In the process of English-Chinese translation, due to the different expressions between English and Chinese, some sentences can be translated word for word, while others cannot. Only by translating the parts of speech well can the translation be smooth and natural. We should pay attention to the application of part-of-speech translation skills from four aspects.

1, translated into verbs. Some nouns, prepositions and adverbs in English can be translated into Chinese verbs.

The absence of any special excretory system can be explained in a similar way.

Plants have no special excretory system, which can also be explained. (noun translation)

When he ran out, he forgot to wear his shoes. He forgot to wear his shoes when he ran out.

2, translated into nouns. Some verbs and adjectives in English can be translated into nouns in Chinese.

The earth where we live is spherical.

The earth where we live is shaped like a big ball. (Verb translation)

The doctor tried his best to treat the patients and the wounded.

The doctor tried his best to treat the wounded and sick. (adjective conversion)

3. Translate into adjectives. Some abstract nouns used as predicative or object in English and nouns derived from adjectives can often be translated into adjectives in Chinese. In addition, when an English verb is translated into a Chinese noun, the adverbs that originally modified the verb are often translated into Chinese adjectives.

It is useless to detect objects in water with radar.

It is useless to detect underwater targets with radar. (Nouns translated into predicative)

The sun has a great influence on people's mind and body.

The sun has a great influence on people's body and mind. (Adverb translation)

4. Translate into adverbs. Some nouns and adjectives in English can be translated into adverbs in Chinese.

When he found a potential opponent, his instinct was to win him over with charm and humor. As soon as he finds people who may be against him, he will instinctively win them over with his charm and humor. (noun translation)

Second, the choice of meaning and extension skills

There are multiple categories and polysemy in both English and Chinese. Multi-category means that a word often belongs to several parts of speech and has several different meanings; Polysemy means that the same word often has several different meanings in the same part of speech. In the process of English-Chinese translation, after understanding the structure of the original sentence, we should be good at using the skills of selecting key words and determining the meaning of the original sentence to make the translation natural and smooth, which fully conforms to Chinese idioms. Choosing words with definite meanings can usually start from two aspects:

1. Choose and determine the meaning of words according to their part of speech in the sentence.

They look exactly alike. They are very similar. (adjective)

He prefers mathematics to physics. He prefers mathematics to physics. (verb)

Wheat and oats are all cereals. Wheat and oats are all cereals. (noun)

2. Choose and determine the meaning of words according to the context and the collocation of words in sentences.

He was the last person to come. He came last.

He is the last person for the job. He is the last person to do the job.

He should be the last person to blame. He is not to blame.

I never expected to meet you here. I never expected to see you here.

Semantic extension is one of the common skills in English-Chinese translation. When translating, sometimes some words can't find proper meanings in the English dictionary. If it is rote learning or word-for-word translation, the translation will be blunt and obscure, unable to accurately express the original intention, and even lead to misunderstanding. At this time, it is necessary to further extend it according to the context and logical relationship and the fundamental meaning of the word. When extending, we can often consider it from three aspects.

1, which means translation. When we encounter some words or phrases that cannot or are not suitable for literal translation, we should make extended translation according to the context and logical relationship.

The energy of the sun mainly reaches the earth in the form of light and heat. Solar energy is mainly transmitted to the earth in the form of light and heat.

2. The meaning is concrete. According to the expression habit of Chinese, some words with general meaning in the original text are extended to words with specific meaning.

The last stage rose even higher, sending Apollo into orbit around the earth. The last stage rocket rose higher. Apollo? Into orbit around the earth.

3. Abstraction of meaning. According to the expression habits of Chinese, some words with more specific meanings in the original text are extended to words with more abstract meanings, or words with more vivid meanings are extended to words with more general meanings.

Everyone's life has roses and thorns. Everyone's life has its ups and downs.

Third, the skills of adding words in Chinese translation

When translating English into Chinese, add some words according to the needs of meaning, rhetoric or syntax, so that the translation can express the ideological content of the original more faithfully and smoothly; However, what is added is not something out of nothing, but some meaningful words in the original text, which is one of the commonly used techniques in English-Chinese translation. Word addition skills are generally divided into two situations.

