1. Carry out peaceful diplomacy and stabilize the international order in Southeast Asia.
Before Zheng He's voyage to the West, the international environment around China was turbulent, which was mainly manifested in mutual suspicion and competition among Southeast Asian countries. At that time, Java and Siam, the two largest countries in Southeast Asia, expanded outward, oppressed some neighboring countries, threatened Malaga, Sumatra, Zhancheng, Zhenla and even Sambucci, and even killed the envoys of the Ming Dynasty and intercepted the missions that paid tribute to China. The other is that pirates in Southeast Asia and South Asia are rampant, and the maritime traffic lines are not guaranteed. These unstable factors, on the one hand, directly affected the security of southern Xinjiang, on the other hand, greatly affected the international image of the Ming Dynasty, which was not conducive to the stability and development of the Ming Dynasty. In this situation, Ming Chengzu adopted a foreign policy of "keeping China at home, treating foreigners equally and enjoying peace". Zheng He was sent to lead a fleet to the Western Ocean to mediate and ease conflicts among countries in various ways, and to maintain maritime traffic safety, so as to link the stability and development of China with the surrounding areas, trying to establish a long-term stable international environment and enhance the international prestige of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, it can be seen from the mission of sending Zheng He in the Ming Dynasty that it was to realize the mission of peace.
Zheng He's voyage to the Western Seas mediated conflicts, calmed conflicts and eliminated barriers, which was conducive to the stability of surrounding areas, safeguarded the stability and maritime security of Southeast Asia and South Asia, and enhanced the reputation of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, it can be seen that Zheng He's fleet has strong military strength, but it is used for peaceful purposes, not for aggression and expansion. In the international environment at that time, peace was difficult to achieve without strong military strength as the backing.
Needham's evaluation: China, an oriental navigator, is calm and docile, does not remember old accounts, is generous and generous, and never threatens the survival of others, although he has benefactors; They are armed to the teeth, but they never conquer foreigners or build forts.
2. Deterre the enemy, contain the Mongolian forces and safeguard national security.
At that time, the threats to the security of the Ming Dynasty mainly came from two directions: pirates in the eastern waters, the remnants of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty in the north and the Timur Empire in the northwest. Japanese pirates first appeared in the late Yuan Dynasty, and there was a civil war in Japan. Some samurai and ronin robbed the coast of China in order to survive, which was very rampant during the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang in the early Ming Dynasty. At that time, the Ming Dynasty was just established and the country was still unstable, so they concentrated on peace, adopted a passive defense strategy in national defense and set up guards in coastal provinces.
During Judy's period, land and sea posed a serious threat to the security of the Ming Dynasty. He changed his passive defense strategy, took the initiative to leave the plane, moved the capital in the direction of land, and personally conquered Mobei. Zheng He's navy was set in the direction of the sea to deter and attack the Japanese pirates and anti-Ming forces, to implement a strategic encirclement from the sea and to strategically contain the northwest, thus alleviating the pressure on the northern part of the Ming Dynasty.
3. Develop overseas trade and spread Chinese civilization.
Zheng He's mission to the West was mainly for political purposes, but it also had certain economic purposes. There are many considerations for the country to take such a big strategic action. During Zheng He's fleet's voyage to the West, many trade activities were carried out, mainly in three forms:
The first kind of tribute trade. This kind of trade is the basic form of Zheng He's voyage to the West, and it has the nature of a feudal sovereign state. Through this form, these small countries won the recognition of the suzerain status of the Ming Dynasty, which is the political purpose of tribute trade. At that time, all countries actively paid tribute to China and were sheltered and rewarded by the Ming Dynasty. According to statistics, Yongle has been in power for 22 years. Envoys from Asian and African countries related to Zheng He's voyages to the West visited China * * * 3 18 times, with an average of 15 times a year, which is unprecedented. Seven kings of Brunei, Malaga, Sulu and Gumala personally led a delegation. At most 18 countries paid tribute to China at the same time, and three kings died in China during their visit.
