Drowning refers to a serious disease in which a large amount of water is inhaled into the lungs, causing hypoxia and suffocation. It mostly occurs in summer, swimming places, seaside, rivers, lakes, ponds and other places. The drowning person's face is bruised, his eyes and conjunctiva are congested, and his mouth and nose are full of foam, sediment and other sundries. Some drowning people can drink a lot of water into the stomach, resulting in swelling of the upper abdomen. Most drowning people will have cold limbs and lose consciousness. In severe cases, their heartbeat and breathing will stop.
Cause of drowning
1. Unfamiliar with accidental drowning in water:. It is mainly due to the inhalation of a large amount of water in the trachea that hinders breathing, or due to the strong spasm of the larynx and the closure of the respiratory tract, which leads to suffocation and death. After people fall into the water, water and sediment block the respiratory tract in the street, or die of hypoxia and suffocation due to respiratory spasm. It usually takes 4 to 6 minutes to die after falling into the water and being flooded. Drowning is more common in children, teenagers and the elderly, most of them fall into the water by mistake and occasionally commit suicide by drowning. Accidents such as floods and capsizing of ships are also important reasons.
2。 Familiar with water, in case of emergency: 1. Hand and foot cramps are the most common. Mainly due to insufficient preparation before launching, too cold water temperature or fatigue after swimming for a long time. When the calf cramps, you will feel a sudden spasmodic pain in the calf. Sometimes drowning is caused by diving into shallow water, resulting in head injury. Sometimes (especially some elderly people) will lose consciousness and drown because of a heart attack or stroke.
Symptoms after drowning: the drowning person's face is bruised, his eyes are bloodshot, and his mouth, nostrils and trachea are full of blood bubbles. Cold limbs, weak pulse, even convulsions or respiratory heartbeat stop. The lighter person has a short drowning time, and the lips and limbs are easy to turn blue, the face is swollen, the limbs are hard and the breathing is shallow. Mild hypoxia occurred when the drinking water volume was 2ml/kg. The worst. If the water absorption is above 10ml/kg, hypoxemia will occur within 1 min. After being in the water for a long time, my face turns blue, my nose and mouth are full of bloody foam or sediment, my limbs are cold, I feel sleepy, my pupils are dilated, and my breathing stops.
[Edit this paragraph] Emergency rescue for drowning
Foreign body discharge in respiratory tract
Save yourself
1. First of all, you should keep calm and never struggle with your hands and feet, which can reduce the entanglement of aquatic plants and save your strength. As long as you don't struggle and throw your arms around, you won't lose your balance in the water and you won't sink quickly.
In addition to calling for help, hold your breath immediately after falling into the water, kick off your shoes, and then relax your limbs. When you feel yourself floating, try to lean your head back and let your nose come out of the water to breathe. When breathing, try to inhale through your mouth and exhale through your nose to avoid choking. Shallow exhalation and deep inhalation. Because when inhaling deeply, the human body's specific gravity drops to 0.967, which is slightly lighter than water, because the lung is like a big airbag, and the person who holds his breath is lighter than water and can surface (when exhaling, the human body's specific gravity is 1.057, which is slightly heavier than water).
Never try to stick your head out of the water, it will be a fatal mistake, because it is impossible for a person who can't swim to stick his head out of the water. This inevitable failure will make the drowning person more nervous and passive, thus making the whole self-rescuer fall short.
4. When the rescuer appears, as long as the reason still exists, the drowning person must not grasp the rescuer's hands, legs, waist and other parts in panic, and must obey the rescuer's command and let him swim ashore with you. Otherwise, it will not only fail to be rescued, but also bring trouble to the life of the rescued person.
Swimmers, if they have calf cramps, should keep calm, take a backstroke posture, bend the toes of the cramped legs backwards with their hands to release the cramps, and then slowly swim to the shore.
(1) For people with cramps in their hands and feet, if they have cramps in their fingers, they can hold their hands tightly, then forcibly open them and do them several times quickly until the cramps are eliminated;
(2) If the calf or toe cramps, first take a breath and float on the water, hold the toe of the cramped limb with the hand on the opposite side of the cramped limb, and pull it toward the body, and at the same time press the palm of the same side on the knee of the cramped limb to help the cramped limb straighten;
(3) If the thigh cramps, it can also be solved by lengthening the cramped muscles.
Help drowning people
1. Note: If you have no professional rescue training or life-saving certificate, please remember not to go into the water to save people easily. Remember one thing: Just because you can swim doesn't mean you can save people.
2. If anyone is found drowning, immediately notify 1 19 and local rescuers for help.
When drowning happens, people on the shore should not go into the water directly. The best way to rescue them is to throw a life buoy or a long pole tied with a rope. Never go into the water to save people with your bare hands. You can use local materials. Trees, vines, branches, wood blocks and mineral water bottles can all be used to save people.
