2; People who are engaged in the research and application of objective laws of electromagnetic fields are usually called electrical engineers.
3.TBEA, namely TBEA Co., Ltd.
4. Electrotechnics is a discipline, as opposed to electronics, which mainly studies strong electricity.
5: abbreviation of electrical engineering
2 electrician type of work
1 industrial and mining enterprises
1 maintenance electrician, divided into internal, external, on duty and scheduling.
2 Construction industry
1 electrician is divided into internal wiring, (communication, broadcasting, fire protection with high and low voltage packages) and instruments.
2 perimeter, high voltage and low voltage.
3. Thermal power plants
1, electrical attendant?
2. Auxiliary power attendant?
3, centralized control attendant?
4. Elevator repairman?
4. Operation and maintenance of power transmission and substation
1, high-voltage line live repairman?
2. Transmission line maintenance operator?
3. Distribution lineman?
4. Power cable worker?
5. Indoor installer?
6. Substation attendant?
7. Camera attendant?
8. Transformer repairman?
9. Substation maintenance worker?
10, substation live repairman?
1 1, DC equipment repairman?
12, electrical tester?
13, relay protection worker?
14. Is the electricity meter connected to the electrician?
15, electrical instrument?
16, electrical inspector?
17, meter reading accountant?
18, watt-hour meter repairman?
19, power recharge controller?
5. Thermal power construction?
1, high-voltage electrical installer?
2. Second line installer?
3. Auxiliary power installer?
4. Cable installer?
6. Power transmission and transformation project construction?
1, transmission line erector?
2. Transformer installer?
3. Secondary Installer of Substation
?
7. Hydroelectric power plant?
On-duty personnel of hydro-generator set
?
8. Others?
1, dispatcher?
2. electrician?
3. Maintenance electrician?
Note: 1, which is common for some jobs.
9. China Vocational Qualification Appraisal:
Electrician * * * Level 5
Skill appraisal is:
Junior (level 5 qualification), intermediate (level 4 qualification), senior (level 3 qualification), technician (level 2 qualification) and senior technician (level 1 qualification) have professional qualifications that belong to the technical level, not titles, but the state recognizes equal treatment, such as salary, housing, household registration, etc. The third-level qualification is equivalent to an assistant engineer, and the second-level qualification corresponds to an engineer.
The title is:
Assistant engineer (junior title), engineer (intermediate title), senior engineer (deputy senior title), professor engineer, researcher engineer (same as professor engineer).
[Edit this paragraph] 3 Introduction to Electrician
Electromagnetism is a basic physical property of natural matter. Therefore, electrical science and technology, which studies electromagnetic laws and their applications, has a far-reaching impact on all aspects of material production and social life, including energy, information materials and other pillars of modern society. As a kind of secondary energy, electric energy can be easily obtained from various sources (such as hydropower, thermal power, nuclear power, solar power and other new energy sources). ), at the same time, it can be easily converted into other energy forms to meet various needs of social production and life (such as electricity, electric heating, electrochemical energy, electric light source, etc.). Compared with other energy sources, electric energy is easier to control in the process of production, transmission and use. This series of advantages makes electric energy the most ideal secondary energy, which attracts people's attention. The development and wide application of electric energy has become the core content of the second technological revolution in modern history after the invention of the steam engine. The large power system that appeared in the 20th century constitutes the main artery of energy transmission in industrial society. The information and control system based on electromagnetism constitutes the neural network of modern society. The development and application of various emerging electrical materials have enriched the content of modern materials science. The understanding of the unity of the material world, the birth of modern physics and the development of system cybernetics are all directly or indirectly influenced by the development of electricians. At the same time, the achievements of adjacent disciplines also constantly promote the development of electrician to a higher level. Therefore, the level of electrician development is an important symbol to measure the degree of social modernization and a powerful lever to promote social production, scientific and technological development and social civilization. Electrification and Modern Society Since the application of electric energy in 19 in the 1980s, almost all technical departments of social production and people's life have gradually shifted to this brand-new technical basis, which has greatly promoted the development of social productive forces, changed the social life style of human beings, and made the 20th century go down in history as an "electrical century".