The second kind of official trade is an important part of Zheng He's voyage to the West. It traded with local businessmen under the official auspices of both sides, which was an important way to expand overseas trade in the Ming Dynasty. Zheng He's fleet not only carried gifts, but also goods from China, such as copper coins, silk, porcelain, iron and so on. This kind of trade can be bought and sold with copper coins in the Ming dynasty, and many things are bartered. The most influential is the high-five pricing method. In Guri, China's fleet arrived. The local agent is responsible for the transaction and the goods are taken to trading places. The two sides negotiated the price face to face under the auspices of officials. Once an agreement is reached, they will never go back on their word. This friendly way of trade is called beautiful talk in the local area. During Zheng He's voyage to the West, especially after, the scale of trade expanded, following the principles of equality, voluntariness and equal exchange, and possessing some basic principles of international trade.
The third kind of non-governmental trade. To some extent, this kind of trade was promoted by Zheng He's trade activities in the Western Seas. It was initiated spontaneously by businessmen or people. Zheng He's voyages to the West wiped out pirates, safeguarded maritime safety, opened up navigation channels, and promoted and stimulated non-governmental trade. According to some scholars' research, Zheng He's mission did not prohibit officers and men from bringing some China goods to exchange along the way. Southeast Asians like China's silk, porcelain and tools very much. As soon as Zheng He's fleet arrived, they rushed to row boats or trade at the dock, and some also invited officers and men to set up stalls in the local market. At that time, China mainly exported porcelain, silk, tea, lacquerware, metal products and copper coins, and China exchanged them for jewelry, spices, medicinal materials and rare animals. At that time, China imported pepper 100 Jin from overseas, with a local value of 1 2, and returned to China for sale.
Zheng He's trade activities in the Western Seas include political trade and economic trade.
Wherever Zheng He went to the West, he not only carried out overseas trade, but also spread China's advanced culture. At that time, some countries and regions in Southeast Asia, South Asia and Africa were backward in social development and longed for Chinese civilization. Judy sent Zheng He to the Western Seas, and also shouldered the mission of "educating overseas, guiding etiquette and changing habits". Zheng He spread Chinese civilization overseas. It has written a new chapter in the history of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The contents of Zheng He's voyage to the West to spread Chinese civilization mainly include the following aspects: Chinese etiquette and Confucianism, calendar and weights and measures system, agricultural technology, manufacturing technology, architectural carving technology, medical technology, navigation and shipbuilding technology.
There are still many stories about Zheng He circulating overseas. There are Bukit China and Lihang Baojing in Malaysia, Semarang and Semarang Temple in Indonesia, leaving the remains of Zheng He and expressing the local people's respect for this pioneer in spreading Chinese civilization.
4. Develop marine industry and lay Asian-African routes.
The ocean is the cradle of life, accounting for 70.8% of the earth's surface area and rich in resources. Since ancient times, it has been a space for human production and life, which has had an important impact on human society and is closely related to the survival, development and rise and fall of our Chinese nation. Our ancestors created Longshan and Baiyue marine cultures in the early days. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas pushed China's ancient marine industry to the peak of development, which was of great significance to mankind.
First, the Asian-African intercontinental route was opened, paving the way for westerners to sail in Asia and Africa. When the Portuguese navigator da Gama bypassed the Cape of Good Hope along the west coast of Africa and reached the coast of East Africa, the locals told us that China people had visited several times decades ago. With the help of Arab navigators, they successfully arrived in India along the route opened by Zheng He's fleet.
Secondly, I made some oceanographic surveys in the western Pacific and Indian Ocean, and collected and mastered a lot of oceanographic data. Zheng He's nautical charts were drawn through a large number of marine surveys. This marine survey is more than 400 years earlier than the British Challenger 1872- 1876, and it is the earliest marine survey record in the world.
