Remarks: Mandy
# Preface #
Children's development is the foundation and core of all psychology courses, and it is the best way for parents to receive formal psychological training and understand children's psychology. The book "Psychology of Child Development" has more than 200 pages, which explains the specific situation and inner world of children very accurately. Deep internal skills, reading other books, is just like learning martial arts moves. Internal Skill+Moves = awesome, only moves are possessed. There are too many ways to use WeChat WeChat official account, but it is useless for us to read it. Why? The reason is not the method, but yourself. No matter how good the moves are, they also need internal force to resolve. This step is very bitter. Chew on some textbooks, something really professional and useful.
Children's hair research
Time: childhood
Content: developmental psychology (emphasis: development)
Developmental psychology: people's life is developmental. Parents are people who have a great influence on their children's development, so we should look at the problem from a developmental perspective. The problem you encounter is only the problem of this moment, and then this moment may not be a problem. When I was a child, I felt that I could not pass. When I have experienced something, it seems to have passed. Parents who look at problems from a developmental perspective have a good personality trait: hope. Only by moving forward can we hope to solve the problem. If we only look at what has happened and what has happened, no matter how good the method is, it will not play its due role because the perspective is wrong. After listening to the class, I will review the questions answered by Teacher Lu. In other courses, every sentence has a source. It is useful to deal with the problem in this way, and there is a reason behind it. Fundamentally speaking, everything comes from our perspective. What you think of the world, the world will give it back to you. Narrow developmental psychology: the category of human individual psychological development, which studies the law of individual psychological and behavioral development from fertilized egg to death. From the most basic composition of life (fertilized egg), it is a child. Study the characteristics of psychology, behavior and psychological age in different stages of life. No, student science. Physiological Reference The Ministry of Education issued a development guide for children aged 3-6.
Child developmental psychology: a branch of developmental psychology that specializes in the study of children's psychological development laws. Children usually point out the age range from birth to puberty (17, 8 years old). Frequently asked questions of parents: Is my child born or influenced by others? Born: genetic determinism. Gao Erdun (Francis Galton, 1822 February 1 6-191year1month 17), the founder of eugenics, is a British scientist and explorer. He is the cousin of Charles Darwin, deeply influenced by his evolutionary thought and introduced it into human research. He focused on individual differences, studied the causes of individual differences from the perspective of heredity, and founded eugenics. His research on human senses opened up a new way to study individual psychology and psychological tests. It is believed that individual development and conduct are determined by the genes of germ cells, development is only the expansion of internal factors, and environment and education play a "trigger" role, fatalism and determinism. Heredity does have an impact, but acquired plays at least 70% role in people's development, and congenital accounts for 30% of homework. Acquired factors are the main factors, supplemented by congenital factors. Psychological experiment: twins are raised in different families, and the results are completely different. Gao Erdun's eugenics was refuted. The other school goes to extremes, Watson, the founder of behaviorism. (behaviorism: carrot+stick, coercion and inducement. ) environmental determinism. No matter what gene it is, it can look like in any environment. Give me a dozen children, and as long as I have time to train, I can turn them into what I want to be. Several of his children were raised by him in this way, and three lunatics 1 committed suicide. It is not feasible to treat children rudely by completely ignoring their reality. Piaget, interaction theory. Founder of child developmental psychology. Argument: The functions of heredity and environment are interdependent. 2) mutual penetration and mutual transformation. 3) The developmental role of maturity and learning is dynamic. In developmental psychology, the core of development lies in "dynamic" and "dynamic".
Three aspects of children's developmental psychology research:
Physical development, brain development, such as physical and brain development, sensory ability, motor skills, especially the brain. For other physiology, see the development guide for children aged 3-6. Mainly in the brain, spirit and psychology.
Cognitive development. Perception, perception, feeling and ways of obtaining information about things: A. Learning, attention, memory, language and thinking. The core of our discussion. These pieces can be studied in depth, and when they are developed by themselves, they can be used accurately for children. B. Reasoning (mathematics). C. creativity.