Electric light developed earlier. It eliminates the restrictions on human life and productive labor at night, greatly prolongs the working time for creating wealth, improves working conditions and enriches people's lives. This laid the most extensive social foundation for the application of electric energy and became a powerful driving force to promote electric energy production. Electric drive is the most widely used and diversified field of electric energy. As the most important power source, motor fundamentally changed the face of primary industrialization based on steam power in the19th century. The development of electric heating, electrochemistry and electrophysics has opened up one new industrial sector and scientific research field after another. In a word, the application of electricity not only affects all aspects of material production, but also permeates all aspects of human life more and more widely (the extensive application of medical devices and the popularization of household appliances are just two well-known examples). Electrification has become synonymous with modernization to some extent, and the degree of electrification has become an important symbol to measure the development level of social material civilization. Large-scale, multi-level engineering system electric energy propagates at the speed of light, so far it is impossible to realize industrial-scale storage. Therefore, the production and consumption of electric energy are almost completed at the same time and can be used at the same time. Power generation, transformation, transmission, distribution and electricity consumption constitute an inseparable whole and are always in continuous work. This large power system, which integrates power generation, power supply and electricity consumption, is one of the most important achievements in the history of human engineering science. By the 1970s, several large-scale power systems with installed capacity exceeding 1 100 million kilowatts had been built in the world, of which the largest coverage area reached more than 65.438+million square kilometers. Each system transmits and distributes more than 1 trillion kwh of electricity every year. In this system, active power flow, reactive power flow, higher harmonics, negative sequence current, etc. Instantly propagates through the whole system at the speed of light. It can not only transmit a lot of electricity, create huge wealth, but also cause major catastrophic accidents in an instant. In order to ensure the safe, stable and economical operation of such a huge system, high standard requirements are put forward for the control mode and automation device of the system. Power system has become a solid engineering system with the widest space span, strict time coordination requirements and extremely complicated hierarchical division of labor in social material production departments. In a sense, it is the emergence and development of power system that promotes the formation of the high-tech field of system engineering and automatic control, and promotes the development of a series of industrial and scientific research departments. Electrician manufacturing and new electrician technology Electrician manufacturing provides material equipment for the production and consumption system of electric energy. With the increasing demand for electric energy, in order to meet the needs of building large-scale power plants, by improving the cooling technology of generators, adopting new insulating materials and ferromagnetic materials, and improving the structural design, the single power of generators is increased and the cost is reduced. The maximum power of thermal power generating set is increased from 160 MW in 1926 to1300 MW in 1973; Hydropower units increased from 108 MW in 1942 to 700 MW in 1978, and the number of nuclear power units increased from 5 MW in 1954 to 1300 ~ 1500 MW in the 1980s. With the expansion of power system, the capacity of complete sets of power transmission and transformation equipment has also increased rapidly. After 1952, the first set of 380 kv AC power transmission and transformation equipment was manufactured, and after the 1970s, 1000 ~ 1500 kv AC power transmission and transformation equipment was successively manufactured. About 70% of the load of electrical equipment is motors, such as steel rolling motors and blast furnace blower motors, and their single power reaches 12780 kW and 36000 kW respectively. There are thousands of miniature special motors for different purposes. The appearance of power electronics technology not only makes DC transmission technology develop steadily, but also makes AC and DC transmission technology and various power conversion technologies be innovated. It combines microcomputer control with power execution closely, and completes the comprehensive functions of logic, control, monitoring, protection and diagnosis, which effectively promotes the technical trend of mechatronics. Exploring new power generation methods is an important aspect of electrician development. Since 1954, nuclear power generation has rapidly become the third largest power generation mode after thermal power and hydropower. In the late 1950s, MHD power generation appeared. By 1985, a 500,000 kW industrial MHD- steam combined thermal power station has been built. Realizing controlled nuclear fusion Reaction is one of the ways to finally solve the energy problem of human society. All