Development experience
Distance training
Due to the different ways and means of information transmission, the development of distance education has gone through three stages, the first is correspondence education, the second is radio and television teaching, mainly radio and television and audio and video recording; The third stage is the online distance education stage through the combination of computer, multimedia and remote communication technology. With the gradual popularization of television, telephone, computer and Internet, online distance education is getting closer and closer to us. For us in big cities, it has actually come to us. At present, the number of participants in online schools is increasing gradually, which can be divided into three types according to different learning purposes: academic degree, vocational training and online charging. At present, there are two main learning methods: group class and individualized learning. On the other hand, various online schools can be seen everywhere on the Internet. There are online schools run by regular universities, studying undergraduate and postgraduate courses, and the qualifications are recognized by the State Education Commission. There are well-known national key middle schools engaged in online education-based college entrance examination counseling online schools; There are also some online schools for vocational and technical training organized by some commercial websites, which are used for online chargers. Peking University Business Network is the teaching executive body of Peking University's management distance education, which belongs to the first category.
Edit the organization mode of distance education in this paragraph.
The organizational model of distance education can be divided into individual learning model and collective learning model, namely individual learning and team learning. The most important difference is that the class teaching method is based on synchronous communication, and teachers and students must communicate in real time. Personalized learning method is based on asynchronous communication, creating a learning environment in students' families, and students can study at the right time. These two learning modes are essentially related to the transmission and sending modes of educational resources.
Edit the requirements for students in this paragraph.
The characteristics of distance education determine that distance learning is mainly self-study, and most of students' learning time is separated from teachers and classmates. There is no classroom and no classroom atmosphere. These characteristics will inevitably make many students who have just started distance learning encounter some difficulties or are not used to it. Therefore, distance learning first requires learners to have two abilities and keep their learning motivation at all times. Most people who participate in distance learning are adults, and their learning motives are varied, but they are nothing more than improving their academic qualifications, increasing their skills, charging on the job, expanding their career scope and so on. They generally have strong learning motivation and clear learning purpose, but whether they can maintain the resulting learning motivation in the course of several years of study is the key to their success or failure. The spirit of active exploration. Adult students should be able to decide how much time to invest in their studies, make their own study plans, and choose and gradually adapt to a learning method. Learning to learn has become one of the four pillars of education in 2 1 century; This is also of great significance to distance learners. In the specific learning process, when faced with a question, active learners will not only accept an answer, or wait for the teacher to tell you what kind of views or positions you hold; Nor will it be limited to a chapter or section of a book or textbook to find the answer. Active learners will actively try various solutions, establish their own ideas, and decide what to do and how to do it after active exploration. Peking University Business Network encourages students to actively explore, think and try to understand what they have learned, instead of rote learning and passive acceptance. In addition, with the formation of information society and learning society and the arrival of knowledge economy era, education is undergoing profound changes. Learning in distance education needs to change one's learning concept and understanding. Although there is less time for face-to-face instruction and higher requirements for autonomous learning, you can improve your learning ability through this new form of learning. In the information society, people's living and working environment is changing faster and faster, and they need to face the emerging new knowledge and technology. One-off school education is increasingly unable to meet the lifelong social needs of individuals. Only by continuous learning can we keep up with the rhythm of life and work. Modern distance education provides equal learning opportunities for all scholars, so that receiving higher education is no longer a right enjoyed by a few people, but a basic condition for individual survival; The universality of educational resources, educational objects and educational time and space provides the possibility for mass lifelong learning. ● Receiving education is not only about learning knowledge, but more importantly, learning to learn and cultivating good study habits for further study; Master the necessary learning skills. Learning to use modern information technology for autonomous learning is very beneficial to continuously acquire knowledge and improve education level in the future. In distance education, while the Internet and other media provide learners with learning opportunities, learners should also learn to adapt to online learning methods. Then, learners should do: 1. Master the basic skills of online learning. Stimulate the potential learning motivation (Ausubel's cognitive internal drive, the leading role of self-improvement internal drive) 3. Learn to adjust your learning mood (often feel lonely in online learning, learners should actively participate in discussions and exchange knowledge and experience in this open platform) 4. Improve their metacognitive skills (metacognition) According to the individual differences of learners' different learning backgrounds, knowledge bases, learning styles and learning abilities, a learner model is established, and artificial intelligence technology is used for reasoning, thus providing learners with personalized learning content. So as to improve the adaptability of the system to distance learners. Only in this way can we realize the two-way adaptation mechanism between learners and systems in distance learning, and distance learning can become mature.
What teaching information can I get online by editing this paragraph?
Online teaching information mainly includes teaching organization and management information, course information, teaching trends, counseling information, BBS (bulletin board) and other educational information. ● Teaching organization and management information includes teaching plan, professional teaching implementation plan, course teaching design plan, course introduction, matters needing attention in various teaching processes and announcements, etc. , mainly used for the overall guidance of the teaching process, teaching organization and management arrangements. ● Course information and teaching dynamic guidance information refer to targeted guidance information provided to students in time according to the requirements of teaching progress, including explanations of key and difficult points in each chapter, synchronous assignments, test questions and analysis. ● BBS discussion is mainly about topic discussion, feedback on learning difficulties, and answering personality questions. At the same time, through discussion, we can understand the practical difficulties of students in learning, so as to improve school teaching. ● Other educational information also includes class activities, notices of online school activities, and dynamic introduction of students' study and life. Distance learning is a new way of learning, and it is not terrible for beginners to encounter some difficulties. How to make a study plan that suits you? How to overcome loneliness in the learning process? How to build long-term learning confidence? How to master the skills of distance learning? How to improve learning efficiency? How to treat homework and exams?
Edit the current situation of modern distance education in this section.
Higher distance education
At present, higher distance education has developed by leaps and bounds and achieved unprecedented results. However, the rapid development has also brought some problems. 1. Scale: There are as many as 68 pilot colleges, and the distance education part of higher education in China has developed rapidly. 65438-0998 The Ministry of Education officially approved Tsinghua University, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Zhejiang University and Hunan University as the first batch of national modern distance education pilot institutions; In 2000, the number of modern distance education pilot colleges and universities soared to 3 1 institute; In 200 1 year, there were 68 institutions approved by the Ministry of Education to carry out distance education. Diploma of Higher Online Education The Ministry of Education admitted that since 1999, the Ministry of Education has approved 68 ordinary colleges and universities and the Central Radio and TV University to carry out the pilot work of modern distance education, allowing the above-mentioned 68 pilot colleges and universities to carry out academic education and non-academic education through modern communication networks on the basis of school online teaching. Students who meet the requirements of undergraduate and junior college graduation shall be awarded higher education diplomas by the school in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state. After the electronic registration of graduation certificate, the state will recognize it. The list of these 68 universities implementing modern distance education [3]: Peking University, Renmin University of China, Tsinghua University, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China Agricultural University, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Foreign Studies University, beijing language and culture university, China Communication University, university of international business and economics, University of Science and Technology of China, Central Conservatory of Music, Nankai University, Tianjin University, Dalian University of Technology, China Medical University, Northeastern University, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Jilin University, Northeast Normal University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Fudan University, Tongji University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai Second Medical University, East China University of Science and Technology, Donghua University, East China Normal University, Shanghai International Studies University, Nanjing University, Southeast University, Jiangnan University, Zhejiang University, Xiamen University, Fujian Normal University. China Youshi University, Zhengzhou University, Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China Geo University, Wuhan University of Technology, Huazhong Normal University, Hunan University, Central South University, Sun Yat-sen University, South China University of Technology, South China Normal University, Sichuan University, Chongqing University, Southwest Jiaotong University, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Southwest University, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Xi Jiaotong University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, The pilot colleges in xidian university allow social funds to participate, and they can enroll students independently, determine their enrollment scale, choose their own majors, set up their own local schools, and set their own charging standards. Students in distance education will get the national recognized university diploma ... These factors have greatly stimulated and accelerated the development of distance education. At present, more than 2,000 off-campus learning centers have been built in pilot universities, and their geographical distribution basically covers all parts of the country; Academic education has been offered, including graduate students, junior college students, undergraduates and general junior college students, with hundreds of majors; At present, there are more than 6,543,800 students studying through distance education. It can be seen that in a few short years, China's higher distance education has grown from scratch, from its inception to prosperity, with amazing development speed and unprecedented achievements.
