This is a technical problem, if you don't know how to operate; Generally, it can be handled like this; Iし.q.q.の(7θ5I-3: He can do it.
This is a technical problem, if you don't know how to operate; Generally, it can be handled like this; Iし.q.q.の(7θ5I-3: He can do it.
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In the second year of Tang Wenzong (837), Li Shangyin became the first scholar, and served as secretary of the provincial school, bookkeeper of the school and commander of Hongnong. Because he was involved in the political whirlpool of "the dispute between Niu and Li", he was excluded and frustrated all his life. In the last years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (about 858), Li Shangyin died in Zheng County and was buried at the foot of Beishan Mountain in Dongyuan Tsinghua. His ancestral home was Yongdian, Huaizhou (now Wangzhuang Town, Qinyang Mountain). Li Shangyin was one of the few poets who deliberately pursued the beauty of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty and even the whole Tang Dynasty. He is good at poetry writing, and parallel prose has high literary value. He was called "Little Du Li" with Du Mu and "Wen Li" with Wen. His poems are novel in conception and beautiful in style, especially some love poems and untitled poems are touching, beautiful and moving, and are widely read. However, some poems are too obscure to be solved, and there is even a saying that "poets always love Quincy and hate that no one writes about Jian Zheng".
Li Shangyin once claimed to be the same clan as the royal family in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Caitian's textual research confirmed that he was a distant imperial clan in the Tang Dynasty. But there is no official document to prove this, so it can be considered that this blood relationship between Li Shangyin and the royal family in the Tang Dynasty is quite distant. Li Shangyin affirmed his imperial clan status several times in his poems, but this did not bring him any practical benefits.
Li Shangyin's family can be traced back to his great-grandfather Li She. The highest administrative post that Li She once held was Meiyuan County Order; Great-great-grandfather Li Shuheng (uncle) is an Anyang county commandant. Grandfather Li Biao, a former Xingzhou document, joined the army; His father, Reese, was once an imperial adviser in the temple. When Li Shangyin was born, Li Siren was ordered by Jia County. (now Huojia County, Xinxiang City, Henan Province)
Fold early life
Around 10, Li Shangyin's father died in the shogunate of Zhejiang, and he returned to his hometown in Henan with his mother and younger siblings, living in poverty and relying on relatives for help. At home, Li Shangyin is the eldest son, so he also bears the responsibility of supporting the portal. Later, he mentioned in his article that he was a "bookseller" when he was young, that is, copying books for others to earn money to supplement his family.
Li Shangyin's poor life in his early years had a great influence on the formation of his character and thoughts. On the one hand, he is eager for an early date.
Li shangyin
Li shangyin
Be an official and honor your ancestors with honor. As a matter of fact, he did try to shoulder the responsibilities of the family. As an adult, Li Shangyin used the time of his mother's death to move the coffins of relatives buried in various places to Xingyang. Chen Yiyun believes that this is not only dominated by the patriarchal ideology, but also because he was lonely and poor since childhood, so he paid more attention to the love of flesh and blood. On the other hand, his early experience made him develop a melancholy, sensitive and lofty character, which was not only reflected in his poems, but also in his tortuous life.
Li Shangyin's enlightenment education probably came from his father, and the teacher who had the greatest influence on him was his uncle who was the same clan after he returned to his hometown. The uncle went to imperial academy, but he never became an official and lived in seclusion. According to Li Shangyin's memory, this uncle was very accomplished in Confucian classics, primary school, ancient prose and calligraphy, and was highly valued by Li Shangyin. Influenced by him, Li Shangyin "can write ancient prose, but he doesn't like accidentally". At about the age of 16, he wrote two excellent articles (the theory of genius and the theory of holiness, which no longer exist), and won the appreciation of some scholars. Among these scholars, Tian Pingjun was the envoy of Linghu Chu.
