Classical revivalism
eclecticism
constructivism
futurism
deconstruct
expressionism
purism
rationalism
functionalpsychology
intertional style
Bauhausism
Organ-only change theory
modernism
postmodernism
the practice of formalities for formalities' sake
Fauvism art
High-tech school
Descartes school of abstract painting
Chicago school
purism
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In fact, these are not all. Many theories are intertwined and blended with each other, each with its own characteristics and similarities. Many buildings find it difficult to explain what kind of theory it is.
History of Foreign Modern Architecture-Terminology Interpretation (Reprinted)
Label: nouns explain architectural history
Romantic architecture (romantic architecture) is from the second half of18th century to the second half of19th century. Under the influence of literary romanticism, it is popular in some European and American countries. Romanticism emphasizes individuality in art, advocates naturalism, and advocates using medieval artistic style to compete with academic classicism. This trend of thought is manifested in the pursuit of ultra-dust and refined taste and exotic atmosphere in architecture. 65438+60s to 65438+30s is the first stage of the development of romantic architecture, also known as pre-romanticism. Castle-like mansions in the Middle Ages and even sketches of oriental architecture have appeared. The 1930s and 1970s of 19 were the second stage of romantic architecture, which has developed into a trend of architectural creation. Because of the pursuit of medieval Gothic architectural style, it is also called Gothic Renaissance architecture.
Classical Renaissance Architecture: A manifestation of the retro trend of thought popular in Europe and America from 1960s to the end of 1960s. It can be divided into two tendencies: Roman revival and Greek revival. In terms of architecture, memorial buildings such as the square, the Arc de Triomphe and the Jigong column in ancient Rome have become examples to follow. However, they did not simply copy the classical architectural style. The classical architecture of Renaissance is simple, independent and complete, with simple details, strict formal logic and few pure decorative elements. The classical Renaissance architectural style is mainly used in public buildings such as parliament, courts, banks, exchanges, museums, theaters and some memorial buildings.
Eclectic architecture 65438+a trend of architectural creation in Europe and America in the first half of the 9th century. In order to make up for the limitations of classicism and romanticism in architectural creation, eclecticism imitates various styles or free combinations in history at will, so it is called "imitation". Eclectic architects do not talk about fixed French style, but only pay attention to proportional balance and pure formal beauty. Deliberately seeking innovation, based on creating colorful buildings. They integrated the styles of Rome, Greece, Byzantium, Middle Ages, Renaissance and Oriental sentiment into their architectural works, in order to get rid of the pedigree of the same strain and create the architectural style of this era.
Arts and crafts movement: also known as handicraft movement. /kloc-The design reform movement in Britain in the late 20th century advocated the use of handicrafts to express natural materials, in order to reform traditional forms and oppose shoddy machine products. In architecture, it advocates the construction of "rural" houses to get rid of the shackles of classical architecture. Because the architectural style breaks the traditional technique, it can freely design the plane and shape according to the functional needs, and it is also named "free architectural movement". The representatives are Ruskin and Morris. The representative work is the "Red House" designed by Weber.
Art Nouveau: 19 originated in Belgium in the 1980s, and its characteristic is to imitate natural forms with free curves. Who are the representative figures? De? Field (Henry van de Velde), Horta (victor horta), etc. In terms of architectural style, it opposes historical style, adopts the flow curve and expression decorated with wrought iron, and tries to create a simplified form suitable for the spirit of the industrial age. However, limited to the innovation of architectural forms, especially interior decoration, it failed to solve the combination of architectural forms, functions and technologies, and soon gradually declined.
Vienna School: 65438+ A group of architects represented by Wagner was formed in Vienna, Austria in the late 1990s under the influence of Art Nouveau. They advocate that architectural form should be a logical expression of material, structure and function, and oppose the reappearance of historical style in architecture. The representative work is the Vienna Postal Savings Bank designed by Wagner.
Separatism: an architectural school founded by some members of the Vienna School in 1897. It advocates simple modeling and centralized decoration, and the theme of decoration adopts straight lines and large-area smooth walls and simple cubes. The representative figures are Aubrey and J hoffman, and the representative work is the separatist exhibition hall designed by Aubrey.
De stijl: 19 17 yuan? Style, a periodical edited by Tausberg, was published in the Netherlands, and the word style was used as the name of the group established at the same time. Members are painters, sculptors, architects and composers. De stijl's goal is to liberate art from personal feeling and seek an objective and universal form based on the universal feeling of the times. Architectural modeling is basically based on pure geometry: rectangle.