countries are devoted to research. In the 1990s, mankind is moving towards the door to solve this problem. The new breakthrough in the research of superconducting materials shows people the attractive prospect of superconducting electrician era. Fuel cells and power storage batteries can be built in a decentralized way without long-distance transmission, which may create a new realm for power supply and demand system. The crystallization of close cooperation between scientific research, technology development and production and application. The fundamental difference between the technological revolution marked by the application of electric energy and the previous technological revolution is that it does not come directly from the workshop or other production practice fields, but from the scientific laboratory. Its appearance is first of all science and technology and productivity, which is clearly written in the history of human cognition. Humans have long noticed the electromagnetic phenomena in nature, but it was not until 1800a. Volta invented the Volta battery in the experiment, which enabled human beings to obtain a continuous and stable power supply for the first time, promoted the research of electricity to turn to current, and began the research of electrochemical, arc discharge, lighting, electromagnet and other electric energy applications. 183 1 year, m Faraday discovered the law of electromagnetic induction through experiments, which promoted the development of electromagnetic science and technology. The discovery of this law not only makes a series of electromagnetic phenomena of static electricity, electrokinetic electricity (current), mutual induction between current and magnetic field reach a more comprehensive and unified understanding, but also lays a theoretical foundation for electromechanical energy conversion. 1873, J.C. Maxwell deduced the basic equation describing the electromagnetic field theory-Maxwell equations, which became the theoretical basis of the whole electric field. The invention of the generator realized the transformation from mechanical energy to electrical energy, conquered the magical power contained in nature and heralded the arrival of the electrification era. At the same time as the invention of the generator, industrial production technologies such as electric lamp lighting, electroplating, electrolysis, electric smelting and electric power have matured. It has spawned a power system that integrates power generation, substation, transmission, distribution and electricity consumption. 19 the invention of three-phase AC transmission technology in the 1990s made the electric power industry step into the ranks of modern large-scale industries as a basic industry and ushered in a new era of electrification in the 20th century. The development of modern science and technology and industry is a process of close combination of basic theoretical research, applied research and technical development. The development trend of science and technology integration is increasingly obvious. It is necessary to turn individual research into collective research. 1876, T.A. Edison took the lead in setting foot on this inevitable road and founded the world's first industrial application research laboratory. In this widely acclaimed "invention factory", he organized a group of professionals to be responsible for the division of labor and work together on the same invention, breaking the tradition that only a few scientists were engaged in research alone. This correct way of technological research and development, which adapts to the development level of modern science and technology and productivity, shows great vitality, which not only promotes the rapid development of electric power production and electrician manufacturing, but also creates a precedent for the close integration and coordinated development of basic science, applied science and technology.
[Edit this paragraph ]4 Explanation of electrotechnics terms
1, resistivity-also called resistivity or specific resistance. It is a physical quantity to measure the conductivity of a substance, expressed by the letter ρ, and the unit is ohm * millimeter square/meter. Numerically, it is equal to a wire made of this material with a length of 1m and a cross-sectional area of 1mm2. At the temperature of 20C, the greater the resistance and resistivity, the lower the conductivity. The physical quantity that the resistivity of a substance changes with temperature is equal to the ratio of the increase in resistivity to the original resistivity when the temperature rises 1C, usually expressed by the letter α, and the unit is 1/℃. ..
2. Temperature coefficient of resistance-a physical quantity indicating that the resistivity of a substance changes with temperature. Its value is equal to the ratio of the increase in resistivity to the original resistivity when the temperature rises 1C, usually expressed by the letter α, and the unit is 1/℃. ..
3, conductance-the ability of an object to conduct current is called conductance. In DC circuit, the value of conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, expressed by the letter π, and the unit is ohm.
4. Conductivity-also called conductivity coefficient, is also a physical quantity to measure the conductivity of a substance. The magnitude is the reciprocal of the resistivity, expressed by the letter γ, and the unit is meter/ohm * millimeter square.