Teaching quality: the survival foundation of distance education
Modern distance education has just started in China, which is an extraordinary "leap-forward" development, so there are some quality problems. At present, there are basically several teaching modes of distance education: one is the same classroom teaching mode as the existing teaching mode, and the other is the teaching mode combining face-to-face teaching with network teaching; The other is the mode of separating teachers and students in time and space, and teaching is carried out entirely through the network or multimedia CD-ROM. Completely separated teaching is actually not a complete online education, but online self-study. In order to improve the teaching quality of online education as soon as possible, the Ministry of Education designated 2003 as "the year of quality assurance system construction of distance education". Relevant leaders of the Ministry of Education have clearly pointed out that the quality of teaching has become the biggest obstacle to the progress of modern distance education, and they believe that it is necessary to "gradually establish a public service system for off-campus distance education, standardize management, and strengthen resource enjoyment and quality control", which is exactly the lack of system and quality standards in the construction of online colleges at present. The Ministry of Education has begun to formulate teaching standards for online education, raise the threshold for running schools, and intensify the quality inspection of online colleges in colleges and universities, such as organizing experts to certify the majors and courses of online colleges, evaluating teachers, teaching facilities, multimedia courseware construction and established off-campus teaching points, regularly checking the training quality of students in online colleges, and disqualifying unqualified online colleges.
"Wide" must be "strict"
The enrollment conditions of higher distance education in pilot colleges are very loose, which is called "loose"; Only by passing the examination can we ensure the quality of distance education and the "gold content" of academic diplomas, which is called "strict examination". In order to standardize the teaching and examination of distance education, the Ministry of Education entrusts the Open Distance Education Center to undertake the invigilation of the final examination of the second semester of the 2002-2003 school year in various teaching points of distance education in Hunan University. This is the first time in the country to use the distance education service system for exams. This kind of examination discipline is very strict, which makes cheaters have no chance to take advantage of it and greatly maintains the seriousness of distance education.
"Gold Content" of Diploma: From Questioning to Accepting
Whether the diploma obtained by distance education has enough "gold content" is the most concerned issue for most students. According to the statistics of the Network Education Research Center of Renmin University, 76% of the students choose "Network University" because they took a fancy to the Renmin University graduation certificate issued by it.
Edit this reference platform for distance education
China Unified Education Network is a comprehensive service platform for distance education with the largest scale, the most complete content and the best operation quality in China. Featured service and thoughtful management system help parents and students to relieve their worries. Distance education platform is emerging all over the country. But at present, there are few platforms with real gold content in China. China Distance Education Network is a leading Internet technology and IT education company in China, while China Distance Education Network has always maintained a leading position in Internet service, book publishing and personnel training. The distance education mode of China Distance Education Network has been recognized and popularized by the national education department. "Let everyone enjoy education anytime and anywhere" is the unremitting efforts and pursuit goal of China Distance Education Network.
The characteristics and advantages of editing distance education in this section.
Maximize the use of resources
Various educational resource banks have crossed the limitation of space distance through the network, making school education an open education that can radiate to a wider area outside the campus. Schools can give full play to the advantages of disciplines and educational resources, and spread the best teachers and teaching achievements to all directions through the network.
Autonomy of learning behavior
The application characteristics of network technology in distance education are: anyone, anytime, anywhere, starting from any chapter, learning any course. The convenient and flexible "five arbitrariness" in online education directly reflects the characteristics of active learning in the learning mode, which fully meets the needs of modern education and lifelong education.
Interaction of learning forms
Teachers and students, students and students communicate in all directions through the network, which narrows the psychological distance between teachers and students and increases the opportunities and scope of communication between teachers and students. And through the computer, the type, quantity and frequency of students' questions are statistically analyzed, so that teachers can understand the doubts, difficulties and main problems that students encounter in their studies and guide students more pertinently.
The change of teaching form
In online education, using the unique information database management technology and two-way interactive function of computer network, on the one hand, the system can track and record the personal data, learning process and stage of each online student, on the other hand, the teaching and learning service system can provide personalized learning suggestions for different students according to the personal data recorded by the system. Network education provides a realistic and effective way to realize personalized teaching.