1. According to the needs of meaning or rhetoric, the following seven kinds of words can be added.

Flowers are in full bloom in the yard. Flowers are in full bloom in the yard. (Add words representing plural nouns)

After banquets, concerts and table tennis performances, he came home tired. After attending banquets, concerts and table tennis performances, he returned home tired. (add verbs)

He buried his face in his hands and sat down. He sat down and covered his face with his hands. (add adverbs)

I know two great social systems. That was before, he experienced two social systems. (Add words to express tenses)

As for me, I didn't agree from the beginning. As for me, I disapproved from the beginning. (Add mood particles)

This article summarizes the new achievements in electronic computers, satellites and rockets. This paper summarizes the new achievements in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets. (Add concluding words)

2. Add this vocabulary according to the needs of grammar.

Reading makes a full person; An alert person; Write an exact person.

Reading makes a full man, discussion makes a witty man, and writing makes an exact man. (Add verbs omitted from the original sentence)

As we all know, all objects on the earth have weight.

Everyone knows that everything on the earth will have weight. (Add common words to passive sentences)

Fourth, pros and cons, anyway, Chinese translation skills

Chinese positive and negative translation skills refer to breaking through the form of the original text, processing the text by changing the tone, translating the positive into the negative and the negative into the positive. Using this technique can make the translation more in line with Chinese norms or rhetorical requirements, without losing its original intention. This technology can be described from five aspects.

1, positive translation and negative translation

The above facts are based on the following conflicts. The above facts make people have to draw the following conclusions.

2. Negative translation is positive.

She won't leave until you promise to help her. She won't leave until you promise to help.

3. Double negative translation affirmation

Without shadow, there is no sunshine, and where there is sunshine, there is shadow.

However, what if the original English text is preserved when translating? Negation of negation? Under the condition that the form does not affect the fluency of Chinese, the purpose of reservation can also highlight the euphemistic tone in the original text. He is not incompetent for the job. He is not incompetent.

4. Positive and negative shift

I don't know. I don't think he will come. I don't think he will come.

5. Translate into partial negation

Not all minerals come from mines. Not all minerals come from mines.

Neither substance is soluble in water. Not both substances are soluble in water.

Fifthly, repetition skills in Chinese translation.

Repetition is an indispensable translation skill in English-Chinese translation. Because English-Chinese translation often needs to repeat some words in the original text to make the translation clear and specific; Due to the different structures of English and Chinese languages, the means and functions of repetition are often different, which can be roughly divided into three types.

For clarity, 1

I experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.

I've met either the oxygen equipment or the engine, or both (noun repetition).

Under normal pressure, water freezes at 0℃ and becomes steam at 65438℃ +000℃.

Under normal pressure, water becomes ice at 0℃ and steam at 100℃. (Repetitive verb)

A place has its own overall interests, a country has its own overall interests and the earth has its own overall interests.

A place has the overall situation of a place, a country has the overall situation of a country, and a planet has the overall situation of a planet.

2. To emphasize

He wandered in the street, thinking and thinking.

He wandered in the street, thinking and thinking, calculating and calculating.

3. To be vivid

Stars and nebulae look like spots or small pieces of light. They are really huge celestial bodies.

Stars and nebulae look like spots or small pieces of light, but they are really huge celestial bodies.

Sixth, reverse translation skills

The formation and arrangement of English and Chinese words are very different, so it is very common to make some adjustments and reverse the order in English-Chinese translation. This translation technique can be divided into five types.

1, translation skills of complex sentences. Complex inversion can be divided into two techniques: partial inversion and complete inversion.

Six new departments have been established in this university, namely. Computer, high energy physics, laser, geophysics, remote sensing and genetic engineering.

The university now has six newly-established majors, including computer, high-energy physics, laser, earth, physics, remote sensing technology and genetic engineering. (partial translation)

Many laws of nature actually exist in nature, although they have not yet been discovered.

Although many natural laws have not been discovered, they do exist in nature. (Complete translation)

2. Translation skills of passive sentences. When translating passive sentences, sometimes passive sentences can be translated into active sentences, and sometimes adverbials can be translated into subjects.

Although we can't see the atom, its structure can be described accurately.

Although we can't see the atomic structure, we can describe it accurately. (Passive sentences are translated into active sentences)

Table tennis is played all over China. Table tennis is everywhere in China. (Adverbial translated into subject)

3. Some translation skills of sentences starting with negative adverbs or conditional adverbs. Adverbs that can cause this kind of reverse translation are no, never, Hardy and no longer. Never, until, even, only wait.

I have never read such an interesting book before. I have never read such an interesting book.

4. Local translation skills of prepositional phrase sentences.

These data will be of some value to our research work.

These materials are of some value to our research work.

