I. Developing social work in the fields of women, marriage and family
(A) the development stage
The development of social work practice in the field of women, marriage and family in Chinese mainland can be roughly divided into three periods.
First of all, various non-governmental organizations began to deal with women, marriage and family issues and provide related services.
In the1980s, there were basically no specialized units and institutions providing services for women and family issues in Chinese mainland. Many administrative units deal with family-related issues and provide corresponding services, such as civil affairs, trade unions, streets, public security law, women's federations and so on. In particular, the Women's Federation has done a lot of work on women's marriage and family issues. In addition, some NGOs also undertake many kinds of social work, such as some NGOs providing services for women and family issues. 1994 10 month, the first article in China? Domestic violence complaint hotline? Established in the Economic Family Center of China Social Workers Association; In March 2005, the All-China Women's Federation set up a legal help center and published the national public service hotline for women's rights protection 12338 and Mary Kay's domestic violence hotline 16838 198. At the same time, China Women's Rights Protection and Legal Help Network was established. Another non-governmental organization established earlier is Ark Family Center, which was established in May by Beijing Hongfeng Women's Psychological Counseling Service Center. 1998. Through group work for single mothers, they give psychological, moral and legal support to these vulnerable groups of women, and help them build up their self-confidence and gradually achieve self-reliance. In short, the relevant services at this stage are mainly implemented by some non-governmental organizations, which are not professional enough and have limited influence in society.
Second, the Women's Federation introduced social work methods and carried out social work practice stage.
Undoubtedly, women's federations have played an important role in the development of social work in the fields of women, marriage and family in Chinese mainland. For a long time, women's federations have basically undertaken a lot of related work in the fields of women, marriage and family. However, with the rapid development of the times, various contemporary social problems, including women's issues, have become more complex and diversified, and the work undertaken by women's federations with strong administrative color naturally cannot meet the needs of increasingly diverse and personalized female groups. The Women's Federation has recognized this problem and made efforts to adapt to this change from all aspects. Every year, they carry out various targeted training activities to improve the organization, coordination and working ability of staff, thus improving the overall quality of women's Federation cadres. In 2004, China Women's College cooperated with Manitoba University in Canada. China grassroots women's federations' social work professional capacity building? Project, through training grassroots women's Federation cadres to carry out social work, strengthen the professional quality of women cadres, introduce social work methods into women's Federation work in the form of projects, and promote women's Federation work to gradually become professional. In recent years, most local women's federations at all levels have organized various forms of training to strengthen the professional ability of their staff in social work to meet the needs of social development and social construction.
As the bridgehead of China's reform and opening up, Shenzhen plays an important role as a pioneer in the field of social work. The practice of social work in the field of women and family in Chinese mainland started from Shenzhen.
In 2006, the Shenzhen Municipal Committee held a conference on women's work and issued the Decision of Shenzhen Municipal Committee on Further Strengthening and Improving Women's Work, which clearly put forward the following requirements. To effectively strengthen the leadership over women's work, it is necessary to adopt? Government-led, women's Federation cultivation, community operation, social participation? Explore ways to solve outstanding problems of women, children and families by using social work mode. ? In 2007, Shenzhen Women's Federation took Shenzhen as a national pilot city of social work as an opportunity to take the lead in introducing the concepts and methods of social work, and planned, organized and carried it out? Sunshine series service projects? This project uses the professional method of social work to solve the outstanding problems in women, children and families, and gradually walks out of a new way of project, specialization and socialization of women's work, creating a new situation of women's social work. Subsequently, with Shenzhen as the forerunner, other parts of Guangdong Province and all parts of the country also began a series of fruitful and beneficial explorations in the field of women, marriage and family social work practice.
Third, professional social work institutions carry out social work in women, marriage, family and other fields by means of government purchase or independent development.
Since the new century, professional social work service organizations have sprung up all over the country, first in developed coastal areas such as Guangzhou and Shenzhen. With the repositioning of the function of social organizations by the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, many new social work organizations have emerged in the central and western regions. According to incomplete statistics, at present, there are more than 3,000 private social work service institutions in China, and most of them involve women, marriage and family issues in their daily work and provide related services. For example, Shenzhen Pengxing Social Work Service Agency, established in May 2007, is the first professional social work service agency in Shenzhen supported by Shenzhen Civil Affairs Bureau and registered and approved by the Civil Organization Administration. Its domestic violence protection center is dedicated to anti-domestic violence projects, and also undertakes some projects of the Women's Federation system, while providing community, elderly and family services. Is a large-scale social service network, which is representative in domestic social work institutions.
(ii) Practical development
1. Development of professional service team
With the development of social work in China, a professional service team for women's, marriage and family social work in Chinese mainland has been gradually established, mainly including the talent construction of women's federations and professional social work institutions.