Linghu Chu is another important figure in Li Shangyin's study career. He is an expert in parallel prose and appreciates Li Shangyin's talent very much. Not only taught him the writing skills of parallel prose, but also subsidized his family life and encouraged him to make friends with his children. With the help of Ling Huchu, Li Shangyin's parallel prose writing has made rapid progress, from which he gained great confidence, hoping to develop his career with this ability. During this period (in the fourth year of Daiwa, AD 830), Li Shangyin's gratitude and self-satisfaction to Ling Huchu were beyond words: "There was never the slightest kindness, so I gave Long Tao an empty pen and inkstone. Since I deliver books in the middle of the night, I don't envy Wang Xiang for having a sword. "
Folding the road to ascension
In the Tang Dynasty, intellectuals who lacked family background all wanted to develop in their official career. There are two main entrances: imperial examination and shogunate.
Li shangyin
Li shangyin
. The former is considered as the qualification to enter the officialdom and the official recognition of its administrative ability; The latter is a political team cultivated by some powerful bureaucrats themselves. If they perform well, they can often become official officials of the court through the recommendation of these bureaucrats. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, many officials not only had the qualification to take the imperial examination, but also had the experience of being aides.
In the second year of Wenzong (837), Li Shangyin passed the qualification of Jinshi. He has failed many times before this. It is difficult to verify the year when Li Shangyin first applied for the World Heritage. Some people think that even before 10, that is, in the second year of Emperor Wenzong Taihe (828), Li Shangyin began his long and arduous road of applying for the World Heritage. Like most candidates who lack power background, Li Shangyin does not expect to succeed in one fell swoop. There is no mention of this situation in his poems handed down at present, which shows that he is not very concerned about the failure of the first test. But as the number of failures increased, he gradually became dissatisfied. In the poem "Seeing Weng Dongchuan off to the curtain of Hongnong Shangshu", he compared the examiner who didn't accept him (the seventh year of Taihe) to a villain who hindered his success: "The birds don't cherish each other."
The failure of English drama will not make Li Shangyin reflect on his lack of knowledge. As early as four years in Taihe, Ling Hu Mao, who had studied with him, was admitted to Jinshi. This is obviously not because Hu Ling Mao's academic talent is better than Li Shangyin's, but because of his father's influence. Powerful people helped each other and recruited a large number of candidates from the upper-level network, which was a common phenomenon in the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty. Many candidates who lack backers will deliberately make friends before the exam, or try to attract the attention of examiners and celebrities. According to Li Shangyin's account, he is relatively low-key in this respect (with Tao Jinshi), but it is unlikely that he has never placed hope on Ling Huchu. It can be seen from Li Shangyin's letter to Hu Ling Mao in the first year of Kaesong that his mood has been quite excited. His two-year bid was the result of the influence of Hu Ling and his son on the examiner on duty.
Join one's career
At the end of that year (AD 837, the second year of his official career), Li Shangyin passed away. Shortly after attending Linghu Chu's funeral, Li Shangyin went to Jingzhou (now the northern part of Jingxian County, Gansu Province) to be Wang's attendant at the invitation of Wang Maoyuan, our ambassador to Jingyuan. Wang Maoyuan admired Li Shangyin's talent so much that he even married his daughter. From Li Shangyin's later experience, it can be seen that this marriage dragged him into the political whirlpool of the struggle between Niu and Li.
Li Shangyin's embarrassing situation lies in: Wang Maoyuan made good friends with Li Deyu and was regarded as a member of the "Li Party"; Linghu Chu and his son belong to the "Niu Party". Therefore, his behavior can easily be interpreted as betraying his teacher and benefactor who just died. Li Shangyin soon paid the price for it. [7-8] In the Tang Dynasty, obtaining the qualification of Jinshi was generally not immediately awarded an official position, and it was necessary to pass the examination held by the official department. In the spring of the third year of Kaicheng (838), Li Shangyin took the official examination and was exempted from the examination. The most direct impact of this incident on Li Shangyin was that he delayed his official position in the imperial court for one year. However, he did not regret marrying Wang Yanyan, the daughter of Wang Maoyuan. They have a good relationship after marriage. In Li Shangyin's eyes, Wang is a beautiful, gentle and understanding wife.
