Water rescue can be roughly divided into indirect rescue and direct rescue.
Indirect rescue refers to throwing lifebuoys, life jackets, wooden boards and other life-saving devices for rescue (Figure 1 [indirect rescue]). Direct rescue refers to the direct rescue by personnel when there is no rescue equipment or the drowning person is in a coma. Direct rescue should pay attention to the following matters: ① Before entering the water, rescuers should observe the ups and downs of the flooded place and the drowning person (whether in a coma or struggling in the water).
If the drowning person falls into still water, rescuers can swim directly into the water to rescue him. If the drowning person falls into a fast-flowing river, the ambulance personnel should run obliquely in front of the drowning person and swim to the drowning person for rescue. (2) if the ambulance personnel are not familiar with the water situation, they should avoid entering the water first, and it is best to use the method of separating their legs and extending their arms to both sides or forward.
(3) When approaching the drowning person, observe the movements of the drowning person with breaststroke. When the drowning person struggles, the rescuers should not approach the drowning person directly, but should rescue him from behind to avoid being caught by the drowning person and being in danger.
After approaching the drowning person, first lift the drowning person out of the water from behind, and then transport the drowning person to the shore for rescue by side swimming or anti-breaststroke. (4) Ambulancemen should not only master the technology of saving people, but also master the technology of liberation.
2. What is the basic knowledge of water rescue?
Water rescue can be roughly divided into indirect rescue and direct rescue.
Indirect rescue refers to throwing lifebuoys, life jackets, wooden boards and other life-saving devices for rescue (Figure 1 [indirect rescue]). Direct rescue refers to the direct rescue by personnel when there is no rescue equipment or the drowning person is in a coma. Direct rescue should pay attention to the following matters: ① Before entering the water, rescuers should observe the ups and downs of the flooded place and the drowning person (whether in a coma or struggling in the water).
If the drowning person falls into still water, rescuers can swim directly into the water to rescue him. If the drowning person falls into a fast-flowing river, the ambulance personnel should run obliquely in front of the drowning person and swim to the drowning person for rescue. (2) if the ambulance personnel are not familiar with the water situation, they should avoid entering the water first, and it is best to use the method of separating their legs and extending their arms to both sides or forward.
(3) When approaching the drowning person, observe the movements of the drowning person with breaststroke. When the drowning person struggles, the rescuers should not approach the drowning person directly, but should rescue him from behind to avoid being caught by the drowning person and being in danger.
After approaching the drowning person, first lift the drowning person out of the water from behind, and then transport the drowning person to the shore for rescue by side swimming or anti-breaststroke. (4) Ambulancemen should not only master the technology of saving people, but also master the technology of liberation.
3. Three common senses of the importance of first aid
1, artificial respiration
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is usually used to blow your exhaled gas into the lungs of the wounded and sick to ensure the minimum oxygen supply to maintain life. During artificial respiration, one hand is pressed on the forehead of the injured person to make his head lean back, and the index finger and middle finger of the other hand are placed on his jaw to hold his jaw up and keep his airway open. Then, the rescuer pinched the patient's bilateral nostrils with his hand pressing the patient's forehead. Then wrap the injured person's lips tightly and blow smoothly under the operation of keeping the airway open, but be careful not to leak. If blowing is effective, the chest will expand and fall with the exhalation of gas. After blowing, the mouth and lips of the rescuer leave, release the fingers that hold the nose, let the gas exhale, and at the same time turn to breathe fresh air, and then blow for the second time. Each blowing time should be no less than 1 sec for adults and 1 sec for children, with a frequency of 8- 12 times per minute.
2. Chest compressions
When a person's heart stops beating, the blood circulation of the human body stops, and chest compression is to promote blood circulation with the help of external force. The compression position should be above the sternum and between the breasts. Hands and palms overlap in this area, and fingers are straight or cross-interlocked. When pressing, the upper body leans forward, the arms are straight, and the shoulders are directly above the patient's sternum. Press vertically for 4-5 cm, and then relax, but don't put your hands on your chest, every minute 100 times, and the rhythm should be even.
