Unit 1 prehistoric times
Lesson 1: Don't say goodbye to apes.
1. What are the effects of walking upright on human physique? pregnenolone
Walking of biped is not only a major biological change, but also a major adaptive change. Because walking upright liberates the upper limbs, hands and feet gradually form; Erection makes the laryngeal angle smaller, which leads to great changes in pronunciation organs and language; Erection also makes the head lean on the spine, broadens the field of vision, promotes the development of the brain, and gradually forms the human brain.
2. Observe Figure 1-3, and compare the difference between ape "hand" and human hand. pregnenolone
Ape "hands" are adapted to climbing life, with short thumbs and underdeveloped thenar muscles, and cannot flexibly cooperate with other fingers. However, after long-term labor, the thumb grows, the top of the second phalanx of the thumb is higher than the adjacent metacarpal joint, and the thenar muscle group is developed. Therefore, the thumb can flexibly hold the other four fingers and make delicate and diverse movements that apes can't do.
3. What important role did labor play in the process of human birth? What is the practical significance of labor today? pregnenolone
Labor played an extremely important role in the transformation from apes to humans. Walking upright, the formation of hands, the production of language, the formation of human brain and the manufacture of tools are all inseparable from labor. So in a sense, "labor creates man himself". Practical significance: labor creates wealth, labor creates a better life, labor promotes social development and labor promotes the progress of human civilization. We should be proud of labor, love it and establish a labor concept.
4. Where did ancient humans live? (Africa, Asia, Europe, etc. )
What are the characteristics of the climate in ancient human living areas? (Warm, moist and lush plants) P6
5. Compare figure 1-6 with figure 1-9, and talk about the differences in appearance between cavemen and Beijingers.
Compared with cavemen, Beijingers have flat foreheads, thick and spiny eyebrows, high cheekbones, prominent nose and mouth, inconspicuous chin, and still retain some ape features on their faces. After hundreds of thousands of years of evolution, cavemen have basically the same appearance as modern people.
6. In what ways are cavemen better than Beijingers?
The cavemen have mastered the skills of grinding stone tools and digging holes, and can make artificial fires. Their living group is clan.
7. Ancient ways of making fires: making fires and spontaneous combustion of vegetation (natural fire); Drill wood or knock on fire (artificial fire).
Advantages of artificial fire over natural fire: human beings can use fire at any time, and their ability to adapt to the natural environment is further enhanced.
8. Compare the similarities and differences between Beijingers and cavemen.
Living time, living place, posture, social organization, mode of production, means of production.
Beijingers lived in Longgu Mountain, Zhoukoudian, Beijing, 700,000-200,000 years ago (all in Paleolithic Age). Primitive people collected and hunted stone tools by natural fire.
18000 years ago, the appearance characteristics of cavemen were basically the same as those of modern people. Clan commune (blood clan) made stone tools by hand, and there were grinding stone tools and drilling techniques for gathering, hunting and fishing.
[self-assessment] 1. The correct answers are b and C. We can think from the aspects of body shape (walking upright), hand function and five senses. 3. The order of arrangement is: walking upright, making stone tools, preserving fire, cooked food, and artificial fire.
Lesson 2 Primitive Agriculture and the Homestead of Our Ancestors
1. What are the characteristics of the overall spatial distribution of the world's main crops and domesticated animals during the origin of world agriculture and animal husbandry?
Mainly concentrated in China, India, West Asia, Central America and Europe.
2. What influence did the emergence and development of primitive agriculture and animal husbandry have on human society?
The emergence and development of primitive agriculture and animal husbandry marks the transformation of human beings from food gatherers to food producers, which is a revolution in food production (with a stable source of food and clothing). (1) The production tools were significantly improved, and grinded stone tools appeared, and mankind began to enter the Neolithic Age; ② It promoted the development of family handicrafts in primitive society, such as pottery making, leather making, textile and other handicrafts dominated by women; (3) Promoting the emergence of agricultural villages, human beings have gradually realized their settled life.
3. What are the main differences between the ancestors of Paleolithic and Neolithic in production and life?
The "newness" of the Neolithic Age is manifested in the use of grinded stone tools and pottery. Stone sickle, as a representative of grinding stone tools, focuses on the production field; As an important living appliance, pottery focuses on the field of life.
4. What is the relationship between the emergence of agriculture, domestication of livestock and the invention of pottery and the realization of settlement? P 12
With the appearance of primitive agriculture and animal husbandry, grinding stone tools and pottery, human beings gradually began to settle down and form agricultural villages. Settled life has promoted the development of primitive agriculture, animal husbandry and handicrafts, and the improvement of material life has also promoted the improvement of people's spiritual life, which is of great significance to the origin and inheritance of human civilization.