Deutscher werkbund: At the initiative of Moody Hughes, 1907 established the national organization "deutscher werkbund", which was attended by entrepreneurs, engineers and artists. The purpose is to improve the quality of industrial products to open up the international market. The guiding ideology put forward is to use advanced industrial technology and excellent design to produce products with excellent texture, beautiful and practical, from daily necessities to housing construction. The alliance has promoted the development of innovative activities in the field of German architecture in the direction of combining with industry. The architectural works of alliance members, such as AEG turbine workshop in Bahrens and Fagus factory in Gropius and Meyer, all have the characteristics of modern architecture.
The goal of De Stijl De stijl is to organically combine architecture, sculpture and painting into an easy-to-understand, basic and emotionless structure. It advocates liberating art from personal feelings and seeking an objective and ordinary form based on the general feeling of the times. The architects in de stijl strive to find the relationship between size, proportion, space, time and materials, deny the role of closed components in architecture, eliminate the duality of interior and exterior, break the sense of internal closure and stillness, and emphasize outward diffusion, making architecture a combination of time and space regardless of interior and exterior. Architectural modeling basically adopts pure geometric form: rectangular, square, colorless, unadorned, right-angled and smooth metal sheet as the wall, and the facade is not separated or distinguished. It is believed that the best "art" is the combination and composition of basic geometric figures. The main members of de stijl are painters mondriaan and Wan? Tausberg, sculptor Vanton Giraud (G? Vantongerloo), architect Matn'Hoff, Oder (J.J.P.oud), Ritveld (G.T.Rietveld), etc. De stijl's masterpiece is 1924, the house of Schroeder in Utrecht designed by Ritter.
After the October Revolution in the former Soviet Union, the sculpture artist K? Marie (casimir Malevic 1878 ~ 1933) and N Jia Bo (Naum Gabo 1890~ 1977), A? Pevsner and his two brothers combined futurism with cubism mechanical art and developed it into constructivism. Their plan is: to seek the plastic arts to become the composition of pure time and space, to make sculptures and paintings lose their characteristics, and to replace illusions with entities, which is both sculpture and architectural modeling. The formation of architecture must reflect the means of architecture. Representative works include 1920 the model of the 3rd International Monument designed by Tetlin, 1924 the branch of Leningrad Pravda designed by Vesnin brothers, and 1925 the Soviet Pavilion of the Paris International Modern Decorative Art Fair designed by Constantine Menkov.
Futurism1908 was written by the young Italian poet tommaso? Marinete launched the campaign in Milan and issued a future declaration in Paris the following year. 19 14 Italian architect Antonio? Saint? Elia joined the ranks of futurism in Milan and published the Declaration of Futurism Architecture. He put forward "movement" and "change" in urban construction projects, expressed the high-speed relationship between elevators, subways and multi-storey lanes in high-rise buildings and the spirit of the new era with a composition scheme, and formed a futuristic tendency in the field of architecture. Futurists oppose classical, solemn, sacrificial, dramatic, decorative, commemorative, lightweight and all pleasant buildings, and oppose the protection, restoration and reconstruction of classical buildings. They oppose vertical and horizontal lines, cubes, square cones and circles, and advocate creating oblique lines and ellipses to create dynamic buildings.
Expressionism (also known as expressionism) came into being in Germany and Austria in the 20th century and matured around 19 10. Expressionist painters attach importance to individuality, feelings and subjective needs, and imagine expressing the dream world through external expression, distorting the image or emphasizing a certain color, so as to arouse the emotional excitement of the viewer. Expressionist architects use strange and exaggerated architectural forms to express some thoughts and feelings and symbolize some spirit of the times. The most representative work of expressionism is the Einstein Observatory in Potsdam, Germany, designed by Mendelssohn 1920.
Purism is based on neo-Pareto philosophy, which involves all plastic design tendencies. By an architect and painter? Corbusier and the painter Ozenfant developed it. After 1920, under the influence of Corbusier, the trend of pure creation appeared in the field of architecture. It establishes a new aesthetic view based on "mathematics" that is, order, and advocates the formation of unconscious beauty through economic laws and digital calculation. Architects should pay attention to the plane, wall and shape that constitute the building itself, and create a pure and beautiful form by adjusting the relationship between them. "Normal" is the reference of composition in the process of creating pure and beautiful forms. In architectural modeling, purism abandons personal feelings and opposes decoration. It believes that proportion is the most important problem in dealing with the volume and shape of buildings, and advocates the composition technique of expressing cubes, cones and their light and shadow changes in the sun. Savoi Villa is a classic work of purism.
Rationalism is short for mouse. At the beginning of the 20th century, European and American architectural circles abandoned classical rationalism and scientifically explored the creative trend of modern architectural development. The basic principle of rationalism is: 1. Pay attention to the logic of architectural purpose, connect the house with users, and put the economy first. Trying to use architecture to participate in or solve some social problems. 2. Pay attention to the logic of the construction process. Systematic introduction of industrial technology, standardization and prefabrication at all levels of environmental design. Oppose decoration, advocate the harmony between architectural form and structural system and construction technology, and the architectural appearance can truly reflect the architectural structure and structural characteristics. 3. Pay attention to the logic of building use. Advocate concise, clear and lively architectural style, regard space as the essence of architecture, emphasize the importance of space design, and the architecture should meet the functional requirements as much as possible. Rationalism is not a genre, but a creative trend of thought.
International style (also known as "international style") After the 1920s, the architecture of various countries influenced each other, and under similar conditions, a kind of close formal style appeared. 1925, Gropius compiled an architectural atlas, which brought together German architects Bach Rennes, French architects Berry and Le? Corbusier and others, as well as his own works, the title of this atlas is International Architecture. In the late 1920s, the title of this book became the name of a specific architectural style-"International Style". 1932, the new york Museum of Modern Art exhibited 75 pictures of new European and American buildings, and R.H.Hirchcock wrote the book "International Style: Architecture since 1922". Since then, the name "international style" has been regarded as synonymous with modern architecture in many places. Internationalism is not a creative trend of thought, but a very common architectural image in the development of modern society. International buildings are characterized by hand washing, mainly rectangular bodies, flat roofs, many windows, less decoration, free room layout and order as one of the design elements.
Functionalism in modern architectural design takes practicality as the main content of aesthetics and function as the goal of architecture. Chicago architect Sullivan is the founder of functionalism. Put forward the slogan "Form obeys function". The focus of early functionalism was to solve people's physiological needs, and its design method was "from the inside out" step by step. In the later period of functionalism. Architectural design introduces people's psychological needs, and architectural forms become an integral part of functions.
Chicago School is the earliest school of architecture in America and the founder of American modern architecture. Chicago School highlights the main position of function in architectural design, clearly puts forward the view that form comes from function, tries to get rid of the fetters of eclecticism, discusses the application of new technology in high-rise buildings, emphasizes that architectural art should embody the characteristics of new technology, and advocates simple facade to conform to the spirit of industrialization of the times. The heyday of Chicago School was between 1883 and 1893. Its important contribution to architectural modeling is to create the "window of Chicago", that is, to open the whole room with large glass, forming a unique style with simple facade. The important contribution in engineering technology is the creation of high-rise metal frame structure and box foundation. Engineer Jenny (William Le Baron 1832 ~ 1907) is the founder of the Chicago School. He designed and built the first Larte Building in 1879. In 1885, he completed the 10 floor office building of "LNSV Rancreding", which marked the real beginning of Chicago School and was the first steel frame structure. Sullivan is an effective pillar of Chicago School, and his advocacy of "form obeys function" opens the way for functional architecture.
Bauhaus School is an architectural school formed and developed on the basis of Bauhaus in Germany in the 1920s. Gropius is the core figure of Bauhaus. Together with other members of Bauhaus, he created a set of new architectural views, creative methods and teaching views focusing on function, technology and economy. They attach importance to space design; Emphasize the efficiency of function and structure; Connecting architectural aesthetics with the purpose, material attributes and construction methods of architecture; Advocate new technology and solve new functional problems economically. Bauhaus's teaching features are: opposing imitation, combining product design with machine production, social development and various arts, and cultivating students' practical ability and theoretical accomplishment. The representative work of Bauhaus school is the Bauhaus school building.
Grassland style A series of houses designed by the famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1869 ~ 1959) near 1900. Most of these houses are located in the suburbs, with vast land and beautiful environment. Starting from the needs of real life, architecture pays special attention to the coordination with the surrounding natural environment in terms of layout, modeling and materials, and forms an elegant style with romance, leisure and pastoral poetry. The grassland style pursues the consistency of appearance and appearance, the architectural appearance reflects the internal spatial relationship as much as possible, pays attention to the proportion of the building itself and the use of materials, and strives to get rid of the eclecticism and the modeling effect is like covering the ground with plants. Buildings often use vertical chimneys to unify high and low horizontal walls, gently sloping roofs, layered horizontal balconies, flower beds and extended overhangs. It not only has the traditional style of American architecture, but also breaks through the closure of traditional architecture, which is very suitable for the climate and sparsely populated characteristics of grassland areas in the midwest of the United States. The building is mainly made of brick and wood structure, and the natural colors of materials are expressed as much as possible. The decorative patterns are mostly patterned plant figures or geometric figures composed of straight lines. Willitts House 1902 in Illinois is the representative of grassland style.
Organic architecture is a modern architectural theory and creative thought that came into being in the United States in the 1920s. 1900, Louis Henry Sullivan (1856 ~ 1924) clearly put forward organic architecture's viewpoint, and he emphasized the organic combination of the whole and details, form and function. It is Wright, a famous American architect, who really carried forward organic architecture and promoted it to become the trend of modern architectural creation. The characteristics of organic architecture can be summarized in four aspects: 1, the integrity and unity of architecture. In particular, it highlights the unity of vision and art, and often uses motif composition to run through the whole situation; 2. Freedom, coherence and integration of space. Advocate "open planning"; 3. Visual features and formal beauty of materials; 4. Unity of form and function. It advocates starting from the essence of things and advocating the design method from the inside out. Flowing Water Villa (also called Kaufman Villa 1936~ 1939) is organic architecture's masterpiece. Organic architecture's representatives are Harinen and Aalto? Hans scharoun, Otto and others.
Ciam International Congress of Modern Architecture is called "International Architecture Association" for short, and also translated as "International Conference on New Architecture". 1928, 24 architects representing various countries (6 from France, 6 from Switzerland, 3 from Germany, 3 from Holland, 2 from Italy, 2 from Spain, 1 from Austria, 1 from Belgium) met in an old castle in Switzerland, and the International Association for Modern Architecture was founded. Its purpose is to resist the influence of academic school, discuss the influence of science on architecture, urban planning and training the younger generation, and determine the direction for modern architecture. The basic viewpoints of CIAM are: architecture is a basic activity closely related to human life; The mission of architects is to reflect modern spirit and material life with new buildings; The architectural form changes with the change of social and economic conditions; We should seek to coordinate various factors and straighten out the position of architecture in economy and society. Its purpose is to maintain the power of research and creation and establish unique opinions.
The meaning of machine aesthetics has three aspects: first, architecture should conform to the actual function like a machine, emphasize the logical relationship between function and form, and oppose additional decoration; Secondly, architecture can be placed anywhere like a machine, emphasizing the universal adaptability of architectural style; Third, architecture should be as efficient as machines, emphasizing the relationship between architecture and economy. It is based on this idea that Kobushye's "house is a living machine" was put forward.
Modulus is also called modulus theory. According to the human body scale, Kobushye selected four parts as control points, namely drooping arm, umbilical cord, overhead and extended arm, and the distances from the ground were 86 cm, 1 13 cm, 183 cm and 226cm respectively. There are two relationships between these values: one is the golden ratio relationship; The other is that the height of the upper arm is just twice that of the umbilical cord, that is, 226 and 1 13cm. Based on these two values, other corresponding values are inserted to form two series, the former is called "red ruler" and the latter is called "blue ruler". When the red and blue rulers overlap as abscissa and ordinate, many squares and rectangles with different sizes formed by their intersection are called modules. However, some people think that Kobushye modulus can't be used for industrialization because its numerical series can't be expressed by rational numbers.
Kobushye, a residential unit, called his residential building with service facilities similar to Marseille apartments the basic unit of a modern city.
Less is more. Miss attributed his design method of structure first, form second, space first, function second and organization first to the sentence "less is more" he said in 1928. Its specific content is implied in two aspects: one is to simplify the structural system and structural components, thus creating a barrier-free or less barrier-free architectural space that can be used for any purpose; The second is to purify the architectural form and build it accurately, making it a regular and pure steel-glass square box composed of straight lines and right angles, without adding anything unnecessary.