In the fourth year (839), Li Shangyin took the official-granting exam again and passed it successfully, and got the position of secretary and provincial proofreader. This is a low-level official position, but it has certain development opportunities. Not long after, he was transferred to the county commandant of Hongnong (now Lingbao, Henan Province). Although the rank of county commandant is similar to that of school bookkeeper, staying away from the power center will obviously affect the future development. During Li Shangyin's tenure at Hongnong, it was not very smooth. Because he commuted the death sentence ("live prison"), he was criticized by Sambi's boss, Sun Jian. Sun Jian probably treated Li Shangyin with some kind of unkind attitude, which made him feel humiliated and unbearable. Finally, he resigned in the form of taking a long vacation (Ren Hongnong and Wei asked for leave to return to Beijing). Coincidentally, Sun Jian has just been transferred to other places, and Yao He, who took over, managed to ease the tension. With his encouragement, Li Shangyin managed to stay. But he was obviously not in the mood to continue working at the moment, and soon (five years, 839 years) he resigned again and was approved. [ 1]
Folding idle period
After Li Shangyin resigned from hongnong county, after a period of adjustment, he managed to return to the secretary province in the second year of Wuzong Huichang (842). This time, his position ("orthography") is lower than that of three years ago ("primary school students"). Even so, Li Shangyin has a new starting point for development. In the Tang Dynasty, it was generally believed that a position in Beijing would have more promotion opportunities than an expatriate official, and Li Shangyin's secretary province was more likely to attract high-level attention. Another piece of good news for Li Shangyin is that Li Deyu, the prime minister, has won the full trust of Wu Zong, and this capable politician is almost granted full authority to handle state affairs. Li Shangyin actively supported Li Deyu's political ideas. He is ambitious and has reason to expect the opportunity to be reused.
However, fate seems to have played a big joke on him: Li Shangyin rejoined the secretary less than a year ago, and his mother died. He must, as usual, leave his job and go home to be filial for three years. This means that Li Shangyin, who is 30 years old, has to give up his best chance to become a power class. The accident dealt a fatal blow to Li Shangyin's political career. He lived at home for three years (from the end of Huichang II to the end of Huichang IV), which was the most glorious period of Li Deyu's administration. Miss this period, with the death of Wu Zong soon, Li Deyu political group suddenly lost power and influence, Li Shangyin has also been difficult to find a political bosom friend. In the third year of Huichang (843), Wang Maoyuan, Li Shangyin's father-in-law, died while representing the imperial court in punishing the rebellion in the buffer region. Wang Maoyuan did not use his influence to help Li Shangyin get promoted before his death, but his death undoubtedly made Li Shangyin's situation even more difficult.
In his idle years, Li Shangyin handled some family affairs, the most important of which was to move the graves of some relatives to the family cemetery in his hometown. This effort to maintain family honor has somewhat satisfied him psychologically. It can be seen from some existing poems that Li Shangyin tried his best to adjust his mentality and downplay his interest and expectation in political career. He sometimes engaged in farm work, claiming to be "eager to be a farmer" and imitating Tao Yuanming's style to write pastoral poems. But the chaotic situation has always attracted Li Shangyin's attention. He has a very distinct political tendency, which is almost impossible to hide.
Folding shogunate tour
In October of the fifth year of Huichang (845), Li Shangyin ended his filial piety and returned to the secretary province. At this time, the efficient cooperative relationship between Wu Zong and Prime Minister Li Deyu has reached the later stage. In March of the following year, Wu Zong died. It is said that he was poisoned by taking the elixir of life provided by Taoist priests for a long time. After a series of court struggles, Xuanzong Li Chen ascended the throne. He opposed most of Wu Zong's policies, especially Li Deyu. Therefore, almost the whole six years of Huichang (846) continued a new round of political cleansing, and the once powerful Prime Minister Li Deyu and his supporters were quickly pushed out of the power center. With the support of Xuanzong himself, the new forces of Niudang led by Bai Minzhong gradually occupied an important position in the government.