5. What are the characteristics of Banpo residents' houses? What does this have to do with the local natural environment?
Semi-basement Banpo site is located in the Yellow River basin, with hot Leng Xia in winter, drought and little rain, and semi-crypt houses are warm in winter and cool in summer.
What are the characteristics of Hemudu residents' houses? What does this have to do with the local natural environment?
Dry-rail wood structure building. The local area is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with a warm, humid and rainy climate. This kind of house is conducive to ventilation and moistureproof.
6. In what aspects is the spiritual world of ancestors reflected? Art, religious belief, aesthetic concept, scientific budding, totem worship, etc.
7, the first unit content list
Differences between life time and ancient human characteristics
About 654.38+07,000 years ago in Paleolithic Age ① Yuanmou man (the earliest known human being in China).
The use of hammered stone tools in production tools.
Production and life mainly depend on gathering and hunting.
Lifestyle leads social life.
About 654.38+00,000-500,000 years ago ② Lantian people in Shaanxi.
About 700,000-200,000 years ago ③ Beijingers.
About 18000 ④ Neanderthals.
The Neolithic Age was about 6.5438+0 million years ago, and the production tools were "new": grinding stone tools were mainly used.
Production and life mainly depend on growing grain and raising poultry.
Live a stable life in lifestyle.
Household appliances are "new": mainly pottery.
About 7000 years ago (5) Hemudu site.
About 6000-5000 years ago ⑥ Banpo site in Shaanxi.
About 5000-4000 years ago ⑦ Legend of Yanhuang Yao Shunyu.
P 15 [self-assessment] 1. What's new compared with the Paleolithic Age?
Production: new production tools, mainly grinding stone tools; Life: new appliances, using pottery.
2. Compare the similarities and differences between Hemudu site and Banpo site (the similarities and differences of life between Banpo residents and Hemudu residents).
Hemudu site Banpo site
Regional Yangtze River Basin and Yellow River Basin
Place of residence: Yuyao, Zhejiang, Xi 'an, Shaanxi
Life time is about 7000 years ago, about 6000-5000 years ago.
The natural environment is wet and rainy, the water network is dense, the climate is dry and rainy, and there are few rivers.
Architectural style: dry column wood structure, semi-basement (round-pointed cabin)
Crops planted are rice, millet and wheat.
Domestic animals, cattle and pigs
Pottery, black pottery and painted pottery
Similarity Hemudu residents and Banpo residents both lived in the Neolithic Age, using ground stone tools and pottery, building houses, establishing agricultural villages, living a settled life and engaging in primitive agriculture and animal husbandry.
3. French masons admit that the production technology of primitive people is unparalleled. What does this mean?
Because primitive people can process all kinds of tools suitable for production with the simplest tools, such as stone axe, which promotes the material production of human society, embodies superb production technology and promotes the development of human society.
Lesson 3 the dawn of civilization in the legendary era
1, the relationship between legend and historical facts
Legends and stories contain certain facts, which can be confirmed by archaeological excavations. Legends, stories and archaeological excavations have important social significance and historical value for us to understand the history without written records.
2.P 17○ What did these cultural relics prove in the legend of Yanhuang? These cultural relics show that people can spin, raise silkworms, make pottery, and use boats as transportation (boat-shaped painted pottery pots unearthed from Banpo site). At that time, original music also appeared (pottery urn unearthed in Banpo and bone flute unearthed in Wuyang, Henan). ○ What is the significance of archaeological excavations and ancient legends for us to understand the history without words?
Archaeological excavations and ancient legends are very important historical materials, which can reveal historical facts from different aspects and help us understand the development and evolution of history without written records.
3. Evaluation of abdication system: This primitive democratic system can pool the weak strength of all clan members to fight against nature and promote the development of productive forces. However, at that time, human society was at the lowest stage of development, and the primitive democratic system still had great limitations and could only adapt to the underdeveloped productive forces at that time.
P 18 [self-evaluation] 1. According to legend, Yan Di's achievements include: teaching people to farm, inventing medicine, inventing pottery and opening up markets;
The achievements of the Yellow Emperor include: starting to build palaces, inventing vehicles and boats, making clothes, and teaching people to dig wells.
2. What are the similarities between the legends of Greece and China, two ancient river basins? (1) judging from the time reflected in the legend, it is about four or five thousand years ago, in the late Neolithic age; ② From the content, most of them are heroic stories, reflecting the tendency of the ancestors' heroic historical view; ③ From the form of historical materials, they are all oral materials; (4) In terms of its significance or value, legends and stories contain certain factual elements, which have important social significance and historical value.