Thirdly, the navigation area is strategically laid out. According to his mission and marine knowledge, Zheng He chose Zhancheng, Manlaga, Jiugang, Guli and Hulumos as the key areas for marine development, which is conducive to expanding the scope of overseas transportation and trade.
Zheng He's voyages to the West made many contributions to the marine cause. Zheng He's brilliant achievements belong to China and the world. He has been in the ocean for 28 years since he was in his thirties. He was 60 years old when he went to the Western Ocean for the last time. He resolutely led the fleet out for cultural exchanges and navigation between China and foreign countries. This time, he never came back and died in Guri, India, at the age of 62, buried forever on the road of peace he opened up.
Among the China heroes with bright stars, Zheng He has attracted the attention of the international community not only because he is ahead of westerners in navigation technology, but also because he is superior to westerners in navigation technology. I think the most important aspect that people pay attention to and study about him is probably a cultural spirit represented by Zheng He: a value orientation that China people conquer nature without fear of difficulties and obstacles, and a determination to open their doors to the world for cultural exchanges.
Zheng He's spirit of loving his post and serving the country is eternal, which embodies the excellent qualities of the Chinese nation, such as openness, enterprising, peace and friendship, exchanges and cooperation, ocean management and being the first in the world. It is a valuable spiritual wealth, which is worthy of being inherited and carried forward by future generations and promoting human civilization.
[Edit this paragraph] A brief introduction to Zheng He's seven voyages to the West
1405 1 1 In July (the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty), Ming Taizu Chengzu ordered Zheng He to lead a huge fleet of more than 240 seagoing ships and 27,400 crew members to sail and visited more than 30 countries and regions in the western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, which deepened the friendship between China and Southeast Asia and East Africa. From Liujiagang, Suzhou, to 1433 (8 years of Xuande in Ming Dynasty), it sailed 7 times at a time. For the last time, in April of eight years, Xuande returned to Guri and died on the ship.
Zheng He went to the Western Seas.
On June 15th, the third year of Yongle (1405 July 1 1), it set sail from Nanjing Longjiang Port, went to sea via Taicang, and returned to China on the second day of September, the fifth year of Yongle (1407 10 February). The data of the first voyage to the West was 27,800.
Zheng He's Second Journey to the West
On September 13th, the fifth year of Yongle (1407, 13), he arrived in Brunei, Thailand, Cambodia, India and other places, saw off the tooth in Ceylon Mountain, brought it back with the ship, and returned to China in the summer of the seventh year of Yongle (1409). The data of the second voyage to the West was 27,000.
Zheng He's Third Journey to the West
In September of the seventh year of Yongle (1409, 10), we set sail from Liujiagang, Taicang. Yao, Fei Xin, Ma Huan and others followed us and arrived in Vietnam, Malaysia and India. On the way home, we visited Mount Ceylon. June 16th, the 9th year of Yongle (14 1 July 6th).
Zheng He's fourth voyage to the West.
In the 11th year of Yongle (14165438+October 2003), accompanied by Ma Huan, the translator, set sail in Malindi, East Africa for the first time in the 13th year of Yongle (1465438+August 2005). In June165438+1October of the same year, Ambassador Marinte came to China to present the "Kirin" (giraffe). The data of the fourth voyage to the West was 27,670.
Zheng He's Fifth Journey to the West
In May of the fifteenth year of Yongle (1465438+June 2007), Pu Rihe, a descendant of Pu Shougeng, accompanied him to Zhancheng and Java Island via Quanzhou, and as far away as the ancient wooden capitals of Shu, Brava and Malin in East Africa, on July 17th of the seventeenth year of Yongle (1465438+August 2009)
Zheng he's voyages
On the 30th day of the first month of the 19th year of Yongle (142 1 March 3rd, 2000), he set out for Bangkoci (Bangladesh). According to the historical records, "In the middle of the town, the official ship was caught in a strong wind, capsized and drowned, and the ship shouted, knocked on God for help, but the words were not finished ... It was calm", and he returned to the middle road. In August of the 20th year of Yongle. In the 22nd year of Yongle, Ming Chengzu died, and Injong Zhu Gaochi ascended the throne. Because of the economic emptiness, he ordered to stop sailing to the west.
Zheng He made seven voyages to the West.
The treasure ship set sail from Longjiang Pass (now Xiaguan, Nanjing) on the sixth day of December in the fifth year of Xuande (143 1). After returning, Zheng He died in Guri on the west coast of India in the eighth year of Xuande (1433) due to overwork. The fleet was led by eunuch Wang Jinghong and returned to Xuande. There were 27,550 people on the seventh voyage to the West.
The fleet system of Zheng He's voyages to the West.
Zheng He's fleet to the Western Seas is a huge fleet, which is completely compiled according to maritime navigation and military organization. At that time, it was a powerful maritime mobile formation in the world. Many foreign scholars call Zheng He's fleet a task force, and Zheng He is the commander or commander-in-chief of the navy. After comprehensively analyzing the world history of this period, Dr. Joseph Needham, an internationally renowned scholar, came to the conclusion: "The navy of the Ming Dynasty may be stronger than any Asian country in history or even any European country in the same period, so that all European countries cannot compete with the navy of the Ming Dynasty." Zheng He's voyage to the Western Ocean was a large-scale and well-organized fleet formed in the form of military organization according to the maritime navigation and the tasks undertaken.
Zheng He's Sailing to the West and Developing Overseas Trade
The overseas trade developed by Zheng He's voyage to the West includes tribute trade, official trade and folk trade. As an envoy of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He visited local kings or chiefs everywhere on behalf of the Ming Emperor and exchanged gifts with them to show their sincerity in trade and friendship. Zheng He also exchanged goods with merchants from all over the world, traded on an equal footing, and bought back local specialties such as ivory, precious stones, pearls, corals and spices.
Zheng He's Navigation Equipment-Treasure Ship
According to Ming History and Biography of Zheng He, there are 63 treasure ships of Zheng He, the largest of which is 44 feet long and 18 feet wide. It was the largest seagoing ship in the world at that time, with a length of151.18m and a width of 61.6m.. This ship has four floors. Nine masts on the ship can hang 12 sails, and the anchor weighs several thousand kilograms. It takes 200 people to set sail, and a ship can hold thousands of people.
"Ming history?" "Military Records" also records: "The treasure ship is as high as a building, with a sharp bottom and wide width, which can accommodate thousands of people. "
Zheng He's fleet has five types of ships. The first one is called "treasure ship". The largest treasure is 44 feet long, 18 feet wide and carries 800 tons. This kind of ship can hold thousands of people, and it was the largest ship in the world at that time. Its posture is magnificent and unparalleled. Its iron rudder needs two or three hundred people to move. The second kind is called "horse boat". Captain Ma is thirty-seven feet long and fifteen feet wide. The third kind is called "grain ship". It is 28 feet long and 12 feet wide. The fourth type is called "by boat", which is 24 feet long and 9 feet wide. The fifth type is called "warship", which is eighteen feet long and six feet wide. It can be seen that some of Zheng He's ships are used to carry goods, some are used to transport grain, some are used for fighting, and some are used for living. The division of labor is refined and there are more types. It can be said that Zheng He's fleet is a large fleet with treasure ships as the main body and ships as the auxiliary. The affirmative school thinks that the History of Ming Dynasty is basically correct, because the "2,000-material seagoing ship" recorded in Zhenghe stone tablet of Nanjing Jinghai Temple is not a "treasure ship", but a smaller "warship".
