1. Metaphor

The Features and Functions of (1) Metaphor

Metaphor is "metaphor" That is, to grasp the similarities between two different things and compare one thing with another. The structure of metaphor is generally composed of ontology (object to be compared), vehicle (object to be compared) and figurative words (symbol of figurative relationship). The key of metaphor: A and B must be essentially different things, and there must be similarities between A and B, otherwise the metaphor cannot be established. The main functions of metaphor are: turning plain into vivid; Turn abstruse into simple; Turn abstract into concrete; Turn verbosity into conciseness.

(2) Types of metaphor

1 simile. The typical form is: A is like B, and ontological vehicles all appear, which are connected by metaphors such as "image, image, as if, as if". For example, the harvested crops are piled up like hills. "

2 metaphor. The typical form is: A is B, both ontology and vehicle appear, and there are no figurative words in the middle. It is often associated with "yes", "success" and "success". For example, the relationship between Marxism and China Revolution is the relationship between the arrow and the target.

3 metaphor. The typical form is: A generation B. Without ontology, it directly describes the vehicle. But it is different from metonymy. Find out the similarities between the two things by metonymy. Such as putting down the luggage and starting the machine.

4 metaphor. Use several metaphors to compare the same ontology from different angles and with different similarities. For example, among the layers of leaves, there are some white flowers dotted sporadically, some bloom gracefully and some bloom shyly; Like a pearl, like a star in the blue sky, like a beauty who just took a bath. (Pearl, Star and Beauty Who Just Showed Bath describe the beauty of lotus from the perspectives of color, luster and feeling, and grasp the similarities such as light, faint flicker, freshness and tranquility. )

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compare

The Characteristics and Functions of (1) Analogy

Writing things as people, or people as crops, or things as other things, its formal characteristics are: humanization of things, materialization of people, or materialization of things. Its function is to make the written "people" or "things" colorful, vivid and meaningful.

(2) the type of analogy

(1) personification. For example, Du Fuchuan is singing and laughing in the willows, and the red flag is fluttering.

② simulacra. For example, if we are honest, there will be bullies. If we dare to use a knife, the bully will have to run with his tail between his legs.

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3. Metonymy

The Features and Functions of (1) Metonymy

Metonymy is not to directly express the person or thing, but to replace it with something related to it. It emphasizes the correlation between two things. Its function is to replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, everything with strangeness and feelings with things.

(2) Types of metonymy

① Feature-generated ontology. For example, the beard roared.

(2) Concrete generation abstraction. For example, don't take a needle or thread from the masses.

(3) proper name generalization. For example, our times need thousands of Qian Qian Lei Feng.

(4) Famous works. For example, we should read more books about Lu Xun.

⑤ Part replaces the whole. For example: sing low eyebrows and don't write, and the moonlight shines like water on the skirt.

⑥ Consequences and causes. For example, specializing in pen and ink, laughing at strong men.

All landowners raw materials rather than finished products. For example, in fifty years, everything is empty, and I am lazy to turn my hair bronze.

(8) Place name replaces ontology. For example: Yan 'an or Xi 'an? It is necessary to draw a clear line.

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exaggerate

(1) The characteristics and functions of exaggeration!

Exaggeration refers to the reasonable and intentional expansion or contraction of the original things in pursuit of a certain expressive effect. Requirements are used without losing the foundation and basis of life and without exaggeration. Its function lies in setting off the atmosphere, enhancing association and enlightening people.

(2) Several forms of exaggeration

A, expand exaggeration. For example, I suspect that the Milky Way has set for nine days.

B, reduce exaggeration. For example, Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills.

C. exaggerate in advance. For example, when you see such bright green wheat seedlings, you can smell the white flour steamed bread.

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5. Duality

The Characteristics and Functions of (1) Duality

Duality is "duality", also known as "duality". It must be a pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, relative parts of speech, the same structure and related meanings. The relationship between the two sentences includes inheritance, progression, causality, hypothesis and conditions. Its functions are: easy to recite and beautiful music; Concise and expressive, lyrical.

(2) Several forms of duality

① According to the content, it can be divided into right, reverse and string.

Exactly: the meaning of the upper and lower sentences is similar, similar, complementary and contrasting.

Such as the silver hoes of Wuling in the sky, and the iron arms of Sanjiang shake.

Objection: the upper and lower sentences are opposite. For example, it is better to use the remaining brave to chase the poor bandits than to learn from the bullies.

Series pair: Also called "flow pair". The meanings of the upper and lower sentences are inheritance, progressive, causal, hypothetical and conditional. For example, in order to sacrifice more ambitions, I dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the weather.

② According to the form, it can be divided into working pair and wide pair.

The so-called pairing of works is to strictly follow the requirements of pairing in terms of words, parts of speech, structure, level and words; The so-called tolerance means that it basically meets the requirements of confrontation, but it is slightly different in some aspects. That is to say, the formal requirements are a little looser.

③ According to the structure, it can be divided into component duality and sentence duality.

Binary composition. If the mountains and rivers are ignorant, the butterflies and geese are ruthless; However, they treat human beings fairly and equally, that is, they will not laugh because of the rich and powerful, nor will they skimp on Shan Ye's fishing and firewood.

Duality of sentence. For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.

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Step 6 be parallel

Features and functions of (1) parallelism

Parallelism consists of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone. The same word that is often emphasized repeatedly appears in the same position in every phrase or sentence. Its function lies in strengthening language situation, emphasizing content and aggravating feelings.

(2) Several forms of parallelism

A, the proportion of ingredients. For example, it seems that without the three northeastern provinces, the party and the country are more and more like one country. No one will make a sound without the three northeastern provinces. Without the three northeastern provinces, only a few students have made several "submissions", and the party and the country are more and more like a country, which can win the praise of "friendly people" and "be a country" forever.

B, sentence parallelism. For example, their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.

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ask a question

Characteristics of rhetorical questions

"Ask without doubt". Often know perfectly well past ask, ask yourself and answer yourself or ask questions with uncertain answers. The purpose is to emphasize the problem, so as to attract people's attention and inspire people to think. For example, what pigment does a white flower contain? White flowers have no pigment.

Another example: the social productive forces have developed so much and the labor productivity has improved so much. What's the point? The most important thing is the power of technology.

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8. rhetorical question

Rhetorical questions also have the characteristics of "asking without doubt" Express definite meaning in the form of interrogative sentences, so as to strengthen the tone and enhance the expression effect. A question mark is usually put at the end of a sentence, and some can also put an exclamation point.

There are two forms of rhetorical question:

(1) uses positive form to express negation. For example, Chairman Mao is like this. What are we proud of?

(2) Affirmation in negative form. For example, "Didn't we working people create the human world?"