The concept of sketch (also ideological education and warm-up)

Sketch in a broad sense, as its name implies, contains the meaning of "simple description". It uses pencils, brushes, pens, carbon pens and other tools, and even popular handwritten brushes for monochrome description.

But in a narrow sense, sketch is the basic training subject of all plastic arts (including painting, architecture and sculpture). It is through the depth of lines and color blocks that the sense of volume and space of the objects we draw can be truly expressed on flat paper. Learning art must lay a solid sketch foundation.

Sketch is the foundation of all plastic arts, and sketch is also an independent art form. Art makes people feel beautiful, and only training based on aesthetic feeling is what we need. In the basic contact process of sketch, each step should be gradual, steady and steady, and accumulated over time can be handy, touching people with emotion and pleasing people with beauty. I believe that through their own efforts, everyone can be dedicated, witty, accurate and diligent. Persistence is bound to have amazing gains.

First, sketch the tools needed and how to use them.

1, pen requirements

Pencil: Art pencils have different grades of hard lead and soft lead. Hard lead is represented by "h", such as 1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, etc. The greater the number on the front, the stronger the hardness, that is, the lighter the chromaticity. Soft ones are indicated by "b", such as 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, etc. The larger the number, the stronger the softness and the deeper the chroma; Pencils for students are generally HB-shaped and have moderate hardness. For beginners, you can choose HB to 4B.

Charcoal pen: The usage of charcoal pen is similar to that of pencil. Charcoal is dark in color and expressive. This is an ideal tool for sketching, especially portrait painting. But it's hard to erase when the painting is heavy.

Charcoal strips: Charcoal strips are made of branches, with dark color, loose texture and poor adhesion. After painting, you need to spray fixing liquid, otherwise it will easily fade and destroy the effect.

Carbon rod: carbon rod is generally black and ochre, which is harder than carbon rod and has stronger adhesion. Fixing solution may or may not be needed.

The method of expressing light and shade with pencil:

(1). When the pencil is drawn vertically with the nib, the lines drawn are clear and firm; When the pencil is tilted to draw with a pointed abdomen, the strokes and lines are vague and weak.

(2) Arrange the direction of brush strokes to avoid confusion.

2. Rubber: Rubber used for painting is generally soft and plastic, and plastic rubber is like plasticine, which is very convenient to use.

Matters needing attention in using eraser in pencil drawing:

(1). Beginners often feel dissatisfied with the use of strokes, so they immediately use an eraser, and then erase it if they make mistakes the second time. This is the worst habit. One is that it is easy to hurt the paper and leave scars on it. The more you draw, the more uncertain you are. Try to avoid it.

(2) When you make a mistake in the first stroke, you can try to draw the second stroke, so that there is a standard when drawing, which is easy to correct. After all the shades are drawn, gently erase the unused pencil lines with an eraser, so that the whole picture will be much clearer and more lovely.

(3). In fact, many useless line marks in the picture are generally covered by dark parts in the end, so we just need to erase the exposed parts, which is also more labor-saving. At the same time, the unused line marks often become the foil of the main body invisibly, so if we don't erase them, it will be harmless to the picture, and sometimes we will get invisible effects, which we must pay attention to.

3. Paper requirements

Sketch is usually done on special sketch paper (but my sketch paper is a computer screen, and of course my pen is a brush for drawing board). When choosing sketch paper, we should pay attention to the fact that the paper should be firm, flat, wear-resistant, fine in texture, wrinkle-free and easy to modify (it is troublesome, but it is impossible to draw good works, hehe), such as sketch paper and pencil drawing paper, for example, it is too thick. The size of paper used by beginners should be 8 or 4, and coated paper and copy paper with the size of 16 are suitable for sketching with pens and ballpoint pens.

4. Sketchpad and photo folder

There are different models of sketchpad and picture clip, and the size can be determined according to their own borders. It is appropriate for beginners to choose about 590 x 440 mm The sketchpad is durable and the picture folder is easy to carry. It is a good helper for going out to sketch.

In addition, you need to prepare some other tools such as art knives.

Second, some matters that should be paid attention to in learning sketch.

1, position selection and painting posture

Correct sketch posture is helpful to the overall observation and the application of expression methods. When painting, the body should be about one arm away from the drawing board. If possible, you'd better put the drawing board on an easel. If there is no easel, the drawing board can also be placed on the thigh. An easel is usually placed in front of the painter. The best distance between the painter and the sketch object is usually between 3 times and 5 times the height or width of the object. Good habits help to improve painting skills.

2. Holding the pen

The method of holding a pen in painting is different from that in writing. The usual method of holding a pencil is to hold the pencil with thumb, forefinger and middle finger (as shown in figure 1), and the little finger is supported on the drawing board (or suspended) as a fulcrum to draw lines through the movement of the wrist (as shown in figure 2). Only when describing the details, I will hold the pen like I usually write, but my wrist still moves by the fulcrum of my little finger (as shown in Figure 3).

3. Operation time control

Usually a sketch is usually arranged between 2 and 3 hours. If the picture is complicated and cannot be completed at one time, it can be completed in several times.

4, homework target arrangement

Do decomposition exercises according to modeling factors, and purposefully focus on solving difficult problems, such as: body generalization exercises, relationship between proportion and structure analysis, relationship between perspective and structure, and expression exercises of structure and tone. The operation objectives should be clear, which will help you learn and master the laws of technical expression and artistic expression.

5. Cultivate scientific thinking methods.

The mastery and application of modeling rules is the process of cultivating correct thinking methods. In the process of sketch training, learners' thinking ability to solve various relationships should be fully reflected, such as correctly grasping the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity, sensibility and rationality, whole and part.

Basic Sketch Course (2)

Basic elements of modeling

1, the point, line and surface of an object.

The objects we describe are all three-dimensional, and the most basic shapes are cubes, spheres, cylinders and vertebral bodies. Sketch and sketch can study the relationship between the basic factors of subject composition and body shaping from these four types of bodies.

The dot indicates the position, which is the symbol of body shaping and has specific quantitative significance for modeling. Look at the position point first, find out its base point and vertex, right point, left point, near point and far point, and specify the proportional relationship between the overall range and size of the object. Looking at the turning point, these points are like transportation hubs, connecting the lines and faces in the form.

Lines are produced by the directional motion of points. Line is the continuation of point motion, and it is a line connecting the starting point and the ending point. Any sketch is made up of countless lines. