1. Low education level: Many farmers and herdsmen lack necessary basic education, low literacy rate and poor language learning ability.

2. Poor language environment: The language environment in rural areas is unique, with many dialects, and the national language is quite different from the local language, making it difficult to learn.

3. Improper training methods: Some teachers who speak Putonghua for farmers and herdsmen lack professional knowledge and teaching experience, and are unfamiliar with training methods and textbook selection, resulting in poor teaching results.

4. Lack of spiritual and cultural life: Some farmers and herdsmen live in remote mountainous areas, lacking basic cultural atmosphere and good living environment, which leads to their low interest and demand for culture, thus affecting the enthusiasm and effect of learning Mandarin.