5. EMF-the potential difference generated by the conversion of other forms of energy into electric energy in the circuit, referred to as EMF or potential. It is represented by the letter e, and the unit is volts.
6. Self-inductance-When the current in the closed loop changes, the magnetic flux generated by this current through the loop itself also changes, so the induced electromotive force is also called self-inductance in the loop, which is called self-induced electromotive force.
7. Mutual inductance-If two coils are close to each other, part of the magnetic flux generated by the current in the first coil is associated with the second coil. When the current in the first coil changes, the magnetic flux between it and the chain of the second coil also changes, and the induced electromotive force is generated in the second coil. This phenomenon is called mutual inductance.
8. Inductance-self-inductance and mutual inductance.
9. Inductance-When AC current flows through a circuit with inductance, the inductance has the function of preventing AC current from flowing. This effect is called inductance, which is expressed by Xl, and Xl=2πfL.
10, capacitive reactance-when AC current flows through a circuit with a capacitor, the capacitor has the function of preventing AC current from flowing. This function is called capacitive reactance, which is expressed by Xc, and xc =112π fc.
1 1, pulsating current-a current whose magnitude changes with time and its direction remains unchanged is called pulsating current.
12, amplitude-the maximum value of alternating current in a period is called amplitude.
13, average value-the average value of alternating current refers to the ratio of the total charge flowing through the circuit in a certain time to that time. The average value of sine is usually corrected once every half week, and its relationship with amplitude is: average value =0.637* amplitude.
14, effective value-DC and AC are used respectively in two identical resistance devices. If the heat released by them is equal after the same time, the size of DC is taken as the effective value of AC. The effective value of sinusoidal current is equal to 0.707 times its maximum value.
15, active power-also called average power. The instantaneous power of alternating current is not a fixed value, and the average value of power in a period is called active power, which refers to the power consumed by the resistance part of the circuit, expressed by the letter P, and the unit is Watt.
16, apparent power-in a circuit with resistance and reactance, the product of voltage and current is called apparent power, which is expressed by the letter Ps and is in watts.
17, reactive power-in a circuit with inductance and capacitance, these energy storage elements store the energy of the power supply into the energy of the magnetic field (or electric field) in half a period, and feed back the energy stored in the magnetic field (or electric field) to the power supply in the other half. They just exchange energy with the power supply, and they don't really consume energy. We call the magnitude of the ratio of energy exchanged with the power supply reactive power. It is represented by the letter q and the unit is val.
18, power factor-In a DC circuit, the voltage multiplied by the current is the active power. But in AC circuit, voltage multiplied by current is apparent power, and the part of power that can do work (that is, active power) will be less than apparent power. The ratio of active power to apparent power is called power factor, which is expressed by COSφ.
19, phase voltage-the voltage between the three-phase transmission line (live line) and the neutral line is called phase voltage.
20. Line voltage-The voltage between lines (live wires) of three-phase transmission lines is called line voltage, and the line voltage is 1.73 times of the phase voltage.
2 1, phasor-in electrotechnics, the vector used to express the magnitude and phase of sine is called phasor, also called vector.
22. The magnetic flux-the product of the magnetic induction intensity and the area perpendicular to the magnetic field direction is called the magnetic flux, which is expressed by the letter φ and the unit is Maxwell.
23. magnetic flux density-the amount of magnetic flux per unit area is called magnetic flux density, which is represented by the letter b, and the magnetic flux density and magnetic field induction intensity are equal in value.
24. Magnetoresistance-similar to the meaning of resistance, magnetoresistance refers to the magnetic circuit obstructing the magnetic flux, which is expressed by the symbol Rm and the unit is 1/ heng.
25, permeability-also known as permeability coefficient, is a measure of the material magnetic conductivity coefficient, expressed in the letter μ, the unit is Heng/meter.
26. Hysteresis-In the process of repeated magnetization of ferromagnet, the change of its magnetic induction intensity always lags behind its magnetic field intensity. This phenomenon is called hysteresis.