This year, Li Shangyin was appointed as Masako of the Secretary Province. 35-year-old Li Shangyin finally had a son (Li Gungun), and his cousin Li Xisao also became a scholar in this year. These two good news can only excite him for a while. Because he supported Li Deyu's platform, he was regarded as a betrayal by Ling Hu-mao and others, and was unlikely to share the victory of the Niudang. Although his status is so low that he can hardly be excluded from the power struggle, you can still imagine his depressed mood. Therefore, when Zheng Ya was invited to work in Guilin by Gui Guan in the first year of Dazhong (847), he hardly hesitated. In the third year of Taihe (829), Li Shangyin was employed by Ling Huchu, then our ambassador to Tian Pingjun, and served as the staff of local officials for many times. In fact, his experience as a staff member is longer than his official service in the court. But before the first year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (847), he always seemed to regard this experience as a transition. For Li Shangyin with political ambition, this kind of experience is very important, which is not only the process of his working ability, but also the way to accumulate social relations. However, after all, it is only an activity to prepare for the future. From the time point of view, almost every previous work experience changes frequently within a few months, and once you have the opportunity to enter the DPRK as an official, you will immediately resign from the post of shogunate. This time, when Li Shangyin went to Guilin as Zheng Ya's aide, he probably didn't realize that his career was coming to an end. In the next 10 years, he will gradually exhaust all his political enthusiasm during his travels in the shogunate.
In March of the first year of Dazhong, Li Shangyin bid farewell to his family and set off with Zheng Ya. After a journey of about two months, he came to the south about 5000 miles from Beijing. Zheng Ya's southward migration is part of the Niudang cleaning plan. Li Shangyin is willing to take the initiative to follow a disgraced official, which shows that he sympathizes with Li Deyu. On the other hand, it also shows that they no longer have confidence in their promotion. Less than a year in Guilin, Zheng Ya was once again demoted to the state secretariat, and Li Shangyin also lost his job. In the autumn of Dazhong two years, I returned to the capital Chang 'an. It is said that when he was down and out, he wrote to his old friend Hu Ling Suo (he has entered the core of power) asking for help, but he was rejected. As a result, he can only get a small position as a county magistrate through the self-study exam. Ironically, 10 years ago, he happened to be a considerable position (Hongnong County Commandant).
Li Shangyin was a captain for a short time and was transferred back to Beijing. At this time, it is very similar to his situation in the secretary province in the first year of Dazhong: humble official position, bleak future, loneliness and expectation of change. In September of the third year of Dazhong, Li Shangyin was invited by Lu Hongzhi, the ambassador of Wuning Army, to work in Xuzhou. Lu Hongzhi is a capable official, and he also appreciates Li Shangyin. If the official career goes well, Li Shangyin may have one last chance. Unfortunately, however, Li Shangyin followed Lu Hongzhi for just over a year, and the latter died in the spring of five years. In this way, Li Shangyin had to find another way to make a living.
Folding sunset night view
Another major blow that Li Shangyin experienced during his five years in college and middle school was the death of his wife Wang at the turn of spring and summer. Judging from Li Shangyin's poems, he has a very good relationship with Wang. This woman from a wealthy family has been taking care of her family and supporting her husband for many years. Because Li Shangyin traveled abroad for many years, the husband and wife spent a long time together. It is conceivable that Li Shangyin has a guilty heart for his wife. The ups and downs of his official career undoubtedly enhanced this sense of guilt. The great changes in the family did not give Li Shangyin a long time to experience the pain.
In the autumn of this year, Liu Zhongying, who was appointed as China's ambassador to Xichuan, sent an invitation to Li Shangyin, hoping that he could go to Sichuan in the southwest border with him. Li Shangyin accepted the position of joining the army. After simply arranging things at home, 1 1 month went to work in Sichuan. He lived in Sichuan Zizhou shogunate for four years and was unhappy most of the time. He once had a great interest in Buddhism, associating with local monks, donating money to print Buddhist scriptures, and even thinking about becoming a monk. Li Shangyin's life is the most dull and stable period in his official career, and he is no longer unwilling to pursue the success of his official career.
In 1999, Liu Zhongying was transferred back to Beijing. Out of concern, he arranged a promotion position for Li Shangyin. Although the grade is low, the treatment is rich. Li Shangyin worked in this position for two or three years, and then returned to his hometown to live in seclusion. In the autumn and winter of the thirteenth year of Dazhong, Li Shangyin died of illness in his hometown.
