Dr. Sun Yat-sen is famous all over the world, but throughout his life, Mr. Sun never claimed to be Dr. Sun Yat-sen. All his public and private documents were signed with the word "Sun Wen", which is far from the well-known name "Sun Yat-sen". Some people say that Mr. Sun's word "Zhongshan" was used during the revolution. In order to hide people's eyes and ears, the Japanese named him "Zhongshan Bridge". It is said that Liang Qichao was also called "Zhongshan" when arguing with revolutionaries, which seemed disrespectful. Later, "Sun Yat-sen" became popular and was admired by people, but that was after the "Second Revolution". (For this reason, Tang Degang, a historian living in the United States, also made textual research in the late Qing Dynasty in 70 years. )
Sun Yat-sen, formerly known as Sun Wen, was born in1866165438+10/2 (during the Tongzhi period). According to Tang Degang, he is an out-and-out overseas Chinese youth-at least culturally, he is not a local. Of course, Mr. Sun was born in Cuiheng Village (now Zhongshan City), Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province, and his family is a farmer. However, judging from the fact that Mr. Sun entered a private school at the age of 9, I don't think his family is a poor lower-middle peasant, at least a middle peasant or a rich peasant. 1879 13-year-old Sun Yat-sen left his hometown, took refuge in his eldest brother Sun Mei, and entered the local missionary school from Honolulu to learn English, learn western learning and receive western education. From this point of view, what Mr. Tang Degang said is true.
1883, influenced by the church, Sun Yat-sen wanted to be baptized into the church, but his eldest brother Sun Mei, who had been in a foreign country for many years before him, strongly opposed it, so Sun Yat-sen returned to his hometown in Cuiheng in a rage. After returning home, Sun Yat-sen, who is already a new youth, felt that the village was lifeless, conservative and superstitious. So, he and his good friend did a bad thing and smashed the statue of the Northern Emperor in the village temple? (Hong Xiuquan did the same thing that year). This incident stirred up a hornet's nest, and all the elders in the village wanted to pick on them. As a result, Sun Yat-sen and both went to Hong Kong.
After arriving in Hong Kong, both Sun Yat-sen and Lu were baptized and joined Christianity. Later, Sun Yat-sen went to Baptist College and Central College to continue his western-style secondary education. 1886 After graduating from Central College, Sun Yat-sen entered Ji Bo Hospital and Hong Kong College of Western Medicine to study medicine. During this period, Sun Yat-sen met Chen Shaobai and others. These peers often talked about revolution together, which was regarded as the enlightenment period of the Great Revolution.
1892, Sun Yat-sen graduated from Hong Kong College of Western Medicine and began to save the world. However, making a living in Macao, Guangzhou and other places is not smooth. Later, he gradually lost interest in the modern profession of "saving the world and treating diseases" and began to be enthusiastic about the great cause of "saving the country and saving the world". At this time, it happened that Kang Youwei held a training course on reform and reform in Guangzhou Wanmu Caotang. Sun Yat-sen wanted to make friends with Kang Youwei, but he gave up because Kang Youwei wanted to be a disciple. If Sun Yat-sen really worshiped Kang Fuzi, wouldn't history be rewritten?
1894 Before the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894, Sun Yat-sen gave up his career in Guangzhou and returned to Cuiheng Village to do a great thing, that is, he wrote a letter to Li Hongzhang, an adult in the main hall of North Korea. In this book, Sun Yat-sen put forward four strategies to save the country, namely, "people make the best use of their talents, land and materials, and goods flow smoothly." Sun Yat-sen wrote at home for more than a month. After writing, Sun Yat-sen and United Lu sent books to the north via Shanghai after a little polishing by friends. In mid-June of that year, Sun Yat-sen sent a letter to Li Hongzhang's staff, Luo and others, but the result of the letter was that there was no news, which was extremely disappointing.
On the other hand, Li Hongzhang was a busy man at that time, with celebrities all over the world. How can he have time to meet these two unknown southern youths? Even if Li Hongzhang read Sun Yat-sen's letter, it is estimated that he will not be deeply impressed because of the general description and no specific reference. However, Sun Yat-sen is different and hurts my self-esteem-at least you should reimburse me for my travel expenses.
Li Hongzhang's carelessness pushed this warm-blooded young man to the opposite of the Qing court and embarked on the road of revolution. If Li Hongzhang knew something under the grave, he would regret it. What if Li Hongzhang accepted Sun Yat-sen's letter and left him as his staff? This may be Sun Yat-sen's idea at that time, which was a bit opportunistic).