27. Hysteresis loop-In the magnetic field, the relationship between the magnetic induction intensity of ferromagnet and the magnetic field intensity can be expressed by a curve. When the magnetized magnetic field changes periodically, the relationship between the magnetic induction intensity and the magnetic field intensity in ferromagnet is a closed line, which is called hysteresis loop as shown in figure 1.
28. Basic magnetization curve —— The shape of ferromagnetic hysteresis loop is related to the maximum value of magnetic induction intensity (or magnetic field intensity). When drawing hysteresis loops, if the maximum value of magnetic induction intensity (or magnetic field intensity) is different, a series of hysteresis loops will be obtained, and the curves connecting the vertices of these loops are called basic magnetization curves.
29. Hysteresis loss-Ferromagnet placed in alternating magnetic field will produce some power loss due to hysteresis, which will lead to ferromagnet heating. This loss is called hysteresis loss.
30. Breakdown-The phenomenon that an insulating substance discharges or conducts electricity violently under the action of an electric field is called breakdown.
3 1, dielectric constant-also known as dielectric constant, dielectric coefficient or dielectric constant, it is a coefficient representing the characteristics of insulation capacity, expressed by the letter ε, and the unit is method/meter.
32. Electromagnetic induction-When the magnetic flux of a conductor changes, an electromotive force appears in the conductor. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.
33. Skin effect-also known as skin effect. When alternating current passes through a conductor, current will flow on the surface of the conductor. This phenomenon is called skin effect. When current or voltage is conducted in a conductor in the form of high-frequency electrons, it will gather on the surface of the conductor instead of being evenly distributed on the cross section of the whole conductor. The higher the frequency, the more obvious the skin effect.
Common sense of electrician
1. Before decoration, there must be (strong current and weak current) construction drawings, and when completed, the electrical engineering completion drawings shall be provided.
2. Electrical installation construction personnel should hold relevant certificates.
3. The wiring should be color-separated, the phase line (L) should be uniform in color, the neutral line (N) should be black, and the protection line (PE) should be yellow and green.
4. The appearance of plastic wire protection tube and junction box should not be damaged or deformed.
5. Generally, the pipes are 4 branches (DN 15) and 6 branches (DN20). The wall thickness of smooth pipes is 2 .0 0.3mm, and there are no more than 4 threads.
6. Ordinary appliances are equipped with 2.5mm2 copper wire. High-power electrical appliances such as air conditioners should be equipped with 4mm2 or 6mm2 copper conductors.
7, high voltage lines and weak current lines are prohibited to wear in the same casing.
8. The power supply, telephone, TV and other sockets in the same room should be at the same level, and the height difference should be less than 5 mm. ..
9. When installing lamps and lanterns, all design and installation fixing points of lamps and lanterns must be fixed.
10. Installation of the junction box in the ceiling: the junction box shall be located at any position where leads and wiring are required. And shall not be fixed on the wooden keel, should be fixed at the top.
1 1. When the downlight needs to be drilled, verify the position of the main keel to avoid cutting and damaging the keel.
12. The lighting lamps shall be equipped with separate switches, and the lamps of each lighting circuit shall not exceed 2KW (excluding lanterns). Combined lamps can be controlled in groups.
13. When ordinary chandeliers use the cord itself as the suspension. Only applicable to lamps with mass lower than 1 1or more lamps must use hanging chains, and the flexible wires are not stressed.
14. According to the position of electrical equipment, determine the pipeline direction, elevation and the position of switch and socket, and line it and position it before slotting.
The depth of the wall (ground) groove shall ensure that the concealed pipeline is not exposed after repair and does not damage the stressed steel bar.
15. When the pipeline length exceeds 15 m or there are two right-angle bends, cable boxes should be added.
16. Lines with different voltages, different circuits and different signals are forbidden to run in the same pipe. Wires in the same circuit should be inserted into the same pipe.
17. Grounding protection must be in place, and it shall not be misplaced or omitted from the neutral line.
18. The pipeline in the ceiling should be fixed at the top with a line card, and the junction box should be fixed with a nail after being punched with a wooden wedge. Shall not be placed on the keel or fixed on the derrick without fixed measures.