Nanjing Zhenghe Shipyard excavated a rudder about15m long, which is the same size as the treasure ship described in Ming History. The wharf of Nanjing Zhenghe Shipyard is 20 feet wide. Ibn？ In the travel notes of IBN· baitutai (1304- 1377), it has been recorded that China has a huge 12 sail, which can carry thousands of people. The record of Baitutai can be used as circumstantial evidence of 12 treasure ship with thousands of people in sail. Skeptics believe that the strength of wood is limited, and an oversized hull can't guarantee water tightness and it is difficult to sail for a long time. According to the records of Zheng He's remains in Nanjing Jinghai Temple, Zheng He's first treasure ship was "two thousand materials". According to their inference, it is about fifteen to twenty feet long and six to eight feet wide. The carrying capacity is about 5000 tons. So far, no one has copied a 44-foot-long "treasure ship" that can really sail. At present, most of the imitation treasure ships take a skeptical view. Even in the voice of doubt, Zheng He's treasure ship was still the world's leading ship at that time.
Zheng He's Sailing to the West and Navigation Technology
According to Zheng He's nautical chart, Zheng He's use of hydrological needle (24/48 azimuth compass navigation) combined with star-pulling (astronomical navigation) was the most advanced navigation technology at that time. Zheng He's fleet navigated with a compass during the day and kept its course by observing the stars and the water compass at night. By reasonably solving the problems of fresh water storage, ship stability and anti-sinking, Zheng He's fleet was able to "keep the Yun Fan high and the stars gallop day and night" under the sinister conditions of "Hong Tao meets the sky and the waves are like mountains", with few accidents. During the day, flags of various colors are hung and waved in the agreed way to form corresponding semaphores. At night, lanterns are used to reflect the sailing situation. In case of fog and rain with poor visibility, gongs, horns and horns are also used for communication. Zheng He's navigation skills in the Western Seas are mainly manifested in three aspects: 1. Astronomical navigation technology. China can determine the position and navigation position of ships by observing the sun, moon and stars long ago. Zheng He's fleet combined astronomical navigation and positioning with the application of navigation compass, which improved the accuracy of determining the ship's position and course, and was called "star pulling". The position, direction and course of the ship can be judged by observing, positioning and determining the height of the sky by using the method of "pulling the star board". This technology represents the world advanced level of astronomical navigation in that era. 2. Zheng He's geographic navigation technology to the West is based on marine scientific knowledge and nautical charts, and uses navigational instruments such as navigational compass, log and bathymeter to determine the navigation route of the ship according to the records of nautical charts and needle book. Determining the navigation route during navigation is called needle path and compass error. No more than 2.5 degrees. 3. The reason why Zheng He's nautical charts were handed down from generation to generation benefited from the inclusion of Mao in the book Wu Beizhi at the end of Ming Dynasty. When the original picture was put into the book, it was changed into a book form, with 20 pages from right to left and 40 * * *, and finally two pictures of "crossing the ocean to attract stars" were attached. The farthest east African coast is 65,438+06. Cities, islands, navigation marks, beaches, reefs, mountains and air routes are all marked. Nansha Islands (Wansheng Shitangyu), Xisha Islands (Shitang) and zhongsha islands (Shixing Shitang) are clearly marked. 1947, the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of China named the South Island Reef after Zheng He and others. In memory of this great navigator, Zheng He's nautical chart is the earliest existing nautical atlas in the world. Compared with the most representative Portland charts in the west at the same time, Zheng He's nautical charts have a wide range and rich contents. Although its mathematical accuracy is low, its practicability is better than Portland diagram. Needham of Britain pointed out in his book "History of Science and Technology in China": Mills and Bragdon made a detailed study on the accuracy of China's nautical charts. Both of them are familiar with the entire coastline of Malay Peninsula, and they spoke highly of the accuracy of China's nautical charts. The brilliance of China's advanced navigation technology reflected by Zheng He's voyage to the West shows the great wisdom of the ancient people of China, thus creating a great voyage of Zheng He's voyage to the West.
The significance of zheng he's voyage to the west.