Social development. Schools should teach, but they lack it. Emotion (love to lose your temper? Are you resistant to setbacks? ), will (others are lazy, can you persist), changes and stability of social relations (interpersonal relationships).
These three pieces can't be quantified, and what can't be quantified in psychology is often ignored.
Child developmental psychology, research task
Describe the pattern of children's psychological development. Specific knowledge points are useless, but they need to be transformed into patterns.
Reveal the causes and mechanisms of children's psychological development.
Explain and measure individual differences.
Reveal the influence of different environments on development.
Basic methods to help and guide children's development. Including 1) to describe children's behavior; 2) Explain the motivation behind the behavior; 3) predict what may happen in the future; 4) Propose solutions and how to control ta.
Basic laws of children's psychological development.
Psychological development is directional, sequential and irreversible (to be discussed, hypnosis should return to childhood feelings and changes). Generally speaking, psychological development is always from low to high, from simple to complex, from imperfect to perfect. The overall trend is upward, and the specific process is irreversible, but it may be reviewed later.
Time imbalance of psychological development. The first acceleration period and the second accelerator developed steadily. Accelerating development is also called the critical period: giving the right things when the children are right.
Universality and difference of psychological development. * * * the law of sex, also can't ignore personality differences.
Dialectical unity of growth and decline in psychological development. Some abilities are growing, while others are declining, depending on what information they receive from the environment. Children's growth must be in the process of interacting with the environment.
Psychological development, whether it is stable in time. Was it "strange" for a while? Children are divided into oral and lip period, anal desire period, sexual desire period, incubation period and adolescence. Children have at least five stages of development. As far as stability is concerned, these periods are very unstable, just as they are at the junction of continental plates.
In the process of psychological development, the continuity and stages of development. Two completely different views. Viewpoint 1: A tree grows slowly with continuous development. Viewpoint 2: Staged development, growing up overnight, the caterpillar becomes a butterfly. Physically continuous, in the long run, staged. Both go hand in hand.
Development has the characteristics of the times. Proof of the previous article. There are both continuity and stages.
The critical period of psychological development. Do the right thing at the right time, and children will advance by leaps and bounds. Double ladder climbing experiment. Research shows that the most suitable slide is about 2 years old. Baby 1, 1 one-and-a-half-year-old training slide, learned in 4 months. Baby 2, 2 years old training slide, 2 weeks to learn. Wrong time, 4 months; That's right. This is natural time. Two weeks. Cost-effective, do the right thing for your child at the right time. It's not a question of right or wrong, but a question of timing. Children should be given corresponding stimulation and training when they are ready. This experiment tells you the critical period. At this time, give the child a benign stimulus to promote the better development of behavioral ability, otherwise it will hinder the development of the child and even lead to the lack of behavioral ability. The critical period does not suddenly start or end, but gradually develops to the peak and fades away. There is a time period for everyone to understand and grasp it slowly.
Whether psychological development is active or passive. Passive: brain development, ability by leaps and bounds. Initiative: actively adapt to the environment.
The dispute between heredity and environment.
Age characteristics of development-subsequent block study
School of Social, Cultural and Historical Studies-Vygotsky
Psychologists in the former Soviet Union emphasized the influence of culture, history and society on children's cognitive development.
Founder of cultural perspective.
The nearest development area (the development of children's ability should be the requirement of the nearest area and adults)
Scaffolding structure
Frame structure
Teaching area (teaching ahead of development)
Control the direction, not every specific press.
Optimal learning period
Do the right thing at the right time in sensitive times.
The critical period of each stage
20 weeks
Respond to sound stimulation, you can prenatal education.
Stimulus-response feedback.
Infantile period (0-3 years old)
The brain completes 40%-50% of the developmental tasks, and the brain structure and neurons have undergone great changes.
This stage is of great significance to physical and mental development.
Adults, any emotional and psychological reaction can be found from childhood.
The more chances of neuronal reorganization, the higher IQ.
Ability to walk independently-the ability to explore and communicate with the outside world. Start to create your own world and know your own world. Body, emotion, expression, spoken language. The world everyone sees is the world they see. Right or wrong in psychology is not important, what matters is why you think it is right and why you think it is wrong. Understand the reasons behind it.