19. The opening of the threading pipe and the junction box are fixed with lock nuts, and it is forbidden to approach from the front. The threading tube is not easy to fall off, the wire is easy to pull, and the insulation layer is not damaged.
20. Where water is used in kitchens, bathrooms, laundry rooms, etc., threading pipes and accessories should be connected with special glue, sealed tightly and without water.
2 1. Wires can be connected by welding or soldering after being crimped with crimping caps, and splicing is not suitable. Temporary splicing must be wrapped with tape. If the crimping conditions are not met, the splicing place must be wrapped with high-pressure waterproof tape.
22. When using armored cord, the connection part should be brushed with tin.
23. Sockets and switch panels are strictly prohibited near the bathing area 1000㎜.
24. The framed wooden keel used for installation and fixation of Yuba must be coated with fire retardant paint. Special accessories are used for lifting points.
25. Where is the circuit arranged to wear hoses and hard pipes? Except for the wall-top structure, all circuit reconstruction parts need PVC flame-retardant hard pipes. Only in the part where the lamp position needs to be connected, it is allowed to wear PVC flame-retardant hose, and its length shall not be greater than1000 mm.
26. In the partition wall of light steel keel plasterboard, horizontal pipes can be laid on the through keel. When vertical turning is needed, holes must be knocked out on the keel or punched separately.
27. The junction box and threading tube must be made of the same material. When using iron pipes and iron junction boxes, it is necessary to do jumper treatment.
28. When installing spotlights, the guide rails and brackets must be attached tightly, and the lamp holder is seamless with the top surface.
29. When the light bulb power is below 100W, you can use a plastic lamp holder. The lamps above 100W and moisture-proof enclosed lamps should use porcelain lamp holders.
30. When the fluorescent lamp is hidden, the position of its accessories should be easy to maintain.
3 1. If the ground wiring is not carried out at the same time as the laying of floor tiles or floor tiles, the wiring pipeline must be protected with cement to prevent the pipeline from being fractured.
32. When installing lighting appliances on brick-concrete structures, embedded hooks, expansion bolts, nylon expansion pipes or plastic expansion pipes should be used for fixing, and wooden wedges are strictly prohibited;
33. When the weight of chandelier lamps is greater than 3㎏, embedded hooks or bolts should be adopted for fixing. The bearing capacity of fixing parts should match the weight of electric lighting appliances, and the connection with the structural surface must be firm.
34. Lamps and lanterns shall not be directly installed on combustible components.
35. Wire, telephone and TV connectors must use professional connector cards.
36. When starting work, remove all switches and sockets, and protect all screws and nuts. The thread ends are wrapped with adhesive tape and then plugged back to facilitate coating construction.
37. Strong and weak electricity cannot be mixed in a tube, nor can it be transferred by a box.
38. When the wall wiring needs to be slotted, the slot size should be uniform and the depth should be consistent.
39. There should be no joints and kinks in the wires in the tube, and the joints should be located in the junction box.
40. The construction personnel shall not modify the TV and video system, but shall ask the customer to ask relevant professionals to modify it.
4 1. After other decoration is completed, the electrician construction personnel will install the electrical switch and panel. Prior to this, after the power test, the wire ends were wrapped with insulating tape, and then various installations were carried out after the completion.
42. There should be no gaps around all kinds of junction boxes, sockets and panels. The cover plate should be straight, firmly installed, close to the wall, and the panel should be neat.
43. Conduits and walls must be firmly fixed. One fixed card every 60cm.
44. The wires should not be pulled on the ceiling. After piping, its direction should be consistent with the direction of open piping, so that it is horizontal and vertical. In the junction box or corner of the piping, symmetrical hangers should be set to fix the conduit, or the piping should be fixed at the top with a line card. The junction box can also be punched with a wooden wedge and fixed with nails. Shall not be placed on the keel or fixed on the derrick without fixed measures.
45. The conductor should have a certain margin in the junction box, and the length of the margin is generally 200 mm.
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