The first is the construction of social work talents in the fields of women, marriage and family led by the Women's Federation. As early as April 10, 2007, the General Office of the All-China Women's Federation issued the Notice on Conducting a Survey on the Construction of Social Work Talents and Women Volunteers, requesting a nationwide survey on the status of social work talents. To study and put forward policy suggestions on setting up social work posts and attracting social work talents? On June 8, 2007, 165438+ Shanghai Women's Federation and Shanghai Civil Affairs Bureau issued "Implementation Opinions on Promoting the Construction of Social Workers Team in Women's Federation System", which clearly stated? According to the requirements of social workers, through professional qualification certification, on-the-job training and continuing education, we will build a full-time cadre team of the Women's Federation with the basic qualities of social workers? . ? Hire part-time women's Federation cadres, give full play to the role of volunteers, and build a professional service team for women social workers? Become an important goal of women's federations at all levels. Some social work practice projects led by the Women's Federation constantly emphasize the professional training of relevant staff at the beginning and during the implementation of the projects, and provide numerous opportunities and resources to improve the professional quality of staff. Shenzhen Women's Federation? Sunshine?
A series of service projects actively recruit social workers and expand the ranks of social workers. On the other hand, they take advantage of their proximity to Hong Kong to equip the service center with Hong Kong supervisors, formulate social worker training plans, actively strive for resources for social workers to carry out professional training, organize social workers to go to Hong Kong to carry out business training such as family therapy and case counseling, and arrange Hong Kong supervisors to regularly supervise Sunshine Family Integrated Service Center to improve the service skills and professional level of social workers. Led by Zhejiang Jiaxing Women's Federation? Single mother family professional social work service? On the one hand, we openly recruit professional social workers for the society, on the other hand, we integrate the original legal psychological counselor volunteers, family lecturers and other teams to become social work support service groups. 1 1 The unit and social organizations such as the Women Entrepreneurs Association and Du Jun Law Firm have become cooperative units of the firm, and recruiting volunteers for the society has become a useful supplement for social workers. 201111818 On October 8,18, the central departments jointly issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of Social Work Professionals, and local women's federations gradually formed in their work? Women workers+social workers+volunteers/volunteers? Equipped with a model to introduce professional strength into the grassroots women's work force. After continuous study in recent years, the professional knowledge of social work of women's Federation staff has been increasing and their professional quality has been greatly improved.
The second is the construction of talent teams in social institutions engaged in social work in the fields of women, marriage and family. From the data collected so far, we can't find the relevant data of social workers specializing in the fields of women, marriage and family, but from the specific work carried out by most social work institutions, some of them are engaged in the fields of women, marriage and family, such as Guangdong Kapok Social Work Service Center, which was registered and established in the Civil Affairs Department of Guangdong Province in April 20 13. Its main clients are grass-roots women, mainly through comprehensive methods such as training, publicity, consultation and research. Some institutions specialize in a specific problem in the field of marriage and family, such as Shenzhen Pengxing Domestic Violence Protection Center, which specializes in anti-domestic violence, and other social work institutions undertake some social work in the field of women, marriage and family, such as Wuchang District Marriage Registration Center undertaken by Wuhan Chuxin Social Work Service Center? Duet? Wuhan NGO Promotion Association's Social Work Service Project for Marriage Growth? An old man who lost his independence? Love projects, etc. , is a special service in this field. At present, this form of cooperation is more common in domestic social work institutions.
2. Development of professional services
Since 2007, social work practice has mainly focused on some outstanding issues in the fields of women, marriage and family. Some social work organizations carry out some special social work service projects and provide related services for a certain problem or a certain group, such as Shenzhen Pengxing? Anti-domestic violence project? , Jiaxing, Zhejiang? Single mother? For working girls in Zhuhai, Guangdong? Zhuhai Partner Women's Home? Haining, Zhejiang, for families who have lost their independence? Operation carnation? Some service organizations use their own resources to provide comprehensive services, such as Shenzhen? Sunshine service series? , the services provided include? Sunshine mom? Service items? Sunshine Family Integrated Service Center? 、? Sunshine Mind Studio? Miss sunshine? Service items? Sunshine parents? Public welfare projects and so on. , benefiting female workers, single-parent poor women, unemployed women, women with special family difficulties and parents of students. The problems involved are not only general economic difficulties, but also psychological and parenting problems. Sunshine Family Integrated Service Center? The establishment of "family planning" has expanded the service field from individuals to families, and the service targets have expanded from vulnerable groups to all members, providing community residents with one-stop services such as family mediation, women's rights protection, marriage adjustment, adolescent growth and parental education.