Zheng He has been to more than 30 countries, including Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Pahang, Zhenwax, Guri, Siam, Adan, Tian Fang, Zoufal, Hume, Mugushu, as far away as the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, Mecca and possibly Australia. These records all represent the pinnacle of China's maritime exploration, more than 80 years earlier than the western explorer Da Gama Columbus and others. At that time, the Ming dynasty was ahead of the west in navigation technology, fleet size, sailing distance, duration and related fields. In the historical significance of Zheng He's voyage to the Western Seas, there are many overseas interpretations. "In Zheng He's era, China really assumed the responsibility of a civilized country: be strong but not hegemonic, spread goodwill to friendly countries, publicize rewards, and be generous. The Mystery of Zheng He's Files Destroyed: According to the Records of Special Areas in Zhou Zi, Zheng He's files on his voyages to the West were originally kept in the Ministry of War. During the Chenghua period in Ming Xianzong, the emperor ordered the Ministry of War to check the old files of Sambo, but the officials sent by Xiang Zhong, the minister of the Ministry of War, could not find them for three days, and the driver Liu Daxia had already hidden them in advance. Xiang Zhong asked officials, how can the documents in the library be lost? Liu Daxia, who was present at that time, said: "Three guarantees to the West Sea cost hundreds of thousands, and thousands of soldiers and civilians died. What are the benefits of getting treasures? "Although the old files are still there, they should be destroyed. Why do you ask? " . Zheng He's voyages to the West should include a large number of original materials, such as imperial edicts, Zheng He's fleet establishment, lists, logbooks, accounts, etc. Whether a large number of Zheng He files were destroyed by Liu Daxia is still a mystery. The disappearance of a large number of Zheng He's archives has brought great difficulties and restrictions to Zheng He's research. Zheng He's Theory of Discovering America: In the best-selling book "142 1: China Discovers the World" published in 2002, the former British Royal Navy submarine commander Gavin? Menzies pointed out that Zheng He's fleet sailed around the world and discovered America and Oceania long before the era of great western navigation. On June 65438+1October 16, 2006, a China painted on 1763 and marked Yongle 16 (14 18) was exhibited simultaneously in Beijing and maritime museum, a Greenwich country in London. The navigation map of China has detailed navigation areas and outlines of America, Europe and Africa. In addition, the picture is accompanied by descriptions of American aborigines (black and red skin with feathers on the head and waist) and Australian aborigines (dark skin, naked body and bone products on the waist). The only drawback is that there is no record of Britain in the nautical chart. According to China lawyer Liu Gang, the collector of the map, he bought the map from a Shanghai businessman for 500 dollars in 200 1 year, and learned the historical importance and significance of the nautical chart by reading the above book 142 1: China Discovers the World. Zheng He visited more than 30 countries and regions in the 28 years before and after his voyage to the West. Everywhere Zheng He went, he presented gifts to kings of various countries as a sign of friendship. The fleet brought handicrafts such as silk, porcelain, copper, iron, gold and silver in exchange for local specialties. The accompanying officials keep a record of what they see at any time. On the way back, envoys from various countries came with the ship, presented treasures and specialties to the Ming emperors, and exchanged them with China businessmen. Friendly exchanges have expanded trade and enhanced understanding. Zheng He accomplished his mission brilliantly. People in Nanyang and other places have been commemorating this messenger of peace and friendship. In some cities, temples and scenic spots commemorating Zheng He still exist. Zheng He's seven voyages to the West are great achievements in the history of world navigation. European navigators Columbus and Wagda Gama both sailed much later than Zheng He. They sailed several times, about 100 people, three or four ships, and the maximum tonnage was only 120 tons. Zheng He surpassed these European navigators in voyage, scale and organization.
[Edit this paragraph] Countries and regions that Zheng He passed through during his seven voyages to the West.
According to the Biography of Zheng He in Ming Dynasty, Zheng He was sent to 36 cities and countries: Zhancheng, Java, Zhenla, Jiugang, Siam, Guri, Malaga, Boni, Sumatra, Aru, Kezhi, Grand Gulen, Little Gulen, Xizori, Sulu, Geli and Adan.