3. Why are Yan Di and Huangdi called the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation?
The inventions of Huangdi and Yan Di improved people's production and life from both material and spiritual aspects, and promoted the development of human society. (2) After the Yellow Emperor, Yan Di and other tribes settled in the Central Plains through war and integration, * * * developed the banks of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and formed the future Chinese nation. Therefore, Yan Di and Huangdi are honored as the cultural ancestors of the Chinese nation.
4, in the protection of cultural relics, which aspects may conflict?
Urban construction, tourism development, lack of funds, backward technology and energy development (P20 case in the book: Egyptian pyramids reflect the contradiction between cultural relics protection and tourism development; Pingyao ancient city embodies the contradiction between cultural relics protection and urban development; The historical sites along the Nile River reflect the contradiction between traditional culture and modern culture in the process of cultural relics protection. )
5. What is the significance of protecting cultural relics? Cultural relics and historic sites are the treasures of the Chinese nation and the common wealth of mankind, which can play an important role in the construction of spiritual civilization and material civilization. Cultural relics and historic sites are of great research and appreciation value. Through these cultural relics, we can learn about history and nature and increase our knowledge. (3) Cultural relics and historic sites are important information for us to understand history and an important carrier for the inheritance of civilization. ④ Protecting cultural relics and historic sites is not only the need of the development of historical science, but also of great positive significance for carrying forward excellent national traditional culture, optimizing the humanistic environment of social life and improving the humanistic quality of citizens.
6. How to protect cultural relics and historic sites? (1) according to the specific situation and existing problems, put forward suggestions for the repair of cultural relics and historic sites; (2) Delineate special protected areas, formulate corresponding protection measures, rules and regulations and strengthen publicity; (3) the implementation of fire control measures, a specialist care; (4) Improve the surrounding environment and make necessary greening. ⑤ The government should invest in capital, technology, personnel organization and restoration.
Unit 2 The Origin of Civilization
The first lesson is the unique river civilization.
P28 This period has been a transition from the Stone Age to the Metal Age, and agriculture took the lead in entering the ploughing era.
[self-assessment] 1. Compare the four ancient civilizations (birthplace of civilization, civilization time, unified time, unified people)
The birthplace of ancient civilization produced civilization time, national unity and time unity.
Nile Valley in ancient Egypt, 3500 BC, 3000 BC, menes.
Euphrates River and Tigris River in Babylon, Cuba 3500 BC18th century Hammurabi.
Indus and Ganges in ancient India in 2500 BC, Asoka in the 3rd century BC.
The Yellow River and Yangtze River basins in China were established in 2070 BC.
2. In which temperature zone are the four major civilizations located? Geographically, what do they have in common Explain why (why did all early human civilizations originate in large river basins? )
These civilizations in temperate zone belong to agricultural civilization, and they are all located in river basins, with sufficient irrigation water and abundant water resources. Flat terrain and fertile land; The climate is warm, humid and rainy, which is conducive to the cultivation and growth of crops, suitable for human living and survival, and can meet the basic needs of people's survival. It can be seen that early humans were highly dependent on the natural environment.
Lesson 2 The Formation of Early Countries
1, Comparison between Concession System and Hereditary System
Characteristics of rulers' mode of production
The democratic election of abdication system is "the public under heaven"
Hereditary father and dead son inherit "family world"
2. Compare the similarities and differences of the four ancient civilizations (city, kingship, social class, criminal law).
Social hierarchical criminal law of urban kingship
The ruling class of Pharaoh in Memphis, Egypt: royal family, monks and nobles;
Freemen: craftsmen and farmers; slave
Code of hammurabi, a slave owner, a free man and a slave of the king of city of ur in the two river basins.
China Erlitou king, nobles, civilians and slaves, harsh criminal law.
Mohenjo, India? King Daro (1) Brahman (2) Khrushchev (3) Veda (4) sudra.
3. Why is code of hammurabi the law representing the will of the slave owners?
(1) The code stipulates the privileges enjoyed by slave owners to civilians and slaves; (2) The code stipulates that slaves can buy and sell, pay their debts, and legalize slave trading; (3) In the code, the life safety of slaves is not guaranteed. (4) The code strictly protects the private property of the slave owners from infringement; The code protects the interests of businessmen and usurers.
4. The significance of code of hammurabi at that time: it was a product of the country, a tool to suppress the resistance of working people, strengthen and consolidate the rule of kingship, and a tool to maintain the order of slavery. Current significance: this is the earliest preserved written code found so far; It is convenient for us to fully understand the social situation of ancient Babylon at that time. It is a precious historical material and cultural relic, and an important civilization achievement in the transition period from prehistoric times to agricultural civilization. Status: This is the earliest preserved written code found so far. Essence: Code is a tool to maintain the order of slavery. Different from the spirit of modern law: code of hammurabi embodies the cruelty of criminal law and the inequality between people at that time, which is different from the spirit of humanitarianism and equality advocated by modern law.