Teaching management automation
The computer network teaching management platform has the functions of automatic management and remote interactive processing, and is applied to the teaching management of network education. The consultation, registration, payment, course selection, inquiry, student status management, homework and examination management of distance students can be completed through remote interaction on the Internet.
Disadvantages of editing this distance education
People's enthusiastic pursuit of online media and superficial theoretical research make distance education ignore the pace of social and cultural changes. Globalization, knowledge explosion, instant messaging and electronicization are jointly subverting the way we work and study. The old model is rapidly retreating, and the new model is rapidly forming. In this regard, distance education mostly turns a blind eye, and the teaching content, teaching methods and evaluation methods generally follow the traditional campus practices. Taking textbooks as an example, most of the written textbooks for online education in colleges and universities directly use campus textbooks, and some even use self-taught textbooks. In this regard, online education has obviously not found its own unified logical structure, or it is using the media to clone and copy campus education. This kind of cloning and copying, which ignores the cultural characteristics of the target group and the changes in the social and cultural transition period, just exposes the weakness of online education in the face of traditional education, and also makes online education waver between the old and new educational values and the old and new traditions, becoming a "marginalized" role. One of the greatest advantages of distance education lies in its popularity, which is also its disadvantage and weakness. The object of distance education is "pan-oriented", without individual pertinence, only paying attention to one group, and lacking situational teaching in specific teaching. The so-called situational teaching means that in education and teaching activities, every education and teaching is based on specific situations. Without the situation at that time, teaching would be meaningless. In fact, in the final analysis, the current distance education ignores the emotional factors in teaching and does not attach importance to the feelings of the lecturers and recipients. In this assembly-line teaching, the education of ideological turn is replaced by mechanization. Although distance education can talk face to face through the screen, it is difficult for individuals to grasp their emotions subtly. Under the screen, everyone's movements should not be too big, and it takes a long time to observe people's words and deeds. A class can only leave a rough impression, and it is impossible to design and change the teaching plan according to everyone's changes. More importantly, emotion itself is a major category of education, especially primary and secondary education. Their morality and value can only be realized through interaction with others. Every time they teach a course to the teacher, they accumulate the teacher's words and deeds bit by bit, and also deeply understand the teacher's personal character and self-satisfaction of giving feedback to the teacher. This is what distance education lacks. As Dewey said, "Science and technology are not the power of the impersonal universe. They can only play a role in the medium of human desires, visions, goals and efforts. " No matter how powerful distance education is, if people's needs and emotions are ignored, this kind of education will lose the foundation of education and teaching. Therefore, in the future development, this method will not replace school education, nor is it a mainstream effective learning method. However, the development of society can not lose distance education, and the process of distance education will also form a trend and become an irreplaceable way to receive knowledge education and teaching.
Edit the development history of distance education in this section.
The development of distance education in China has experienced three generations: the first generation is correspondence education, which has trained many talents for the country, but correspondence education has great limitations; The second generation is radio and television education, which rose in the 1980s. China's distance education model and CCTV are world-renowned. In 1990s, with the development of information and network technology, the third generation of modern distance education based on information and network technology came into being. At the end of 0994, under the auspices of the then State Education Commission, "CERNET Demonstration Project" was undertaken by 10 universities including Tsinghua University. This is the first public computer network in China that adopts TCP/IP protocol. 1996, President Wang Dazhong of Tsinghua University took the lead in proposing the development of modern distance education. 65438-0997, Hunan University cooperated with Hunan Telecom for the first time to build an online university. The online postgraduate course 1998 was launched in Tsinghua University. 1998 In September, the Ministry of Education officially approved Tsinghua University, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Zhejiang University and Hunan University as the first batch of national modern distance education pilot institutions 1999, and the Ministry of Education formulated the Opinions on Developing Modern Distance Education. In September, the "CERNET high-speed backbone network construction project" was launched, with the goal of completing the construction of CERNET high-speed backbone network before 65438+February 2000 to meet the needs of modern distance education in China. In July 2000, the Ministry of Education promulgated the Interim Measures for the Administration of Educational Websites and Online Schools. At the same time, the scope of modern distance education pilot universities has been expanded to 3 1, and "Several Opinions on Supporting Several Universities to Build Online Education Colleges to Carry out Modern Distance Education Pilot Work" has been issued. According to this document, 365 and 438+0 pilot colleges have great autonomy: if they can set their own enrollment standards and decide how many students to enroll, they can offer majors outside the professional catalogue. Have the right to issue diplomas recognized by the state. 3 1 July 3, 20001Pilot universities set up a "Cooperation Group for Modern Distance Education in Universities" in Beijing to strengthen exchanges and cooperation among pilot universities and promote the co-construction and sharing of educational resources. In July of 20001year, the Ministry of Education continued to expand the pilot scope of modern distance education colleges from the original 38 universities to.