[Edit this paragraph] Interpretation of Chinese and foreign place names involved in Zheng He's voyages to the West
1, western region
In ancient times, the narrow sense of the western region refers to the area west of Yumenguan and east of Congling; In a broad sense, the western regions refer to landlords who can cross to the west in a narrow sense, including Central Asia, West Asia, Indian Peninsula, and even Eastern Europe and Northeast Africa. The "western region" in "the west of its western regions" refers to the western region in a narrow sense. If it corresponds to the following "north", it seems to be the solution of "western region territory"; The "Western Regions" in the "Khrushchev Kingdom in the Western Regions" refers to the western regions in a broad sense. In today's Indian Ocean.
2. Occupy cities and villages
Also known as Zhanpo, it is an ancient country name in south-central Vietnam today. China's historical records once called it Lin Yi and the Lord of the Rings. The local rice, known as "Zhancheng Rice", is one of the excellent varieties of rice, which was introduced to China in the Song Dynasty. After Zheng He's voyage to the West, Zhancheng Rice was introduced and popularized in the Yangtze River, Pearl River and Minjiang River basins in China. This kind of rice is called "Zhan Gu" or "James J.S.Wong" in Changle, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province. Until thirty years ago, it was an excellent variety of local late rice with long stalks.
3.Java language (a computer language, especially for creating websites)
That is, the country of Bessie is located in Java. Historical records since the Tang Dynasty call it "Da Ling" and "Po". The island borders the Java Sea in the north and the Indian Ocean in the south, with an area of 1.26 million square kilometers and a population of nearly 1 100 million. This is the most densely populated and economically developed area in Indonesia. The main cities are Jakarta (the capital), Bandung, Semarang, Surakarta in Surabaya and Surabaya where Chinese Changle people live together.
4. Three Buddhas and Qi State
In other words, Srivijaya, a transliteration of Sanskrit, is an ancient country on Sumatra Island in Indonesia today, which was located in Barents State today, on the banks of Muxi River in the southeast of Sumatra Island.
5. Siam
Thailand, formerly known as Thailand, is located in the middle of Indo-China Peninsula in Southeast Asia. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/4th century, it was formed by the merger of Siam and Romania, bordering the Gulf of Siam in the south. The current capital is Bangkok, and the number of overseas Chinese in Thailand ranks first in South Asia.
6. South Tianzhu
Tianzhu is another name of ancient India, and ancient books also call Tianzhu poisonous. Tianzhu is divided into three parts: north, middle and south. Southern Tianzhu refers to the southern part of the Indian Peninsula.
7. Mount Ceylon
Ceylan, or Lion Country, now Srilangka, is an island country in southern Asia, facing southeast India across the Pakistan Strait, covering an area of 65,000 square kilometers. Is one of the ancient Buddhist countries, the main ethnic groups are Sinhalese and Tamil. Colombo, the capital, is located in the southwest of the island.
8. Guri country
Also known as "Gulliver", it is located in Kosikod, Kerala, southwest of Indian Peninsula, and is the hub of maritime transportation. In the fifth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1407), Zheng He visited here and erected a monument to commemorate his second voyage to the West.
9. Ke Zhiguo
Guo Zhen, whose hometown is in Cochin, southwest India, is a key waterway and an important port. /kloc-friendly contacts with China at the beginning of the 5th century.
10, Gourd Maugham Kingdom
That is, Hormuz, also translated as Hormuz, is located near Minab in the southeast of Iran, near the Strait of Hormuz, and the abandoned land is on the north bank of Hormuz Island, bordering on the exit of Persian Gulf. It was an important transportation and trade hub in ancient times, and now it has been replaced by bandar abbas on the other side.
Gumu is a country.
Mogadishu is the capital of Somalia, known as the Horn of Africa, located in the southeast of Somalia, near the Indian Ocean. An ancient city was built 13 century ago. Zheng He was here twice when he went to the Western Ocean.