Cognitive level belongs to nastic movement and intuitive action thinking stage.
Collect information by senses and judge by intuition. Adults make compound decisions, while children rely more on their own intuition than on their brains.
Showing the initial requirement of independence.
The first stage of resistance began. "disobedience" is a good thing. If you listen to your parents completely, you will have problems yourself.
The cost of children's growth-getting rid of their parents
Having an idea means boycotting others. Children develop their own personality, the first period of resistance. Encourage children and build themselves. If you don't give your child a chance to try, you will be suppressed. Adults, who want to do something, dare not do it, and have no self-formation.
The significance of the development of social attachment to emotional development
Attachment is the foundation of all relationships. The attachment relationship between 0-3 years old and mother largely determines the intimate relationship in the future. Whether you feel good for the first time directly determines whether you feel good later.
Three, four important periods of children's growth
Fourthly, the significance of action development to psychological development.
Motor development is the premise of psychological development-why walk? Explore the world. Why are you talking? Communicate with the world. Why do you want to hit people? He makes me angry. There can be no psychological development without sports development. Motor development is limited and mental development is slow.
Action development is the external manifestation of psychological development? What the mind thinks will do.
Action development promotes the development of spatial cognition. Spatial cognition is very important. The basic abilities of mathematics, Chinese and English are all spatial abilities. Among all abilities, only spatial cognitive ability directly determines children's academic performance. Spatial cognitive ability determines the distribution of brain neurons, which determines the way of thinking. Mathematics (reasoning, thinking) and Chinglish (Chinese, which tests the ability of information reorganization, transformation and translation) are based on spatial cognition. Doing more exercise is very helpful.
Action development promotes the development of social skills. If children want to play, the more intense the better.
Neonatal reflex behavior
Some reflections remain and some disappear.
After soaking in water for a long time, the skin will wrinkle. In order to increase friction. It was preserved in the process of evolution to help children grow up, but not all of it was left to the end.
Supplement of reflection content
Directional reflex: new stimuli appear, and all individuals, including newborns, have directional reflex. Shout and look over.
Habituation: the same stimulus is presented repeatedly, which makes the original directional reflex disappear completely, that is, habituation. I have been eating what I like very much, and then I have no feeling. Help children reduce the sensitivity of their systems.
De-habituation: Once you get used to it, the response to stimulation disappears. However, if a new stimulus is given, which is different from the previous stimulus, the reflex behavior will reappear, indicating that individuals can distinguish between the new stimulus and the long-term stimulus. The phenomenon of regaining interest in new events is called habituation. Eg. I like to eat meat, and I am tired of eating meat every day-habituation; Another way, barbecue-habit.
Color perception: newborns can't see color. I started watching it in 3-4 months.
Shape perception: Babies naturally prefer to observe complex patterns rather than simple ones. Babies like to look at figures with many outlines, like curves, and don't like straight lines. Babies like to receive more information. This is also the essential difference between human cognition and other animals. In other words, if you look at simple things every day, you will degenerate into an animal. People are people and will go straight ahead.
Children's development model
Piaget
The most important founder of the whole development.
format
The most basic unit in cognitive structure organization. Format: the structure or organization of an action. When you are angry, wave your fist. This fist is your "format". When you are angry, you will cry. Tears are your "format" Everyone's behavior is divided into countless formats, and these actions are repeated, migrated and summarized in the same or similar environment. Drink water when you are thirsty, you don't need to think; Raising your voice when you are angry, without thinking, drinking water and raising your voice are all "formats" you form. Format is not innate, it is the migration and generalization of your repeated study and practice in the process of growing up. You have your format, others have other people's formats. The consultation will ask, "What did you do when you first felt this way?" Because, the format of the first feeling, if there is no third party involved, will be preserved. If you are angry now, you are angry with your childhood; What you are doing now is taking responsibility for your childhood. Format is the most basic unit. If you understand the format, you can understand the behavior.