It should be specially reminded that artificial respiration should be performed alternately with chest compressions, with 30 compressions and 2 blows as a cycle. This process is also called cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
3, trauma hemostasis
When the blood loss of human body exceeds 40% of the whole body blood volume, life will be threatened. The most commonly used method of wound hemostasis is pressure bandage hemostasis, which can be used for wounds in head, limbs and all parts of the body. The specific method is to let the patient sit or lie down, raise the injured part, cover the wound with sterile gauze, then directly press it for 5- 10 minutes by hand, and then wrap the wound with bandage or triangle towel to help the wound stop bleeding. If the wound is swollen and numb, it means improper dressing. When the body bleeds, if the color of blood is bright red, it means arterial bleeding. At the same time, you can press the upper part of the bleeding mouth by hand to stop bleeding effectively, but this method should not exceed 10 minutes at a time, otherwise it will affect the blood supply of the whole limb.
4. The importance of mastering first aid methods.
Accidents cannot be ignored.
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, flash floods and floods always come with their usual momentum. From various news reports, it is not difficult to find that when a major disaster occurs, the size of the disaster in all affected countries is always eye-catching; Countries that attach importance to disaster prevention are often less affected. The Indian Ocean tsunami earthquake in 2004, which hit unsuspecting Indonesia hard, is a good example.
Even with a strong sense of disaster, disasters caused by natural disasters may not be completely avoided, but what is important is how to save lives and reduce losses as much as possible in the face of sudden disasters. Before the arrival of a professional rescue team, can people save themselves or others in the face of painful injuries? According to statistics, about 3.5 million people in the world die every year from accidents, accidents or violent acts in daily life, and the number of injured people who need treatment is about 100 to 500 times, of which about 2 million victims are permanently disabled for various reasons.
B traditional ambulances highlight their shortcomings.
When dealing with critical patients in traditional rescue methods, the wound is usually temporarily stopped and bandaged first, and then the doctor sends the patient to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment. At the rescue site, people without first aid skills are often at a loss in the face of relatives who have respiratory and cardiac arrest, eyes closed and dying. In the event of accidental injury, the most precious thing in the process of self-help or rescue is the first 4 minutes of the incident, commonly known as "golden 4 minutes". When the ambulance arrived at the scene, many fresh lives had missed the best treatment opportunity, causing lifelong regret. The modern rescue concept is based on the "first time" (within 4 minutes) emergency rescue, and emergency rescue is to highlight the word "early". A "first witness at the scene" with first-aid skills can completely alleviate the disability and pain of the victims and even save lives by implementing preliminary first-aid measures for the victims. If supplemented by modern professional emergency rescue system, a large number of victims can fully seize the opportunity of survival.
C countries all over the world attach great importance to it.
In recent years, several major disasters around the world have aroused many thoughts from all countries in the world, which makes the concept of "preventing accidents as much as possible and minimizing adverse consequences" more and more supported by all countries in the world. Protecting people's life and health from the perspective of "popularizing health care knowledge and skills to the whole people" has been highly valued by the state.
Medical rescue training in China began in the late 1980s. From 65438 to 0987, eight ministries and commissions in China jointly issued the Notice on Carrying out Mass Health Rescue Training. Since then, the state has begun to require all localities to extensively carry out mass health care training. 65438-0992 The Ministry of Health and the China Red Cross jointly issued the Opinions on Further Carrying out Health Rescue Work, which reiterated the importance attached by the state to health rescue work. In August, 20001year, China Red Cross, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Civil Affairs, etc. 14 ministries and bureaus jointly issued the national emergency rescue guidance notice-"Opinions of China Red Cross on Extensive and Deep Rescue Work". Under the guidance of relevant spirit, mass medical rescue training has been carried out all over the country.