Tianjin? Half the sky home? Carry out comprehensive service projects such as community service for different objects. For example, some homes take single-parent families as the starting point and combine education for minors; Some focus on the service of empty nest middle-aged and elderly women and set up empty nest family activity stations; Some people are committed to creating a zero domestic violence community and forming a men's riot squad. Guangdong Dongguan Yulan Family Service Center introduced professional social workers, hired Hong Kong supervisors, and insisted on? Give priority to women and children, family and community? Our service concept has gradually formed the Magnolia Care Attack Team, Magnolia Crisis Management Team, Sunshine Women Workers Workshop, Harmonious Family Zero Domestic Violence Social Action, Magnolia Home? Round? Five brand services such as action. These comprehensive services are quite comprehensive and provide professional services for all kinds of people. These social work practices that have been carried out, either based on a certain problem or using their own resources to carry out comprehensive services, have created distinctive services in their respective fields and gradually formed a more professional work model.
3. Establish a professional service platform
In order to provide professional services for social work, a professional platform is needed. Professional social work platforms in the fields of women, marriage and family have not been established for a long time, but with the active promotion of the government and various social organizations, service platforms have been continuously established. In May 2007, with the active promotion of Shenzhen Civil Affairs Bureau, Shenzhen Pengxing Social Work Service Agency was established to provide professional social work services for rescue stations, military sanatoriums, social welfare homes, offices for the aged, charities and relevant departments of the Civil Affairs Bureau. From June 2008 to October 2009, a domestic violence prevention center was established, an anti-domestic violence assistance project was launched, and a three-level intervention mechanism against domestic violence was established.
In 2009, Yulan Family Service Center was established in Dongguan, Guangdong Province. Focus on developing women, children and families, and develop voluntary service? Develop ideas to carry out work and form a linkage service model with community organizations. In February 2009, the Sunshine Family Social Work Office in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province was established and invested? Single mother family professional social work service? Project. Established on 20 10, 1 1? Zhuhai Partner Women's Home? It is the first women's home set up in an industrial park in Zhuhai, and the first enterprise social work professional service institution set up by the Women's Federation in the country. At the beginning of 20 13, the Family Planning Association of Haining City, Zhejiang Province actively explored ways to care for and help families who have lost their families, mainly with the professional help of social workers. Dawn? Based on the social studio, start? Operation carnation? The establishment of these professional service platforms ensures the smooth development of social work practice in the fields of women, marriage and family, and is a necessary condition for providing professional services for women and families.
4. Establish relevant rules, regulations and policies
At present, the information collected on relevant laws and policies in the fields of women, marriage and family social work is very limited, mainly including the construction of talent team, the formulation of service standards and relevant laws and regulations.
First, about the construction of talent team. There are mainly two documents: Shenzhen Municipal Party Committee, Municipal Government and Shanghai Women's Federation. In June 2007, the Shenzhen Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government issued the Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of Social Work Talents to Promote the Development of Social Work, requiring that every 5000 families and every 10000 migrant workers be equipped with 1 social workers respectively, and strive to build a social work system within three to five years. At the same time, the opinion specifies the proportion of communities in communities, schools, hospitals and other places in detail. For example, community workstations will press? A social worker is at the station? Yes, schools and hospitals will also be equipped in principle? A school and a social worker? 、? A hospital and a social worker? The community is required to set up social work posts according to a certain proportion of the clients, and the social work allocation of special personnel such as drug addicts, social correction personnel, problem of juvenile, families, migrant workers, low-income households, the elderly over 60 years old, moderate and severe disabled people is also very detailed. On June 8, 2007, Shanghai issued "Implementation Opinions of Shanghai Women's Federation and Shanghai Civil Affairs Bureau on Promoting the Construction of Social Workers Team in Women's Federation System", pointing out that it is necessary to build a professional and socialized social worker team in accordance with the goals and requirements put forward by the 12th Shanghai Women's Congress, actively promote and gradually improve the operational mechanism of women's work, and the Municipal Women's Federation and Shanghai Civil Affairs Bureau should build a full-time cadre team of women's federations and promote the construction of social workers team in women's Federation system.
Second, formulate service indicators and standards. At the beginning of 20 12, Guangzhou's "Implementation Measures on Accelerating the Construction of Street Family Comprehensive Service Center" was promulgated, which made detailed provisions on the basic construction, service fund purchase, service level, evaluation and supervision of the center. Subsequently, each district issued relevant service standards, such as "Reference Standard for Related Service Indicators of Street Family Comprehensive Service Center in Liwan District, Guangzhou", which made detailed provisions on the norms of the center from the aspects of service period, service field, staffing and fund allocation, and made specific provisions on efficiency evaluation, supervision and quantitative indicators, providing operability and quantitative indicators, which can be used for reference by other family comprehensive service centers. On March 20 12, the Operation and Service Specification of Street Family Comprehensive Service Center in Baiyun District was issued, which made specific provisions on staffing, organizational structure, professional service content, work communication and coordination mechanism, and quantitative indicators of professional services.