absorb
Filter or change the stimulus input. Integrate external elements into a fully formed format being formed in the body. The little plasticine was pinched into the big plasticine and assimilated. Assimilation, when analyzing specific problems, big concepts assimilate small concepts. Why is it useless to reason with a child? Because he is assimilating you, his theory is greater than yours. You think you are changing him, but in fact he is changing you.
follow
What if you can't assimilate? The internal format should be changed and adapted to the reality. The format and structure of assimilation are changed by the elements he assimilates, so the whole process is reversed. You can't assimilate, you can only adapt. Hit, hit, hit you-assimilation. I can't beat you. I beg for forgiveness. Do as you say.-obey.
Summary: Assimilation-adaptation is the most basic unit in children's cognitive structure, and the unit it deals with is called format.
Fifth, the nastic movement stage.
The stage before the appearance of language. Children rely on perceptual movement to adapt to the outside world, build a sports format, and begin to understand several contents:
1. object permanence.
2. Intelligent structure
In the stage of perceptual movement, children have two great achievements in cognition.
Distinguish between subject and object: distinguish what is "me" and what is "mother". As soon as the child is born, he feels that he and his mother are one. At the stage of nastic movement, children gradually found that my thoughts were different from my mother's, and began to realize that my mother and I were not the same person. The subject and object began to differentiate. The differentiation of subject and object means that the child's "self" begins to form. If you don't try and practice, you can't be yourself.
Causality formation; Will be formed in the nastic movement stage. In the eyes of children, it was one thing to do something wrong and another to be punished.
important
1. Children have a basic understanding of the outside world by perceiving movement, and construct a movement format, which will remain until death.
2. The object is permanent. The process of understanding the persistence of an object. Light, take it out, bring it in.
3. Finally, intelligent structure. Children fully understand the external structure by mobilizing their own neurons.
The emergence of self-awareness and emotions
Self-awareness emotion
Compound emotions: shame, embarrassment, shame, jealousy, pride, etc. More than one emotion. Emotions can be divided into many kinds. Is anger the first layer or the second layer? Anger doesn't happen to everyone. When someone hits you, you don't have to be angry. You can call back. Only when I want to call back, can I get angry if I can't call back. Emotions have different levels. Only by understanding emotions first can we know how to deal with new emotions with different emotions. Emotions are complicated, and a child is unhappy. Can you quickly understand why he is unhappy? This is professional ability. Unhappiness is an emotion, but it is definitely not a single emotion. What is the underlying emotion of anger? Think about the problem.
Self-awareness appears before the child is 3 years old. 18-24 months old baby, embarrassed and embarrassed, showing pride. Jealousy and shame appear around the age of 3. Why are children embarrassed? Shame? Awkward? How his mother treats him, what kind of cognition he will have. Busy with work and ignoring children's needs, children have long considered themselves unimportant. Does he think he is worth living in this world? This is destroying children's self-confidence. Parents' behavior affects children's view of themselves. There is no difference between good and bad emotions, only category differences and degree strength. There is no perfect life, only what kind of life is chosen at each stage.
The generation and development of self-awareness emotion depends on the interaction between parents and him, so the education level of adults affects the emotional development of children.
Self-awareness helps children acquire the values of the cultural society in which they live from an early age. Why are children shy? Because his parents have been talking about him. Why do you keep saying that? Because you have your own values. Children learn what they can and cannot do, what is right and what is wrong through shame. Values are passed down from generation to generation, that is, culture. Culture is decisive for a person. Different cultures, different values and different viewpoints. Children's problems are not divided by right or wrong, but by value standards. What kind of value standard there is, there is what kind of right and wrong.
Self-regulation of emotions
supplement
Children cry: they can pretend to cry. Why are you crying? I'll talk about this later.
Sociality: children want something, get it, or get it. Evaluate whether there is inner psychological activity through social interaction. A person is less likely to have mood swings, and only when he is in contact with others will he have emotions.