According to incomplete statistics, the Red Cross Societies in 28 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government adhere to the combination of primary health care with safe production, vocational training, spiritual civilization construction and membership development, and have trained Red Cross ambulance personnel10 million. These well-trained quasi-professionals are fully capable of self-help and rescue in an emergency.
5. Three common senses of the importance of first aid
1, artificial respiration
Mouth-to-mouth breathing is usually used to blow your exhaled gas into the lungs of the wounded and sick to ensure the minimum oxygen supply to maintain life. During artificial respiration, one hand is pressed on the forehead of the injured person to make his head lean back, and the index finger and middle finger of the other hand are placed on his jaw to hold his jaw up and keep his airway open. Then, the rescuer pinched the patient's bilateral nostrils with his hand pressing the patient's forehead. Then wrap the injured person's lips tightly and blow smoothly under the operation of keeping the airway open, but be careful not to leak. If blowing is effective, the chest will expand and fall with the exhalation of gas. After blowing, the mouth and lips of the rescuer leave, release the fingers that hold the nose, let the gas exhale, and at the same time turn to breathe fresh air, and then blow for the second time. Each blowing time should be no less than 1 sec for adults and 1 sec for children, with a frequency of 8- 12 times per minute.
2. Chest compressions
When a person's heart stops beating, the blood circulation of the human body stops, and chest compression is to promote blood circulation with the help of external force. The compression position should be above the sternum and between the breasts. Hands and palms overlap in this area, and fingers are straight or cross-interlocked. When pressing, the upper body leans forward, the arms are straight, and the shoulders are directly above the patient's sternum. Press vertically for 4-5 cm, and then relax, but don't put your hands on your chest, every minute 100 times, and the rhythm should be even.
It should be specially reminded that artificial respiration should be performed alternately with chest compressions, with 30 compressions and 2 blows as a cycle. This process is also called cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
3, trauma hemostasis
When the blood loss of human body exceeds 40% of the whole body blood volume, life will be threatened. The most commonly used method of wound hemostasis is pressure bandage hemostasis, which can be used for wounds in head, limbs and all parts of the body. The specific method is to let the patient sit or lie down, raise the injured part, cover the wound with sterile gauze, then directly press it for 5- 10 minutes by hand, and then wrap the wound with bandage or triangle towel to help the wound stop bleeding. If the wound is swollen and numb, it means improper dressing. When the body bleeds, if the color of blood is bright red, it means arterial bleeding. At the same time, you can press the upper part of the bleeding mouth by hand to stop bleeding effectively, but this method should not exceed 10 minutes at a time, otherwise it will affect the blood supply of the whole limb.
6. What first aid knowledge is important in daily life? Why?
In case of danger, both the rescuer and the rescued should keep calm. Different dangers also have different first aid points. The following three first aid methods are suitable for different situations.
First aid for heatstroke: 1. Immediately move the patient to a ventilated, cool and dry place, such as a corridor or under a tree. 2. Let the patient lie on his back, unbutton his collar and take off or loosen his coat.
If clothes are soaked by sweat, change dry clothes, and turn on the electric fan or air conditioner (direct blowing should be avoided) to dissipate heat as soon as possible. 3. Cold compress the head, armpit and groin with a wet towel, and wipe the whole body with warm water if possible, at the same time, accelerate blood circulation and promote heat dissipation.
4. Conscious patients or patients who have cooled off summer heat can drink mung bean soup, light salt water, or take Ren Dan, ten drops of water and Huoxiang Zhengqi water (capsules) to cool off summer heat. 5. In case of high fever, coma, convulsion and other symptoms, the patient should lie on his side, tilt his head back, and keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. At the same time, you should immediately call 120 for help from medical staff for emergency treatment.
Second, the common emergency treatment methods for burns and scalds are: 1. If the burn site is the head and neck, there is no need to bandage it. Exposure therapy should be used, and only burn ointment should be applied to the wound, but nose, tears and saliva should not pollute the wound. Once the wound is seriously polluted, tetanus antitoxin and antibiotics should be injected into the hospital when necessary to control infection.