Team X is an organization of young architects led by the Smithsonian. They were named after publicly advocating their views and creatively criticizing the past direction at the 10th CIAM Congress. The tenth group was established at the preparatory meeting of the 10th CIAM Conference held in Duane in 1954+ 10. The top ten groups advocate people-centered urban design thought: architecture and urban design must be based on human behavior, and its form comes from the structural development of life itself.
Fornalism is also translated as "formal aestheticism", which is also called "neoclassicism", "neo-Paradism" and "neo-retro". The main ideological trend of American official architecture after World War II. It draws lessons from the traditional composition techniques of classical architecture, with neat and rigorous proportion, simple and light shape, occasional flower decoration, but not limited to the scheme; Replacing concreteness with vividness is a sign that post-war neoclassicism is different from classical techniques in the 1930s. The architectural style is solemn and exquisite, and modern materials and structures have a regular, dignified and elegant sense of stability through the application of traditional aesthetic principles. There are two tendencies in the later stage of elegant development: one tends to historicism, and the other focuses on expressing pure formal and technical characteristics. The main representatives of elegance are: American architect Philip? Johnson (P.Johnson 1906~), Si Tong (Edw and D. Stone, 1902 ~ 1978) and Yamazaki (M..amasaki, 19 12~). The American Embassy in New Delhi designed by Si Tong (American Embassy in New Delhi1955 ~1958)1961won the American Friendship Award, which is an elegant masterpiece.
Barbarism is also translated as "wildness" or "wildness". Music with famous architects? A design tendency represented by Corbusier's rough architectural style. 1, Brutalism, like purism, pays attention to the expression of architecture itself and the formal beauty of architecture. He believes that beauty is obtained by adjusting the plane, wall, space, driveway, corridor, shape, color, texture and proportion of the building itself; 2. Take the heavy, rough and rude performance related to the performance and texture of concrete as the standard of architectural beauty. Barbarism has maintained its natural color in building materials; 3. Take strict measures to make the building look rough. Highlight the characteristics of concrete "plastic modeling". Marseille apartment is a sign that barbarism has reached a mature stage. Fauvism has played a great role in the evolution of modern architectural thought, but it was officially named in 1954 Smithsonian Institution (A.&; P.Smithon) put forward the concept of "new barbarism". Following Corbusier's rough architectural style, Smithsonians are keen to express the characteristics of building materials and theorize and systematize them, forming a theoretical and methodological design tendency. They call themselves the "new animal school", that is, Corbusier's previous exploration was the "animal school" There is no essential difference between the two.
High-tech is also called "emphasizing technology". Since the late 1950s, it has paid attention to the design tendency of "high industrial technology" in architectural modeling and style. Theoretically, the high-tech school strongly advocates machine aesthetics and the aesthetic feeling of new technology, mainly in three aspects: 1, and advocates the use of the latest materials-high-strength steel, hard aluminum, plastics and various chemicals to manufacture buildings with light weight, less materials and quick and flexible assembly; Emphasis on system planning and parametric programming; Advocate the use and expression of prefabricated assembly standard parts. 2. Think that the function is variable and the structure is unchanged. The rationality and flexibility of expression technology can not only meet the needs of multifunction, but also achieve the effect of machine aesthetics. The masterpiece of this kind of architecture is the Pompidou Art and Culture Center in Paris. 3. Emphasize that the aesthetics of the new era should consider the decisive factors of technology, and strive to make the high-tech industry close to people's accustomed lifestyle and traditional aesthetics, so that people can easily accept it and feel happy.
Missian architecture, also known as "minimalism" and "purism", was built by the famous architect Missian? Where is it? De? Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1868 ~ 1970) advocated an architectural design trend, which prevailed in the United States from the late 1940s to the 1960s, based on the theory that "less is more" and characterized by "comprehensive space", "pure form" and "modular composition". Its design principles are as follows: Expressionism tendency, advocating loyalty to structure and materials, with special emphasis on concise and rigorous detail handling methods.
Symbolism is a popular architectural design tendency in 1960s. Symbolism pursues the strong expression of architectural individuality, and design ideas and intentions are often hidden in architectural modeling, which can arouse people's association. On the basis of satisfying the function, symbolic architecture takes artistic modeling and environmental design as the primary consideration. It can be divided into concrete symbols and abstract symbols. e？ Twa terminal (1956 ~ 196 1) designed by saarinen is a representative work of symbolism.