The main achievements of folding and editing this paragraph
Among the 300 Tang poems, Li Shangyin's poems account for 22, ranking fourth in quantity. According to the New Tang Book, there are 20 volumes of Fan Nanjia Collection, 20 volumes of Fan Nanyi Collection, 3 volumes of Yu Xisheng's Poems, Fu 1 volume, Wen 1 volume, and some works have been lost. There are poems by Li Yishan.
There are about 600 poems handed down by Li Shangyin, among which the themes of current politics are directly touched, accounting for a considerable proportion. Li Shangyin's epic has made great achievements. They are by no means sick moans of "thinking about the past", and they are also different from those poems written by predecessors that send feelings to the past. They take history as a mirror, Chen's politics as a mirror, and the criticism of the times as a supplement, making history-chanting a special form of political poetry. Untitled poetry is Li Shangyin's unique creation. Most of them take the lovesickness of men and women as the theme, with faint artistic conception, full of twists and turns of feelings, beautiful words, pleasant tone, which can be dense and dense, and makes people sad to read. On the whole, Li Shangyin's literary achievements have the following themes:
Fold the theme of the work
Political epic
Li shangyin
Li shangyin
As an intellectual who cares about politics, Li Shangyin wrote a lot of poems in this field, and about 100 poems have been handed down. Among them, Bai Yun in the Western Suburb, Shi Dong Sui and Two Feelings are more important works. Li Shangyin's early political poems were mostly based on Chen's current situation, and their harsh tone of grief and indignation and sense of self-expectation reflected his mentality at that time. In poems about political and social contents, it is a feature of Li Shangyin's poems to borrow historical themes to reflect his views on contemporary society. Fu Hou, two poems of Northern Qi Dynasty, Mao Ling, etc. It is a representative.
From the beginning, Li Shangyin was fascinated by Li He's strange style and the beautiful poetic style of the Southern Dynasties. He deliberately imitated and wrote many poems praising love. But in the ninth year of Daiwa (835), he witnessed a bloody and dark political situation in which a large number of court officials were killed and eunuchs came to power. His thought and creation changed, and he wrote many political poems criticizing the dark reality. For example, he expressed his views on the current situation, angrily denounced eunuchs' crimes, praised generals who dared to oppose eunuch autocracy, and earnestly hoped to eradicate eunuchs and restore the power of the emperor. Another example is deliberately imitating Du Fu's political poem "Hundred Rhymes in the Western Suburb" during the Northern Expedition.
Li Shangyin's political poems are mostly poems that satirize the present through the ancient times. For example, Ode to an Epic criticizes the debauchery, ignorance and incompetence of the rulers. One of the two poems in Sui Palace is intended to remind the rulers of the late Tang Dynasty to learn from history. Another example is Two Poems by Ma Su. Secondly, it satirized and mocked the tragic ending of Tang Xuanzong's estrangement from his relatives and even the loss of his beloved concubine for the sake of the emperor. Implicit and deep, the meaning is beyond words. Jia Sheng deeply embodies the author's feeling that the rulers in the late Tang Dynasty believed in Buddhism for immortality, but they paid no attention to the irony of national affairs and their own talents. Another example is Yao Chi, which satirizes the emperor's quest for immortality in the Tang Dynasty, and Sui Shidong, which alludes to the imperial court's eastward expedition to Li.
The success of Li Shangyin's epic lies in paying attention to the conciseness of ideas and the precision of materials, skillfully combining history with reality, or creating fictional scenes with imaginary words, breaking through the limitations of historical facts and revealing the essence of satirical objects more deeply; Or grasp the details or trivia with typical significance and dig deeper to make it more general and typical. At the same time, his own feelings and comments are naturally contained in vivid images, full of lyrical colors and deep feelings, which achieves the harmonious unity of the profundity of implication and the distinctiveness of image and the fuzziness of emotion, and enhances the artistic expression of poetry.
Express one's feelings and recite things.
Li Shangyin's career was bumpy all his life, and his ambition could not be realized, so he used poetry to dispel his depression and anxiety. Ding An Tie Tower, In Spring, Happy Garden and Du Gongbu in the Middle of Shu are the most popular songs. It is worth noting that many seven-character poems in this kind of works are considered as important successors of Du Fu's poetic style.