Attachment mode
Attachment is formed in the process of mother-infant interaction (0- 1 year)
Any requirements of the baby can be well perceived and satisfied by the mother, that is, a safe attachment relationship can be formed. Note: Meeting all requirements only refers to this stage. The formation of security attachment has two characteristics: 1 having good self-confidence; A child is full of hope for the world and will never despair in his heart, because his mother once satisfied him at his most vulnerable time, so he has reason to believe that others will be gentle with him.
Anti-anxiety type: mom tried her best, but she was self-righteous. There is something wrong with the mother's personality, and some of the children's needs have been met. Children love and hate their mother. Many mothers have personality problems, such as emotional instability, extreme values, inability to deal with problems flexibly, and bad relationship with their spouses. Children show similar personality characteristics to their mothers. Bad personality can be inherited. The influence of the previous generation on the next generation is decisive.
Avoidant attachment: Parents neglect their babies. For example: mother's postpartum depression. At first, the baby tried various methods to win the attention of his parents. After various attempts, he was evasive. The baby feels that the world is not friendly to him at all, and it is a mess. There are all kinds of problems in intimate relationships. Psychology is a desert, without oasis, nothing can be protected, and the world is a hell.
Summary of critical period
Matters needing attention in children's development
Picky food supplement: children and adults are two species.
A.i just don't like some food.
B. Snacks form a closed loop.
C. Eat is eat, have fun.
Game supplement:
A. play by yourself or with your parents
B. something that can be touched.
C. play house
D. the game itself is not fun, but making rules is fun.
The most important content in Children's Hair —— How do children know the world
The development of thinking (cognition)
"What experience, what thinking,-> Behavior-> Life. " Thinking is the bottom. The gap between people is the gap of thinking. The distribution of stratum is the distribution of ability.
Piaget's Cognitive Development (Essence)
Four stages, you will know how children grow up when you figure it out.
calculate
There are certain steps to thinking. Interpersonal relationship is also an operation, for example, if you owe a favor, you must pay it back. The core of thinking ability: operation. Internalized action, thinking activity in the mind. Conceive it in your mind and then practice it. Operation first, action last, thinking first, action last. Reversible operation can develop in one direction or in the opposite direction. Baby, I'm good to you. Do you want to be nice to me? Interpersonal operation. It is difficult for children to form the concept of this operation before they are 7 years old.
Operating characteristics
Protect.
The formation of cluster structure. Banana+banana = two bananas. Two bananas can also be divided into two different bananas. This is the concept of cluster.
Smart children have better computing ability and higher emotional intelligence, which is based on operation.
Perceptual operation stage. (0-2) Refer to the previous recording.
Pre-operative stage. (2-7)
There is no real operation, and the representation is formed through the internalization of the action. My father hit me, which means my father is not good to me. "Bad" is a symbol. Human communication is through symbols. Children can think through psychological symbols, thus making a qualitative leap in thinking. The parents' pronunciation and intonation changed, and the children immediately knew that their parents were going to criticize themselves. I want to do something to please their parents. -& gt； The thinking function is produced. Outside things, children abstract into symbols, and treat this symbol with another thing. This is the process of thinking.
Specific operation stage (7- 1 1)
Only in primary school can you learn the specific operation of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and you can only do the specific operation at the age of 7.
Features: conservative and self-centered reversibility. Reversibility is not easy. It takes a lot of calculation to make children think from the perspective of others. Many adults are irreversible, do not consider the feelings of others, and live according to their own temperament, which is more relaxed. It is still in the early stage of operation. Piaget believes that the psychological operation in this period is mainly based on abstract concepts and belongs to operational thinking, but the thinking activities still need the support of specific content. For example: 1+ 1= how many pencils, 1 pencil+1 pencil. Can not be completely abstracted into the concept of "number".
Formal operation stage (1 1-)
Thinking develops to the reasoning level of abstract logic. The form of thinking began to get rid of the content of thinking and changed from concrete operation to abstract operation. Make a logical and creative response to false propositions. Start deductive reasoning.
Summary:
Every achievement in the field of education is arranged according to theory.
The core theory of cognitive development, understand how children grow up and what problems will exist at each stage. Don't blame your children wrongly. Before he has that ability, he can't think and act according to your conditions.