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/894, Sun Yat-sen returned to Honolulu to carry out revolutionary propaganda activities here. 10, Dr. Sun Yat-sen set up a revolutionary group meeting. After the establishment of Zhong Xing Club, its members once reached 130, and even Sun Yat-sen's eldest brother Sun Mei joined. However, Hui was not the first revolutionary group in the history of the late Qing Dynasty, because before them (1890, 1892), Yang and a group of his comrades-in-arms set up an organization like Fu Ren Society, whose purpose was "to overthrow the Qing court and establish the United States", which was almost the same as Sun Yat-sen's Hui.
1895 1 month, after Sun Yat-sen returned to Hong Kong and was introduced by his friend You Lie, Xingzhonghui and Fu Jen Society hit it off and decided to merge the two groups to form a joint organization, named Xingzhonghui (the name of Xingzhonghui is more fashionable and does not have the elegance of Fu Jen Society). Later, a group of Shanxi youths, such as Kong Xiangxi, also set up a group called Xingzhonghui (which has nothing to do with Sun Yat-sen's Xingzhonghui)-it seems that the name Xingzhonghui is loud enough, and even the name has been lifted.
The first important event of the merged Zhong Xing Association was to plan the Guangzhou Uprising. 1895 10 10 On 26th October, under the organization of Yang, Sun Yat-sen and others, various uprising teams (mainly Communist party member) agreed to wrap their arms in red, and then sneaked into Guangzhou one after another. At that time, all the flags of the uprising were ready, that is, the right flag made by Lu. Unexpectedly, at this time, the main force Yang and a team of Shantou failed to arrive in Guangzhou in time as planned, and the news of the incident leaked. As a result, Sun Yat-sen had to disband his team in time, and the planned Guangzhou uprising was aborted before it was launched. After the abortion of the uprising, the Qing soldiers went out to search and destroyed the Guangzhou branch of Xingzhonghui. Unfortunately, Lu was arrested and killed, becoming the first person to die for the revolution in modern history.
After this incident, Sun Yat-sen was wanted by the Qing court and expelled by the governor. Finally, he couldn't stay in Hong Kong, so he had to cross to Kobe, Japan. After arriving in Japan, Sun Yat-sen found himself a celebrity, and his deeds of "revolutionary wanted man" were published in newspapers and newspapers for days. After Sun Yat-sen was in Yokohama, his braid was easily cut, and then he went to Honolulu, where his mother, wife and son Sun Ke (5 years old) took refuge with the support of his eldest brother Sun Mei.
After staying in the United States for several months, Sun Yat-sen went to England, intending to return to Hong Kong via the Far East. However, another great event happened at this moment, that is, Sun Yat-sen's "London was destroyed". This is also very strange. Sun Yat-sen was walking well in the streets of London when he was suddenly trapped and kidnapped by the staff of the Qing embassy in Britain. It is estimated that the staff of the Qing embassy are going to send the wanted man back to China to contribute (some people say that Sun Yat-sen himself went to the British embassy).
At the critical moment, Sun Yat-sen, with the help of the British housekeeper, Mrs. Howe, and the staff member Cole, turned to the teachers James Canteli and P Meng Sen who were studying in the Hong Kong College of Western Medicine at that time for help. As a result, the two gentlemen took immediate action. They reported the case to the police and publicized it through newspapers, which caused an uproar in British public opinion and the British Foreign Office. Under the tough pressure of the British Foreign Office, the Qing Embassy had to release Sun Yat-sen unconditionally.
What the Qing embassy didn't expect was that their stupid behavior, which was not in line with diplomatic practice, helped Sun Yat-sen a lot. After Sun Yat-sen was released, he immediately sent letters of thanks to major English newspapers, thanking them and the British Embassy for their generous help. Later, he wrote a booklet in English, A Hard Memory of London, which made the incident worse. At that time, many well-known media in the world made in-depth reports and comments on the kidnapping incident, which made China revolutionaries begin to pay attention to world public opinion. Sun Yat-sen became a rising international political star in Ran Ran and made it known to people all over China.
From 65438 to 0897, Sun Yat-sen left England and went to Japan, where he met some Japanese elites, such as Miyazaki Yinzang and Hirayama Zhou. With the sympathy and support of these people, Sun Yat-sen carried out extensive revolutionary work in Japan.