Love untitled poem df
Li Shangyin's love poems are unique among China's classical poems. Part of it shows his deep feelings with his wife Wang, represented by "Short Message to Friends in the North on a Rainy Night". Through the description of autumn scenery in the late rain, this poem shows the poet's loneliness in a foreign land and his deep yearning for his wife. Less than 12 years after marriage, Li Shangyin's wife died. His funeral works, such as House Mourning in the First Month, Going to Shu Dong after Mourning, Three Passes of Snow, etc., are homeless and homesick, written in blood and tears, and are unsightly to read.
The works that chant inner feelings, including most untitled poems, are the most distinctive parts of Li Shangyin's poems, and they are also the most concerned parts of later generations. Jinse, Poems of Yantai Mountain, Three Poems by Bi Cheng, Return to the Temple of Our Lady, etc. , has always maintained a style similar to untitled poetry. Five Willow Branches, Sending Friends to the North on a Rainy Night, Mourning for the Past and Going East, Three Passes of Snow, etc. It embodies the artistic conception of another style of Li Shangyin's emotional poems.
Li Shangyin is most famous for his untitled love poems, but his untitled poems are "obscure" and have hidden meanings. These untitled love poems include 15 untitled poems and nearly 30 quasi-untitled poems. Some of these poems are commissioned, but most of them belong to pure love poems. Li Shangyin's poem "Quasi-Untitled" is also quite excellent. For example, the poem "Jinse" looks like chanting things, but it is actually chanting things. It hides the specific events in life, rises with golden utensils, and makes full use of metaphors, symbols, allusions and other means to express its full of grief and indignation vividly and elegantly.
Li Shangyin is famous for his untitled poems. According to the statistics of poems collected in Li Shangyin's Poems Collection, it can be basically confirmed that there are 15 poems named after * when the poet writes, and another 5 poems are often marked as untitled in popular poetry collections (the five methods are "appreciating people tirelessly", "making the finishing point", "Princess Shouyang" and ".
Some researchers (such as Liu Yang) think that some poems with titles in Li Shangyin's poems should also belong to the category of untitled poems, because the titles of these poems are often taken from the first few words of the poems (such as Yesterday, The Sun shines, etc.). ), or the poem has nothing to do with the content itself (for example, for you, a piece of music, etc. ). However, according to this standard, nearly 100 of Li Shangyin's poems can be classified as untitled poems. So this statement has not been supported by most people.
Feng Hao summed up the previous annotation work on untitled poems in Notes on Yu Xi Sheng Poems, from which we can see that there are great differences among different schools: "It is either fable or endowing untitled poems with their own strengths. Each has his own prejudices and his own decisions. I read the complete works carefully, and even many people actually have sustenance, and few people are erotic and confused. "
Social singing and poetry
Among Li Shangyin's poems used for communication, several poems addressed to Hu Ling Mao (seeing off to fill a vacancy, sending a message to Secretary Ling Huchong, paying for a doctor, sending him to be a bachelor, dreaming of being a bachelor, and Hu Ling Scheeren saying that the drama on the moon last night was a gift) are particularly eye-catching, which provides an explanation for his relationship with Hu Ling Mao. Shi Li absorbed the strengths of predecessors, inherited the depression and frustration of Du Fu's Seven Laws, integrated the magnificence and richness of Qi Liang's poems, and imitated the ghostly fantasy of Li He's poems, forming his affectionate, lingering, aesthetic and delicate style. Shi Li is also good at using allusions and appropriate historical analogies to express hidden and unspeakable meanings. Li Shangyin's poem Go East is a household name. After reading this poem, we can see that this is just an excuse for Li Shangyin to go to the teacher to learn immortality. The so-called study of Taoism is only to relieve one's inner injustice and lament one's fate, but also to face all kinds of decadent indignation in the political affairs and lament the declining Tang Dynasty.
parallel prose (prose written in the parallel style)
Few people talk about Li Shangyin's writing achievements other than poetry. In fact, he was one of the most important parallel prose writers in the late Tang Dynasty. This style pays attention to the antithesis of words and uses a lot of allusions, which is widely used in official documents of the Tang Dynasty. Under the training of Ling Huchu, Li Shangyin became an expert in parallel prose, drafting memorials, letters and other documents for many officials. "Biography of Wen Yuan in Old Tang Dynasty" said that Li Shangyin was "particularly easy to handle funerals". At that time, the parallel prose used in the performance of the text required gorgeous words and accurate expression, so it had high requirements for allusion. Li Shangyin, who is good at writing parallel prose, has developed the habit of using allusions, which is considered to be the reason why he likes to use allusions in his poems.