Silvers School (also known as "Slick Style") is a popular architectural trend in Europe and America in 1960s. In architectural creation, Yinpai pays attention to advanced technology, comprehensive balance, economic benefit and decoration quality. Its style features are mainly manifested in a large area of glass curtain wall. Its architectural features are: 1, the building blends with the surrounding environment or the blue sky background image through a large area of mirror or semi-reflective glass, which can create a dynamic effect of changing images; 2. It embodies the characteristics of the industrial era and a new artistic concept, crystal clear and has a strong sense of modernity; 3. Due to the limitation of building materials, the style tends to be stylized and lacks local characteristics; 4. Due to the transparent and reflective effect, it brings some difficulties for cars to drive in the street. The representative of the Silver School is Paley, Dean of the School of Architecture of Yale University. 197 1 year, Paley created the classic work of the Silver School-the Pacific Design Center in Los Angeles.
Gray (also known as "secularism" or "inclusiveness") is an architectural trend popular in Europe and America in the 1960s. The Grey School publicly announced that it parted ways with modernism, and believed that architecture should fail in harvesting and storing various forms, and it could combine different architectural features from ancient times to modern times. Open and inclusive traditional architecture. The architectural theory of Grey School comes from the famous American architect robert venturi1925 ~). Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966) and Learning from Las Vegas (1972) written by Venturi are classic works of the Grey School. Grey school is the main creative trend of post-modernism.
The Whites, an architectural creation organization centered on "Five New Yorkers [Peter eisenmann, Michael Graves, Gowasu Graves, John Hejuk and richard meier]", was the most active around the 1970s. Their architectural works are mainly white, with extraordinary styles and obvious unnatural effects, and they are called "Chun Xue" in contemporary American architecture. "new york 5" and "white schools" often appear alternately. Their design ideas and theoretical principles are deeply influenced by de stijl and Corbusier, and they like pure architectural space, volume, cubism composition and light and shadow changes in the sun, so they are called the revival of early modernist architecture. The main features of the White School architecture are: 1, the architectural form is pure, the local treatment is neat, and the overall layout is clear. 2. In the regular structural system, through the concave-convex arrangement of the montage, the changeable space is highlighted in a lively, jumping and intriguing manner, giving the building an obvious sculptural atmosphere; 3. The base selection emphasizes the contrast between man-made and nature, generally does not obey the location, but seeks new coordination in the strong contrast between architecture and environment, and complements each other; 4. Pay attention to functional zoning, with special emphasis on strictly distinguishing between public space and private space. Douglas House (KLOC-0/971~1973) designed by Meyer is a representative one of the white works. After 1980s, the five main members of the White School struggled along their respective creative directions and made remarkable achievements. However, the White School, as an architectural organization, gradually disappeared.
The Archigram School (also translated as "Architectural Telecom Group" or "Akigram Group") was founded by Peter? The construction group, with Peter Cook as the core and the London Second Architecture Student Group as the main body, regards the users of the building as "software" and the construction equipment as "hardware", which is the main body of the building. "Hardware" can completely serve "software" according to its intention. As for the building itself, they emphasize that it will eventually be replaced by building equipment, so it is regarded as "non-building" or "beyond building". Akigram School opposes tradition, autocracy and any form of bondage, advocates freedom and values technology.
Metabolism is an architectural creation organization formed around 1960 with young architects Gao Zhengxin, Uewenyan, Kikukawa Gang, Kurokawa Zhangji and critic Kawada Deng as the core under the influence of the famous Japanese architect Geqin Kenzo. They emphasize the growth, change and decline of things, strongly advocate the use of new technologies to solve problems, and oppose the past view that cities and buildings are fixed and naturally evolved. It is believed that cities and buildings are not static, but dynamic processes like biological metabolism. Time factors should be introduced into cities and buildings, and the period of each factor should be defined. As for long-term factors, movable and short-term factors should be installed. 1966, Ge Tan Jian completed the Yamanashi Cultural Center. It fully embodies the architectural view of the metabolic school.
The Philadelphia school is famous for its famous American architect Louis? Kang (Louis i. Kahn1901~1974) as the core of the architectural school. The theoretical basis of Philadelphia School is the concept of "form". "Form" is an objective existence outside the architect's ideology. The architect's duty is to discover this form and then design it. What is "form"? And "design" is "how". "Form" does not vary from person to person, but "design" belongs to the designer. This method leads to the emergence of buildings decorated with structures, rather than adding decorations to the shape of buildings at will. Philadelphia School opposes Chicago School's "formal obedience function"