1900, the Boxer Rebellion broke out and Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China. The situation in the north was in chaos at that time. Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu fled to xi together. Sun Yat-sen thinks the time is ripe. At first, he tried to contact Li Hongzhang to plan Guangdong independence, but it didn't work. Later, on 10 that year, Zheng Shiliang led 600 party member to launch Huizhou Uprising. At first, the rebels once defeated the Qing army and quickly occupied Qing 'an. But later, because the weapons sold by Japanese profiteers were mostly scrap iron, the follow-up arms could not be supplied, and the insurgents had to disband themselves on the spot after running out of ammunition.
Although Huizhou Uprising failed, its influence was completely different from that of 1895 Guangzhou Uprising. As Sun Yat-sen said, when the Guangzhou Uprising failed, "the national public opinion was that it was a traitor and traitor, and the voice of cursing was endless; Everywhere I go, people I know are regarded as poisonous snakes and beasts, but they dare not make friends with us. " However, after the failure of Huizhou Uprising, "the evil voices of ordinary people were rarely heard. People of insight and most of us lament and hate it. The difference between before and after is like heaven. " According to this, Sun Yat-sen is "happy in his heart, unspeakable, and well aware that the dream of the people of China has gradually awakened."
However, I am very happy. Later, the Qing court began to implement the New Deal, which eased the international pressure. Although Sun Yat-sen has done some things in Japan in the past two years, it has not achieved much. Having lived in Japan for a long time, Sun Yat-sen was also bored, so he left Japan for Honolulu 1903 at the end of September. I don't know. I don't know. I was shocked when I went there. Sun Yat-sen found that his revolutionary birthplace had long been occupied by royalists such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, and the Zhong Xing Society he founded had long since disappeared. Disappointed, Sun Yat-sen had a big debate with the royalists, but the royalists were too powerful to shake their position. In a rage, Sun Yat-sen joined the Hong Men Zhi Gong Dang in Honolulu and was named Gong Hong (a "noble" position in Hong Men, with high status but no real power). This year or so is probably the most depressing time in Sun Yat-sen's life.
However, luck has changed. 1905 In the spring, Sun Yat-sen suddenly received a letter from a group of Hubei students studying in Europe, remitted 8,000 francs and invited him to visit Europe. It turned out that Zhang Zhidong was in charge of Hubei at that time, and the revolutionary youths in the new school made trouble all day, which made Lao Zhang's scalp numb. Later, he had a plan, why not send them abroad with public funds, which would not only calm his land, but also win the reputation of being good at teaching and loving talents. However, at the time of delivery, Zhang Zhidong deliberately left a mind's eye, that is, noisy ones will be sent to Japan, and noisy ones will be sent to Europe-this is a bit far.
At that time, those Hubei government students in Europe were very rich. Most of them come from wealthy families, have enough official fees and live a happy life. Poverty drives the heart, and this warmth sometimes leads to revolution (have you noticed that most revolutionaries and overseas students who participated in the Revolution of 1911 were rich children). These government-sponsored international students want to engage in some revolutionary activities after going to Europe, but they have no leading role and it is difficult to have an impact. Later, they heard that Sun Yat-sen was famous in Europe. At this time, there happened to be an overseas student named Liu Chengyu who was related to Sun Yat-sen, so they invited Sun Yat-sen through him to make a big impact. Sun Yat-sen was certainly overjoyed to receive this huge sum of money. He quickly fled the United States happily and went to Europe.
After arriving in Europe, Sun Yat-sen took out his 16-character program, "expel the Tatars and restore China;" The founding of the Republic of China, equal land rights ",immediately scared those small revolutionary parties one leng one leng. So, with their support, Sun Yat-sen took the opportunity to tour in big European cities such as Brussels, Berlin and Paris to publicize his 16-character program and went directly to Japan.
At that time, Japan had bigger things waiting for Sun Yat-sen. During the period of 1905, due to the encouragement of the Qing court to study abroad, especially in Japan, there were nearly 10,000 international students in Japan at that time, and most of them gathered in Tokyo. Among those international students, Huang Xing is the most famous. Huang Xing, a native of Hunan (now Changsha), studied in Changsha Chengnan Academy in his early years. 1898 went to Wuchang lianghu academy for further study, 1902 went to Japan to study, and went to Hong Wen academy in Tokyo for a crash course. He once organized a team of volunteers who rejected Russia. Later, Huang Xing returned to Changsha, and founded Hua Xinghui with Song, Wu Luzhen and Liu, and served as its president. 1904, Huang Xing fled to Japan after failing to plan an uprising in Changsha, and was a famous revolutionary force among overseas students. Huaxing Society has many connections with the elderly societies in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Except the leaders who fled to Japan, such as Huang Xing, Song and Zhao Sheng, most of their members were hidden in the new army, the new church school and the patrol agencies.
Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing held the first "great man handshake" under the introduction of Japanese friend Yinzang Miyazaki. After meeting for the first time, they hit it off immediately. "We had a good talk." Later, Dr. Sun Yat-sen met with Song, Chen Tianhua and other key members of the Huaxing Association in zhina in the 20th century, and decided to unite various Japanese revolutionary groups to form a unified revolutionary group, namely the China League.
At that time, besides Huaxing Society and Guangfu Society, there were more influential revolutionary groups. The Guangfu Association is mainly composed of students from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Anhui, including Xu Xilin, Qiu Jin, Zhang Taiyan and Tao. Its president is Cai Yuanpei, a former scholar, and the Guangfu Association has a close relationship with green gang in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. In addition, there is the "Science Counseling Center" organized by Hubei Youth Organization. Their activities are mainly in Hubei New Army, and their members include Cao Abel and others.
1On July 30th, 905, the preparatory meeting of China Alliance League was held in Hiraya, Tian Liang, the headquarters of the Black Dragon Club in Sanfandi, Akasaka District, Tokyo (the Japanese were interested in the China Revolution with suspicious motives). At that time, there were 76 people from ten provinces including Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Zhejiang, including Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and Song. The meeting finally decided that the revolutionary joint group was named "China League" with the purpose of "expelling the Tatars and restoring China" proposed by Sun Yat-sen; The Republic of China was founded, and the average land ownership was sixteen words.
Half a month later, Sun Yat-sen's welcome meeting was held in the overseas students' association in Japan. 1000 more than one international student in Japan came to this meeting, which was crowded and unprecedented in scale. In everyone's expectation, Sun Yat-sen came! I saw Mr. Sun wearing a straw hat and a white serge suit, standing on the stage, taking off his hat and waving his hand down-wow, what a world-class revolutionary!
At this conference, Sun Yat-sen was full of passion, and his speech eloquence was really outstanding (otherwise, how could he be dubbed "Sun Cannon"). Through this speech, Sun Yat-sen became an instant hit, and all the international students present were fascinated by it. Then, these people spread Sun Yat-sen's reputation to the overseas students in Japan, and then to the whole Chinese world, which established Sun Yat-sen's unshakable revolutionary leadership.
A week later, on August 20th, 1905, the China League was formally established in Tokyo, and hundreds of people attended the meeting that day. At the inaugural meeting, Sun Yat-sen was elected Prime Minister, and the League organization was divided into three parts: implementation, evaluation and justice. The Executive Department consists of six departments: General Affairs, Interior Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Secretaries, Accounting and Investigation. Huang Xing is the General Director of General Affairs, second only to Sun Yat-sen, Ma, Chen Tianhua is the secretary, Zhu for Interior Affairs and Liao for Foreign Affairs. The director of the appraisal department is Wang Jingwei, and the members are Cao Abel, Feng Ziyou, Hu, Wu, Qiu Jin and others. Deng is the Minister of Justice, He Tianhan is the judge and the procurator.
After the founding of the League, at the suggestion of Huang Xing, the magazine that was founded by Song and others was renamed People's Daily and became the organ of the League. 1905165438+1October 26th, People's Daily was founded, and Sun Yat-sen published an article for People's Daily, saying that "expel the Tatars and restore China; The sixteen-character purpose of "establishing the Republic of China and averaging land rights" is summarized as "nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood", which is the later Three People's Principles.
The establishment of the League created a new era of revolution in the late Qing Dynasty, and the revolutionary cause reached a new level. In less than a year, the number of members participating in the alliance has soared to 1 10,000. "Academics, industry, business, military and society all tend to have their own strengths under the same principle." "Since then, the revolutionary trend has surged and its progress has been unexpected." Since then, China League, as a national revolutionary group, began to become the leading center of the revolution in the late Qing Dynasty. As Sun Yat-sen later said, "After the establishment of the League, I gathered all the handsome guys from all over the country, and I began to believe that the great cause of revolution can be achieved."
As the saying goes, the late Qing dynasty was turbulent, and the constitutionalists were not calm, but the revolutionaries came from behind.