Nanjing Longjiang 12
Longjiang Shipyard was located here in the early Ming Dynasty. So the address is in the area of Bao Zhong Village near Sancha River in Xiaguan, Nanjing today; This waterway used to be called Longjiang, leading to the Yangtze River. Longjiang Shipyard once built a "treasure ship" for Zheng He's voyage to the West, so it is also called "treasure shipyard". The shipyard of shipbuilding is called "boatman", and the site is still there, just like a huge pond. 1957, a large rudder was unearthed here, with a length of 1 107 meters, which is now in the museum of Chinese history. The length of this rudder fully proves the scale of Zheng He's treasure ship. According to the records of Longjiang Shipyard,141year (the ninth year of Yongle), the shipyard "rebuilt and built 247 seagoing ships for western countries". The former Tianfei Palace on the bank of Longjiang River has been destroyed.
Changle Nanshan 13
It is named because it is located in the south of Changle County, Fujian Province. Today, the streets of Changle County surround this mountain. It is only about 40 meters above sea level, also known as mountain climbing; This mountain has three small peaks: Ming Lan, Xiang Jie and Shilin, so it is also called Sansan. The mountain climbs very high. This mountain has three small peaks: Ming Lan, Xiang Jie and Shilin, so it is also called the Three Sages. There are towers on the mountain, which are called Sanfeng Pagoda (Shengshou Pagoda). Some temples are called Sanfeng Temple or Sanfeng Pagoda Temple; Next to the temple, there is the "Tianfei Palace" dedicated to Mazu, and the monument of "Tian Fei Lingying" stands in this palace; Next to the palace, there is the Sanqing Hall built by Zheng He. In the hall, "bells and drums are instruments, and everything is ready." The bell is "Zheng He Bronze Bell", which was originally moved to Nanping City during the Anti-Japanese War. The temples, palaces and halls above are all gone, and the towers stand tall. In recent years, it has been reinforced and transformed, which is even more spectacular. 1935, Zhenghe historical relics exhibition hall was built on the abandoned site of the original temple, palace and hall. Tian Fei Monument is the main exhibition cultural relic, and Nanshan was rebuilt as Zhenghe Park in the same year.
14, Zigong
Refers to Changle Taiping Port connected with Minjiang River. Located in the west and north of the west foot of Nanshan Mountain in Changle County, it refers to the waters of Xia Dong River near Wuhangtou in Changle County in a narrow sense. Broadly speaking, it refers to the whole Xia Dong River. This port used to have a wide river surface and deep water, which could anchor huge ships. There is a saying that "there is no wind in Wan Li to smooth jade, and there are thousands of waves in the moon to fold gold"; The Pingzhi Shoushi and Liu Ping hills in the northeast and southeast of the port can block the attack of typhoon, which is a good shelter from the wind. Both Changle County Records and Changle Liu Lizhi are published; Zheng He, the eunuch of Sambo, went to the Western Ocean, where the ship was stationed to build a huge ship, renamed Taiping Port. Due to the change of mulberry, there is only one narrow waterway connecting the small steam turbine. Most of the original waterways have become fertile fields, and some have become new residential areas. The main road of this community is called Taiping Port Road, which is vertically connected with Zhenghe Road.
Sumatra, 15
It has also been translated into Samudra, Suwenala and Suwendana. The old place is near Lokshomawe in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, and now it is the general name of the whole island. The island is adjacent to the Straits of Malacca in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south and the equator in the middle. It is a big island in western Indonesia, covering an area of 434,000 square kilometers, with Medan as the capital.
16, full of thorns and Canada
The old translation was also called Malacca, and now the translation is Malacca (14-16th century), a feudal kingdom on Malaya Peninsula. Located in Malaysia and Malacca, at the crossroads of Malacca Strait, 14 1 1 year (the ninth year of Yongle). The king of this country, Bailey, was fascinated by Sura. Zheng He's fleet passed through many places. At present, half of the residents in Malacca are Chinese, and three-quarters of the residents in Malacca, its capital, are Chinese. There are Sanbao Temple, Hang Li Po Well and Sanbao City in the city.