Edit the FAQ of this distance education
1. Is the distance education degree recognized by the state? A: The distance education in the pilot universities approved by the Ministry of Education belongs to the adult higher education in the national education series, and the academic qualifications are recognized by the state. The diploma can be inquired at the Education Certification Center of the Ministry of Education. 2. How to get a diploma? What is the diploma like? Answer: After completing the courses specified in the teaching plan, graduation thesis or graduation design and passing the examination, Beijing Institute of Technology will issue the graduation certificate. The graduation certificate is marked with the words "online education". 3. What degree can a qualified undergraduate be awarded? Answer: Qualified graduates majoring in business administration, human resource management, project management, marketing, information management and information systems can be awarded a bachelor's degree in management; Undergraduate graduates majoring in accounting can be awarded a bachelor's degree in economics; Bachelor of law degree can be awarded to graduates majoring in law; Computer science and technology, mechanical and electronic engineering, and automobile service engineering can be awarded a bachelor's degree in engineering. 4. Which diplomas belong to the national education series? A: Graduation certificates issued by institutions of higher learning or self-taught examination institutions approved by the Ministry of Education that can obtain electronic registration from the Ministry of Education belong to the national education series, including ordinary institutions of higher learning, some private institutions of higher learning, adult institutions of higher learning, self-taught examinations, night universities, correspondence courses, distance education, TV universities and so on. 5. The concept of credit? What is the length of study? A: Credit is a certain score converted according to the learning volume and difficulty of a course. Whenever you complete a course and pass the exam, you get credit for the course. Generally, the credits of each course are between 2-8 credits. As long as you complete the required courses and complete the required credits within the specified time, you can be allowed to graduate. This stipulated time is the number of years of study. 6. How do I qualify for all subjects? How many exam opportunities do students have in each course? A: After students choose courses online and enter the learning stage, they can qualify for the exam by registering for the exam online within the specified time of the college. Within the prescribed study period, students are allowed to take a course twice, and they can take three exams each time they take a course; When recording students' scores, the test scores are recorded according to the actual scores, and the highest score of the actual test scores is included in the final scores. If you fail in the required courses twice, you can't graduate. 7. How to determine the unified examination subjects of national online education public courses? How to arrange the unified examination time? Do you have an exam outline? Do I have to take the unified exam? A: Undergraduate students from the starting point of junior college should take two courses: College English and Computer Application Foundation. Organize three unified examinations every year. Students can take multiple exams during their study, and the number of exams each time is determined by the students themselves. All subjects have exam outlines and exam books. Passing all the unified examination subjects is one of the conditions for electronic registration of higher education diploma of the Ministry of Education. Students with college education do not take the national unified examination. Students who meet the following conditions can be exempted from the national unified examination of some public basic courses during their school days: (1) They have a bachelor's degree or above in national education series (including undergraduate courses) and can be exempted from all unified examination subjects; (2) Except for computer majors, those who have obtained the certificate of Grade B or above in the National Computer Rank Examination may be exempted from the "Computer Application Basis"; (3) College English can be exempted if it meets one of the following conditions: a. Non-English majors who are over 40 years old at the time of admission; B. Minority students whose household registration is in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities except English majors (the definition of ethnic minorities shall be based on the standards in the collection of national unified examination documents for some basic courses of online education in pilot universities); C. Except for English majors, those who have obtained a certificate of Grade 3 or above in the National Public English Examination (PETS); D except for English majors, candidates who have obtained CET-4 and above certificates before June 5438+1 October12006, and candidates who have taken CET-4 and above examinations after the reform of CET-4 and scored 420 points; Note: After June 65438+1 October1in 2006, CET) CET-4 certificate or above will no longer be used as a condition for exemption from the unified college English examination.