2. If the blisters have been broken after burns, and the local area is polluted by dirt, it should be washed with normal saline, and the surrounding area should be cleaned and disinfected. Then cover the wound with vaseline gauze and sterile gauze and change the dressing every 2-3 days. 3. If blisters are formed after burns, it is best not to puncture the blisters to avoid infection. If the blisters are large, you need to go to the hospital for treatment.
4, for a small area of mild burns, can be washed with cold water in time, in order to reduce the temperature, reduce pain and swelling. If the burned area is dirty, you can wash it with soapy water, but don't scrub it hard; Dip in dry water, and then apply medicine such as scald cream and safflower oil.
Third, drowning first aid 1, when trying to get close to drowning patients, rescuers should use some means of transportation (boats, life rafts, wave breakers, floating devices) to reach the patients as soon as possible, and rescuers must always pay attention to their own safety and reduce the danger of themselves and patients. 2. All patients should be regarded as possible spinal cord injuries, and should be treated to fix the cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
Fix the patient's neck in a neutral position (no flexion or extension), make the patient lie on his back and float on the horizontal back support device, and then lift it off the water. If it is necessary to turn the patient over, keep the head, neck, chest and body in a straight line along the long axis, and carefully roll the wooden sample to the horizontal supine position.
3. While keeping the head neutral, lift your chin to open the airway. Once the patient's airway can be opened, respiratory therapy should be started, usually after the patient is in shallow water or out of water.
If it is difficult for rescuers to hold the patient's nostrils, support the head and open the airway in the water, mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration can be used instead of mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Mud, weeds, vomit, dentures, etc. What is in the mouth and nose should be removed, and it is not necessary to remove the wrong water absorption in the airway.
Heimlich method should not be routinely used for resuscitation of drowning patients. Tightly wrapped underwear and belts should be loosened.
4. Immediately after chest compression, take the patient out of the water, and check the circulation indication, systemic circulation indication (reactive exercise of breathing, cough or respiratory therapy) and pulse. Vomiting during resuscitation may occur during chest compressions or respiratory therapy. Turn the patient's head to one side and remove the vomit with fingers, clothes and aspirator.
If there may be spinal cord injury, it should be fixed, and the head, neck and trunk should move as a whole when moving. It is best to know what kind of poison is contained in the water.
The drowning person may have primary or secondary hypothermia and should be reheated. Extended data:
Emergency rescue procedures usually have these steps: the first step is to call the emergency number120; The second is to quickly transfer the injured to the nearest safe place; The third is to quickly classify the wounded, first rescue the critically ill and give priority to escorting the critically ill.
In the case of serious injury or sudden illness, we should pay special attention to the following first aid points when calling for help: First, implement rapid rescue. Second, we should put the wounded and sick in a ventilated place.
We must follow the "three fasts" principle of quick grab, quick rescue and quick delivery. Ensure that the injured and rescuers are not in further danger.
Check the wounded: including consciousness, breathing, pulse, pupil, trauma, bleeding, etc. Help 1. Calm down on-site command and ask others for help.
2. Tel: 120 (please specify the location, injury, number of people, name and required support items. First aid priority: 1. Keep the respiratory tract open.
2. Rebuild the respiratory function-when breathing stops, give artificial respiration. 3. When the heart stops when the circulatory function is reconstructed (1), it is given to the outside of the heart.
(2), severe bleeding to stop bleeding. 4. Prevent shock.
5. Prevent injury again. Grasp the principle of 1, and put the injured person in a correct and comfortable posture to prevent the illness from getting worse.
2. Keep warm, but avoid overheating and sweating. 3. Give psychological support to the injured.
4, detailed records, and observe the patient's condition changes at any time. The key points of first aid in case of serious injury or sudden serious illness are: a. Quick rescue (such as dragging the injured out of the water or fire).