Third, laws and regulations related to women, marriage and family. At the end of 20 12, Jiangsu province identified 1~2 pilot areas of domestic violence early warning system in 13 cities. Subsequently, the Jiangsu Provincial High Court, the Provincial Procuratorate, the Provincial Public Security Department and the Provincial Women's Federation jointly formulated and promulgated the "Implementation Measures for the Domestic Violence Warning System in Jiangsu Province (Trial)", which clearly stipulated the domestic violence that should be warned in violation of laws and regulations. At the same time, Jiangsu province 13 cities also responded positively, and innovatively introduced practical measures against domestic violence according to regional characteristics. 1, 2065438, in July, 2003, the Measures of Suzhou Municipality on Warning of Domestic Violence was promulgated, which stipulated the situation of giving written warning to the perpetrators and the handling of alarm and related illegal acts by public security organs.
On April 9, 20 13, the Hunan Provincial Public Security Department formulated and promulgated the Working Regulations for Handling Domestic Violence Cases by Public Security Organs in Hunan Province, which clarified the working principles and responsibilities of public security organs, standardized the specific procedures for handling domestic violence cases, emphasized the risk assessment of domestic violence cases, and highlighted the concept of giving priority to mediation and respecting the opinions of victims. This is the first normative document on police handling domestic violence cases issued by provincial public security organs in China, which is of groundbreaking significance. 20 1 141The People's Republic of China (PRC) Domestic Violence Law (Draft for Comment), which was officially promulgated on October 25th, was promulgated. As the first special law to prevent domestic violence in China, it regards domestic violence as the common responsibility of the whole society, and innovates new mechanisms to deal with domestic violence, such as warning, personal safety protection ruling and revocation.
5. Achievements to date
First, from the service mechanism, with the help of the powerful platform of women's federations, social work in the fields of women, marriage and family will be rapidly extended to the people. As early as 20 10, the All-China Women's Federation proposed building in rural areas and communities? Woman's house? Requirements, uses? Woman's house? Many local women's federations have applied the professional concept of social work to specific work and achieved good results. Haizhu District, Guangzhou? 386 1 my home? Project utilization? Woman's house? For the position, introduce Xinmin to reform the social work service center to carry out services in the community; Is the family comprehensive service project in Beijing also based on? Woman's house? And then what? Sister station? Relying on the introduction of professional social work services; ? Zhuhai Partner Women's Home? Is it also based on Zhuhai Women's Federation? Woman's house? Based on beneficial practice.
Secondly, from the service mode, explore the establishment of some operational and reproducible service modes. Shenzhen? Sunshine? In the process of more than six years' implementation, service projects have gradually taken shape? Women workers+social workers+volunteers? Shenzhen Pengxing's service model? Anti-domestic violence project? Three-level intervention mechanism formed by Beijing family comprehensive service project? Women workers+social workers+volunteers+social organizations? Four-way linkage service model, Haining, Zhejiang? Operation carnation? Set up a team composed of social workers, volunteers and medical volunteers? Many to one? Service groups to take care of families who have lost their families, etc. , and its service model has the characteristics of operability and reproducibility.
Third, from the service field, from individuals to families, from vulnerable groups to all members. Many services extend from individuals to the whole family, and all family members benefit from the intervention of a single family member, which greatly enhances the potential of women and enables all family members to participate in the process of improving family energy. Such as Jiaxing, Zhejiang? Single mother? The project benefits from female individuals to families, Shenzhen? Sunshine service series? It mainly serves unemployed women, single-parent poor women and other women with special difficulties, among which? Sunshine parents? For public welfare projects, special lectures will be held to provide parents with scientific parenting guidance. The basic purpose of Yulan Family Service Center in Dongguan, Guangdong Province is to meet the diverse needs of women, children and families. The service scope extends to families, and the service targets range from a single individual to all family members, greatly expanding the service targets and service scope.
Fourthly, from the service effect, it has enhanced women's sense of independence, eased the problems in marriage and family, and further promoted gender mainstreaming. Through the active intervention of social workers, we can see that some disadvantaged women have got rid of the survival dilemma, they have become more confident, their subjective consciousness has been strengthened and their potential has been brought into greater play. Through the efforts of social workers, we also see that many family crises have been alleviated and family relations have been greatly improved. On the other hand, in practice, professional social workers are also propagandists with gender awareness. They try to publicize and explain the content and importance of gender mainstreaming to the public, and actively advocate gender mainstreaming.