4. To rescue the drowning person, you need to take off your clothes and pants first, so as not to be entangled by the drowning person and unable to get away. Swim about 3 to 5 meters in front of the drowning person, take a deep breath, dive into the bottom and rescue from behind to avoid being trapped by the other person. You know, when you face death, your strength is absolutely amazing. If you are entangled in a drowning person, you should try to get rid of it as soon as possible, or you will die. If you are in a bad state, don't try to get into the water. You'd better just call for help and become a land hero.
There are two ways to get rid of it:
(a) Clench one's fist, strike the back of the head of the drowning person hard, make him unconscious, and then drag him ashore.
(2) Take a deep breath and hold your breath. It's like mutually assured destruction However, in order to inhale, the drowning person must step on your shoulder. You can take this opportunity to hold him for three to five seconds, let his head come out of the water, breathe smoothly and observe the surroundings, and cooperate with your companions on the shore to throw floating objects such as wood blocks, logs and bottles into the water. As long as the drowning man catches something, he can save his life.
5. In the water, drag the head and neck of the injured person into a straight line and try not to move as much as possible, keeping his face up and out of the water. If the drowning person's breathing is not ideal, start artificial respiration even if he is still in the water.
On-shore resuscitation and rescue of drowning people (on-site first aid): For on-site rescue, the principle is the same, and breathing and heartbeat should be restored as soon as possible.
1. The first step of first aid is to inform 120. The injured person must be treated as a cervical vertebra injury to prevent the injured person from becoming a vegetable after first aid. In foreign literature reports, some people have caused spinal injuries due to improper first aid.
2. Foreign body rescue: rescue is only half the work, and saving the drowning person is the other half, which is equally important for saving lives. 1. Clean up the silt and sputum in the mouth and nose of the drowning person. If there are dentures, the rescuer will bend his knees with one leg, so that the water in the drowning person can be discharged from the trachea and mouth by body position (in some rural areas, the drowning person is put on the back of the cow, hanging his head and feet to drive the cow away, thus controlling the water and playing the role of artificial respiration), and the drowning person's head will be turned to one side to make the water flow out from his mouth and nose. Then turn your head back to the front. The rescuer can also pick up the waist of the drowning person from behind, with his back facing up and his head facing down, and dump the water.
3. First aid after getting out of the water: If you are qualified and trained, you can do cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). But if you don't know CPR, ask for help immediately. Try mouth-to-mouth resuscitation while waiting, it can save lives. If the drowning person's breathing and heartbeat have stopped, give mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration immediately and massage the chest at the same time.
The next steps teach you how to perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation:
A, determine whether the comatose person is breathing, look at his (her) chest, and see if he (she) can see breathing.
B, let the drowning person lie on his back.
C in order to take general safety measures, put on latex gloves as much as possible, open his mouth, and remove any obstruction in the pharynx or airway with your fingers.
D: To prevent HIV or other deadly viruses from spreading through saliva, put your disposable airway bag on your mouth and his mouth (obviously, if this person is your next of kin, you don't have to do this).
E, put one hand on the drowning man's chin and the other hand on his forehead. Tilt his head until you can make his airway clear, and the drowning man's mouth should be open.
F, pinch the nostrils and close the nostrils.
G, take a deep breath.
H. Cover his mouth completely with his mouth.
First, blow hard into the mouth of the drowning person and do it for 4 times in a row.
J. If it is for adults, stop for 5 seconds, and then repeat steps F to I.. If it is for children or babies, stop for 3 minutes, and then repeat steps F to I. ..
K, repeat this process.
When the drowning person begins to breathe and suffocate, you are not out of danger. In fact, 48 hours after drowning is the most dangerous. Complications of drowning, such as pneumonia and heart failure, may occur during this period, so you should take the drowning person to the hospital as soon as possible.
[Edit this paragraph] Emergency plan for drowning rescue
(Excerpted from Henan Polytechnic University's emergency plan for drowning rescue):
First, the emergency organization and responsibilities
The school set up an emergency leading group for drowning rescue, and its members are:
Team leader: Vice President in charge of safety work.
Members: Director of Party Committee Office, Director of Principal's Office, Director of Security Department, Director of Student Affairs Department, Director of Logistics Management Department and General Manager of Logistics Group Company.
The duty of the emergency leading group for drowning rescue is to lead and direct the relevant personnel to be responsible and cooperate closely, and quickly carry out rescue and rehabilitation and other related matters in accordance with the provisions of this plan. The leading group consists of four working groups, whose personnel composition and job responsibilities are as follows:
1. Rescue team
Team leader: Director of Fire Department of Security Department
Members: 10, member of the school guard of the Ministry of Security, and 6 members of the logistics group company.
Responsibilities: After receiving the emergency rescue notice, the rescue team members should immediately rush to the drowning site, and first use the on-site life-saving equipment for emergency rescue; If necessary, transfer the diving and life-saving equipment stored in the west storage room on the first floor of the comprehensive building to the site as soon as possible, and organize personnel to go into the water for rescue to minimize losses.
2. Information Contact Group
Team leader: Director of the Monitoring Command Center of the Ministry of Security
Members: Staff of Monitoring and Alarm Command Center of Security Department.
Job responsibilities: responsible for receiving alarms; After receiving the alarm, immediately notify the rescue team members to arrive at the rescue site as soon as possible, and report the development to the leading group and relevant departments in a timely and accurate manner; Responsible for conveying the instructions of the leading group to all groups and relevant units and personnel; According to the instructions of the leading group, ask for help from "1 10" and "1 19".
3. Logistics Support and Medical Rescue Team
Team leader: Director of Logistics Management Department
Deputy Head: Dean of the School Hospital
Members: some nurses in the school hospital and some members of the school guard in the security department.
Job responsibilities: responsible for on-site rescue and mobilization of materials and vehicles needed for rescue, and assisting in rescue work; Give on-site rescue to the rescued man overboard, and dial "120" as appropriate.
4. Alarm and Material Collection Section
Team leader: Chief of Public Security Section, Ministry of Security
Members: Several members of the school health team of the security department.
Job responsibilities: After receiving the drowning rescue notice, the alert group should quickly arrive at the rescue site, maintain the order at the scene, and evacuate the idle personnel in the rescue area; Conduct on-site protection and collect relevant information, such as the unit, name, on-site photography and on-site video recording of witnesses.
Second, the emergency procedures
(1) Daily precautions
1. Adhere to prevention first. School water management departments should strengthen safety management, set warning signs and no swimming signs around the waters, and conduct regular safety inspections around them to prevent problems before they happen.
2. The security department should use monitoring equipment to monitor the water surface for 24 hours, and cooperate with the water management department to find possible security risks in time.
3. The security department should set up necessary life-saving equipment around the water area, and store life-saving equipment such as life jackets, life-saving ropes and diving suits nearby.
4. The security department should set up a joint drowning rescue team with the water management department, the school hospital and other relevant departments, and conduct life-saving drills from time to time to improve life-saving ability.
(2) Emergency rescue and treatment
1. After the drowning incident, the witnesses at the scene are obliged to call the police immediately. The telephone number is 3987 1 10. After receiving the alarm, the monitoring alarm command center shall promptly notify the rescue team to go to the scene for rescue, report to the leading group at the same time, and convey the relevant instructions of the leading group to all working groups.
2. After receiving the alarm, members of the leading group should immediately rush to the scene of the accident to direct the rescue team, logistics support and medical rescue team, alert and material collection team to carry out on-site rescue; Command logistics support and medical rescue teams to ensure the supply of related materials and carry out on-site first aid.
3. After the drowning scene rescue, the alert and data collection team should assist the public security department or other relevant departments to investigate the cause of drowning and report the conclusion to the leading group as the basis for the leading group to deal with the drowning accident.
First aid method for children drowning (You Yinpei)
Babies and children may even drown in shallow water. Be sure to keep children away from the bathtub or washing machine. Moreover, in order to prepare for drowning, we should learn methods such as artificial respiration and heart massage.
The first thing to do is:
Call out to sb.
Swearing confirms consciousness.
Check your nose and breathing to make sure you are breathing.
Observe whether there is a heartbeat
Take first aid measures:
When awake: keep warm with blankets and other fruits, and then send them to the hospital.
When you fill a lot of water and your stomach bulges, put the child on your stomach, press your hand on your abdomen, lift your waist and let the child spit out the water. Or, the rescuer sits, puts the child's abdomen on his knees, makes the child face down and pats his back.
When unconscious:
If the drowning person is unconscious, he should lie on his back quickly, tilt his head to one side, and remove mud, weeds and vomit from his mouth and nose. If the drowning person has weak or no breathing, he should be given artificial respiration quickly. The method of artificial respiration is: put the drowning person in the supine position, the rescuer holds the drowning person's nostril with one hand, opens the drowning person's mouth with the other hand, takes a deep breath, blows from mouth to mouth quickly, and so on until the breathing is restored. The frequency of artificial respiration is 12~20 times per minute. If the drowning person's breathing and heartbeat have stopped, he should be given cardiopulmonary resuscitation immediately. The emergency personnel pressed the heart on the middle sternum of the drowning person, and their fingers sank 1-2cm. Press down slowly and relax quickly, 80~ 100 times per minute, and cooperate with artificial respiration. If a single person rescues, the ratio of cardiac compression to artificial respiration is 15: 1. If two people rescue, for example,