble and adversely affect the treatment.

Summer and autumn:

It is a high incidence period of intestinal infectious diseases, mainly including: bacterial food poisoning, bacterial dysentery, amebic dysentery, viral enteritis, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis and so on. This infectious disease is spread through the "feces-mouth" route, and it is an infectious disease that is "eaten". It is usually caused by bacteria or viruses contaminating hands, drinking utensils or food. And improper treatment, and get sick after eating.

Prevention of intestinal infectious diseases

Bacteria and viruses enter the body through the mouth, grow and multiply rapidly in the intestine, make people sick, and all diseases that can be transmitted to others are collectively called intestinal infectious diseases. Common intestinal infectious diseases include bacillary dysentery, amebic dysentery, cholera, hepatitis A and E, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever.

Prevention of intestinal infectious diseases:

(1) Food should be fresh, and do not eat spoiled food; Don't eat less seafood;

(2) Food should be thoroughly cooked, raw and cooked separately, and raw fruits should be washed and peeled;

(3) Drink clean and hygienic boiled water, and don't drink unsterilized water and raw water; Do not eat cold food; Don't eat food bitten by flies; Don't overeat;

(4) Wash your hands before and after meals, and don't grab cooked food directly;

5] Leftovers and food stored in the refrigerator should be thoroughly cooked before eating; Rotten food can no longer be eaten;

[6] Tableware should be strictly disinfected, and patients with intestinal infectious diseases should not engage in food work;

Once you do a good job in the dormitory and environmental sanitation, don't urinate anywhere. Actively eliminate flies, cockroaches and mice.

(8) Canned food bulges, changes in color and flavor, and is inedible. Don't drink raw water.

(9) Adequate sleep and rich nutrition can enhance physical strength; Keeping a good mood in summer is helpful to prevent intestinal infectious diseases. Proper consumption of garlic and vinegar can prevent gastrointestinal infectious diseases.

⑽ If you are infected with intestinal infectious diseases, you should go to the hospital immediately. Do not use drugs indiscriminately, especially do not use antibiotics for irregular treatment. In order to prevent the emergence of drug resistance, improper use of antibiotics in some intestinal infectious diseases may even lead to life-threatening.

Prevention of respiratory diseases:

Common respiratory infectious diseases in summer and autumn include influenza, legionnaires' disease and tuberculosis. This infectious disease spreads through the respiratory tract and is an "inhaled" infectious disease. Bacteria or viruses can spread directly through the air, or enter the human body through the respiratory tract through the droplet nucleus of bacteria or viruses in dust.

Preventive measures for respiratory infectious diseases;

Always keep indoor ventilation and keep the air fresh; Pay attention to personal hygiene, do not spit everywhere, daily necessities are often disinfected in the sun and properly handled; When there is an epidemic of respiratory infectious diseases, you should wear masks in public places, especially crowded places. Vaccination can be carried out when necessary: such as BCG vaccination to prevent tuberculosis and influenza vaccination to prevent influenza.

Prevention of insect-borne diseases

Common insect-borne infectious diseases in summer and autumn include Japanese encephalitis, malaria, dengue fever and epidemic hemorrhagic fever. This infectious disease is spread by some insect vectors, such as mosquitoes, mites, lice and fleas. This is an infectious disease spread by bites. Insects bite patients first, then healthy people, and at the same time introduce bacteria or viruses into healthy people to cause disease.

Preventive measures:

The best measures to prevent this infectious disease are to prevent mosquito bites, vigorously carry out patriotic health campaigns and eliminate mosquitoes; be filled/suffused/brimming with

Mosquito control in Italian rooms; If you can't ensure complete mosquito control, you should have effective mosquito control facilities in the room and use mosquito nets. When using mosquito repellent, it should be applied repeatedly every few hours; Wear long-sleeved clothes when going out (especially from dusk to sunrise); Patients found early should be diagnosed and isolated as early as possible to prevent the spread of the virus. If you have any diseases during or after your trip, such as high fever or similar cold symptoms, you should see a doctor as soon as possible and have a blood test. The earlier diagnosis and treatment, the more effective.

epidemic encephalitis B

Japanese encephalitis (JE), also known as encephalitis, is an acute infectious disease caused by JE virus, mainly manifested as central nervous system lesions. It is prevalent in summer and autumn, mostly in children under 10, especially children aged 3-6. In recent years, the incidence of adults and the elderly has also increased. Japanese encephalitis has the characteristics of acute onset, rapid progress, dangerous condition, high mortality, serious sequelae and lifelong disability.

There are three main measures to prevent and control Japanese encephalitis:

First, timely detection, isolation and treatment of patients;

The second is to kill mosquitoes. Strengthen the management of animal infectious sources and do a good job in environmental sanitation;

The third is to do a good job in vaccination and inject Japanese encephalitis vaccine in time. In the first 1-2 months of the epidemic season of Japanese encephalitis, children under 10 were vaccinated with Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Usually, we should pay attention to strengthening children's physique and improving their disease resistance.