5. Translation skills of idioms. The reverse translation of idioms can be divided into three techniques: reverse translation in fixed Chinese order, reverse translation in order of priority and reverse translation.

The last 600 miles of the Yellow River flow eastward through the flat, fertile and densely populated North China Plain.

The last 600 miles of the Yellow River flow eastward through the flat, fertile and densely populated North China Plain. (Translated in the fixed order of Chinese)

Heal the wounded and rescue the dying and practice revolutionary humanitarianism.

Heal the wounded and rescue the dying and practice revolutionary humanitarianism. (Translated according to severity)

We must be nimble and nimble. We must be nimble and nimble. (Reverse translation)

Seven, clauses, sentence translation skills

In English-Chinese translation, due to the great differences in sentence structure between the two languages, it is often necessary to change the sentence structure to adapt to Chinese expression habits. It is an important skill to use clause combination in translation to achieve this goal. The so-called clause refers to translating a simple sentence of the original text into two or more sentences; The so-called name combination refers to the translation of two or more simple sentences or a compound sentence of the original text into a single sentence. Using this Chinese translation technique of clause combination can make the translation clear and more in line with Chinese expression habits. There are five techniques for stream translation of clauses and three techniques for Chinese translation of sentences. Let's talk about five Chinese translation skills of clauses.

1, Chinese translation skills of subject clauses.

A man who has been on the moon for 12 days will find that a year has passed when he returns to the earth.

If a man stays on the moon for twelve days, when he returns to the earth, he will find that a year has passed.

2. Chinese translation skills of predicate clauses.

Needless to say, oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.

Needless to say, oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.

3. Chinese translation skills of attributive clauses

He successfully planted 200 miraculous tomatoes, each weighing two pounds.

He actually planted 200 miracle tomatoes, each weighing two pounds.

4. Chinese translation skills of adverbial clauses

Sunlight permeates wherever they can, driving away darkness and suffocating shadows.

Sunlight enters where it can penetrate, driving away darkness and dispersing shadows.

5. Chinese translation skills of appositive clauses.

Mary is usually a timid girl, so she had a heated argument with them.

Mary is usually a shy girl, and now she has a heated debate with them.

Eight, the translation skills of sentence elements

Due to the different expressions between English and Chinese, it is often necessary to change sentence components in specific English-Chinese translation to make the translation logical, fluent and focused. As a translation skill, sentence component translation is rich in content, diverse in forms and widely used, including five aspects.

1, subject translation skills, can translate the subject of a sentence into attributes, objects, adverbials and so on in Chinese.

The wing is responsible for keeping the sir plane flying in the air.

The function of the wing is to keep the plane in the air. (translated into attributes)

In order to get all the stages off the ground, it is necessary to push hard for the first time.

In order to get all stages of the rocket off the ground, a huge first thrust is needed. (Convert to Object)

Machines make the products of the factory much cheaper than before.

Because of the machinery, the products produced by the factory are much cheaper than before. (translated into adverbial)

2. Predicate translation skills. Predicates can be translated into attributes.

The working principle of radar is very similar to that of flashlight. Radar works much like a flashlight.

3. Object translation skills. You can translate the object into the subject.

The functions performed by automatic lathes are basically similar, but the forms are different.

The functions of various automatic lathes are basically the same, but the forms are different.

4. Attributive translation skills. Attribute can be translated into predicate and adverbial.

Neutrons have a slightly greater mass than protons.

The mass of neutrons is slightly greater than that of protons. (translated into predicate)

Scientists in that county have now got the necessary books, equipment and assistants, which will ensure the success of their scientific research.

Now scientists in this county have got the necessary books, instruments and assistants to ensure the success of scientific research. (translated into adverbial)

5. Adverbial translation skills. Adverbial translation generally refers to the translation of adverbial clauses. It can be divided into three forms: translating time adverbial clauses into conditional adverbial clauses, translating place adverbial clauses into conditional adverbial clauses, and translating cause adverbial clauses into the subject of complex sentences.

These three colors, red, green and purple, are mixed together to produce white.

Red, green and purple will become white if they are combined together. (Time adverbial clause translated into conditional adverbial clause)

Where there is nothing in the beam path, nothing can be seen.

If there is nothing in the beam path, you can't see anything. (Location adverbial clause translated into conditional adverbial clause)

Because he is convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he sticks to his opinion.

He was convinced that it was correct and reliable, so he stuck to what he saw. (The adverbial clause of cause is translated into the main clause of positive causal complex sentence)