5. Indian caste system (essence): it is a tool to maintain the rule of slave owners.
The social class represented by the name of the status class, its duties or obligations.
The ruling class, a Brahmin monk, holds the power of religious and cultural sacrifice.
2. Khrushchev's kings, soldiers and officials hold military and political power.
The first two classes are supported by the ruling class: farmers, herders, craftsmen and businessmen.
Sudra's conquered, poor and bankrupt people lost their land (slaves, hairdressers, etc.). ) No rights, at the bottom of society.
Lesson 3 Farewell to Barbarism
1, P36 answer ①, underlined symbols express information according to some specific symbols, and picture characters express information according to images; Pictures and words go further than symbols and are a means of expressing ideas between pictures and words. They have no pronunciation, and their purpose is only to express their thoughts. (2) Marking symbols, pictures and words is just a way to help memory. Without memory, others will not be able to understand its meaning. People can't combine this picture form with language and read sounds one by one. They can only use it to exchange ideas under certain conditions.
2. Compare hieroglyphics, cuneiform and Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
The characteristics of ancient Chinese characters are similar.
The structural characteristic writing materials of the inventor of the time of origin are gradually developed from pictures and characters, which simplify the complex and difficult-to-describe graphics into some symbolic hieroglyphs, so that they can record the language and have relatively fixed form, sound and meaning; It is an important symbol that people in different regions have entered the civilized era; Is the origin of modern writing.
In 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians drew papyrus in the Nile valley.
In 3000 BC, the Sumerian cuneiform characters in the two river basins were like cuneiform tablets.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions Yellow River Basin
(Yin Ruins) In the Shang Dynasty, people in China carved tortoise shells and animal bones.
3. Who invented writing? What is the historical significance of the emergence of characters (invented by the people)? (1) the emergence and use of words, marks the human bid farewell to barbarism, began to enter the era of civilization. (2) The appearance of characters makes human production experience and knowledge better communicated, disseminated, passed down and accumulated, which prepares the necessary conditions for the establishment and development of science and culture.
4. The civilized achievements made by the four ancient civilizations after mankind bid farewell to barbarism and entered a civilized society.
Ancient civilization, written architecture, technology, science, technology and religion
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic pyramid (Khufu), the Sphinx (Ha Fula), the world's earliest solar calendar, mummies (anatomy and anti-corrosion technology), geometry, pi 3. 16, polytheist country, Amon (protector of the kingdom)
Ancient Babylonian cuneiform hanging garden lunar calendar, seven-day week system, timing method
Ancient India invented ten Arabic numeral Buddhism from 0 to 9.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions China Ancient Shang Dynasty Shang Dynasty-Bronze culture (Simuwu Dafang Ding) Buddhism was introduced in the late Western Han Dynasty (around A.D.).
5. Book P40 Answer: The most influential astronomical achievement in Egypt is the solar calendar, which was formulated by the ancient Egyptians through long-term careful observation of the Nile water fluctuation and the growth law of crops.
6. Book P43 [self-assessment] 1. What achievements of the four ancient civilizations still have a direct impact today? (1) the ancient Egyptian calendar; (2) the weekly system in West Asia; (3) "Arabic numerals" invented by Indians; ④ The "Decimal 60 Method" in West Asia.
Herodotus, a Greek historian, said: Ancient Egypt was a gift from the Nile (this statement has been proved to be correct by examples)? Ancient documents prove: "Ah, Nile, I praise you, you came out of the ground to feed Egypt ... once the water runs out, people will stop breathing." This is a poem written by ancient Egyptians on a papyrus to praise the Nile, which shows that ancient Egypt is closely related to the Nile. The geographical environment proves that Egypt is located in the northeast of Africa and is a part of the arid area. The annual rainfall is scarce, and the Nile has become the only water source. Without this water source, Egyptians would not be able to survive. Because the Nile regularly floods every year, it irrigates the land on both banks and spreads a layer of fertile silt on the ground, which provides good conditions for agricultural production. After the river receded, the Egyptians relied on the collective strength to remove thorns, drain swamps, build dams and work hard with rough and crude tools. (3) Science and mathematics have proved that the astronomical calendar in Egypt was produced because of the need to accurately predict the flood and sowing time. Egypt's mathematics is to calculate the land area after the flood recedes.
3. The earliest ancient inhabitants of China ① Yuanmou people in Yunnan, about 1.7 million years ago ② Beijingers: 700,000-200,000 years ago ③ cavemen: about 1.8 million years ago ④ Hemudu culture: about 7000 years ago ⑤ Banpo culture: about 5000-6000 years ago ⑤ ancestors of Chinese people: about 4000 years ago.