Hepatitis B:

Hepatitis B is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), and its sources of infection are mainly acute and chronic hepatitis B patients and virus carriers. Patients with acute phase are contagious at the end of the incubation period and acute phase, but not more than 6 months.

Transmission route of hepatitis B

HBV is mainly transmitted through blood and blood products, mother-to-child transmission, damaged skin and mucosa and sexual contact. Transdermal transmission mainly occurs in the use of medical instruments and syringes that are not strictly disinfected, invasive diagnosis and treatment operations and operations, intravenous drug use, etc. Others such as pedicures, tattoos, ear piercings, accidental exposure of medical staff at work, and the use of razors and toothbrushes can also spread. Sexual contact with HBV-positive people, especially those who have multiple sexual partners, will significantly increase the risk of HBV infection.

Daily work or life contact, such as working in the office (including using computer and other office supplies), shaking hands, hugging, sharing a dormitory, eating in the same restaurant, using the toilet, etc., generally will not be infected with HBV.

Who needs to be vaccinated against hepatitis B?

There are two key groups for hepatitis B vaccination, one is a newborn and the other is an adult. At present, all newborns are planned immunization, and newborns are vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine as soon as they are born, which basically guarantees that they will not get hepatitis B in the future. Adults need to be tested before vaccination. The test results show that the surface antigen, surface antibody and core antibody of hepatitis B virus are all negative, and hepatitis B vaccine can only be vaccinated if transaminase is normal. Family contacts of hepatitis B virus carriers, people engaged in the food service industry, and protection workers need immunization in particular. Hepatitis B patients and hepatitis B virus carriers do not need to get hepatitis B vaccine because they have been infected with hepatitis B virus.

The difference between Big Sanyang and Small Sanyang:

Big sanyang is highly contagious, while small sanyang is not contagious or weakly contagious. There is no distinction between big three-yang and small three-yang. Don't take it for granted that Big Three Yang is more serious than Small Three Yang when you hear the word "Big", and "Big" and "Small" only play a role in distinguishing the results of two "hepatitis B two and a half" tests, just as people's names are used to distinguish people.

If it is found to be hepatitis B (that is, abnormal liver function), doctors will take active treatment measures. With the current medical level, as long as they actively cooperate with doctors to treat liver function, it is easy to return to normal. So go to a regular hospital for examination and treatment, listen to the doctor's guidance, and don't believe in medical advertisements.

Prevention of hepatitis B:

We should abide by sexual ethics, lead an honest and clean life, and not engage in sexual promiscuity. Don't take drugs in any way. Do not import blood that has not been strictly tested. Doctors and nurses insist on one needle and one tube injection. Do not use razors, toothbrushes and other unclean medical devices. Vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective way to protect susceptible population and prevent hepatitis B.

Hepatitis B virus carriers and their preventive measures

All HBsAg-positive "big three yang" or "small three yang" with normal liver function and no abnormality in abdominal B-ultrasound are hepatitis B virus carriers.

HBV carriers should pay attention to the following matters:

① Regular physical examination: Although HBV carriers have no symptoms and normal liver function, they should still pay attention to the law of life and not be overworked. 3-6 months to go to a regular hospital to check liver function, seven indicators, abdominal B-ultrasound. If you have symptoms such as fatigue and anorexia, you should come to the hospital for treatment in time;

2 can't donate blood;

(3) The cup is special, so that eating and drinking are separated, and drinking in large quantities is prohibited; Toothbrushes, washing utensils and towels are used alone;

④ Pay attention to the protection of delivery and abortion: HBV carriers, regardless of gender, can get married and have children. Mother-to-child transmission is one of the important transmission routes of hepatitis B virus. After delivery, the contents of the newborn's mouth and pharynx should be removed in time, and the infant should be injected with hepatitis B immunoglobulin and hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours (as required);

⑤ Traumatic bleeding should be properly handled.

How to prevent rabies

Dogs, wolves and cats with rabies virus in their bodies are the sources of rabies infection, and people are infected by these crazy animals. To prevent rabies, we should:

(1) To kill wild dogs, domestic dogs should be vaccinated;

(2) After being bitten by a rabies animal, clean the wound in time and go to the local disease prevention and control center for treatment, and inject rabies vaccine in full and in full, and inject anti-rabies virus serum at the same time when necessary.

How to prevent "pinkeye"

Epidemic conjunctivitis, commonly known as "red eye disease", is caused by viruses or bacteria, which mostly occurs in summer and autumn. It is highly contagious and often causes epidemics or pandemics. Preventive measures are as follows:

(1) Wash your hands frequently with running water, and don't use towels or handkerchiefs with others; (2) Don't rub your eyes with your hands; (3) Don't go to crowded public places or swim when pink eye is prevalent, so as to reduce the chance of infection; (4) Red-eye patients at home should be treated in isolation in time.