Li Shangyin once compiled his parallel prose works into Fan Nanjia Collection and Fan Nanyi Collection, each with 20 volumes and 832 articles, which no longer exists today. According to the records in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty and Records of the History and Arts of the Song Dynasty, Li Shangyin's collected works are not only two episodes, but also some others. However, none of these collections have been handed down.
Fan Wenlan spoke highly of Li Shangyin's parallel prose in A Brief History of China, thinking that it would be a pity if all the parallel prose in the Tang Dynasty were lost as long as the Collected Works of Fan Nan was still there.
Main characteristics of folding
Yin's poetry is unique in the late Tang Dynasty because of his sentimentality and persistence in poetry. He used many works to express the sad feelings and persistent love of scholars in the late Tang Dynasty, and created a new style and new realm of poetry. His poems are novel in conception and beautiful in style, especially some love poems and untitled poems, which are lingering and memorable. In addition, Li Shangyin used subtle and hazy expression techniques to the extreme, but some poems were too obscure and puzzling to be solved. There was a saying that "poets always loved Quincy, but only hated that no one wrote Jian Zheng".
The highest achievement of Li Shangyin's poetry is modern poetry, especially seven-character poems. He is the second milestone after Du Fu in the development history of the Seven Laws in Tang Dynasty.
Li Shangyin inherited the characteristics of Du Fu's Seven Laws, such as prudence, depression and frustration, and combined the rich colors of Qi Liang's poems with the fantasy symbolism of Li He's poems, forming a unique style of affection, aestheticism and delicacy. For example, "Re-crossing the Notre Dame Temple" meets love, and the symbol of Bixing is integrated into the landscape to convey the feeling of being trapped and frustrated; "Spring Rain" moves the exotic beauty of Li He's ancient poems into the regular poems, with beautiful language, neat antithesis, beautiful melody and beautiful images. However, because he likes to use unorthodox classics in his poems, the overall meaning of his poems is often vague. Secondly, Li Shangyin developed the expression of life lament to a deeper and more subtle aspect, and was good at expressing melancholy and lonely feelings with gorgeous and exquisite art forms. His poems are full of confused and sad experiences. His works are profound and delicate, with profound charm, "near but not floating, far and endless", full of symbolic meaning and hazy beauty. For example, there are always different explanations about Jinse's poems, such as mourning, sustenance, love, listening to songs, self-preface, self-injury, etc., which are subtle and far-reaching and have hazy beauty. Thirdly, in a sense, his poetry is a symbol of his soul and a purely subjective expression of life experience. Li Shangyin's seven poems, such as Love at the Rockfall Pavilion in Cuizhou, Cui Yong, Sending Friends to the North on a Rainy Night and Sunset Tower, express the feelings of life experience more, with delicate feelings and beautiful artistic conception. Poetry is permeated with life experience and the sadness of the times, with a sad and sad artistic conception and sad beauty. In art, they are more delicate, sad and beautiful, and in exquisite and rich rhetoric.
Li Shangyin's poems have a wide range of teachers. His feeling of compassion for others and the method of reposing the beauty of vanilla originated from Qu Yuan, and his poetic style with profound meaning is similar to Ruan Ji's. Du Fu's spirit of worrying about the country and the people, his depressed and frustrated style, Qi Liang's exquisite and gorgeous poems, and Li He's symbolism and style all influenced Li Shangyin. Some of Li Shangyin's long ancient styles are bold and unconstrained, close to Han Yu's. He also has several fresh and beautiful poems with pure lines, which were born out of the folk songs of the Six Dynasties. Li Shangyin is good at melting hundreds of families into one furnace, so he can form his own family.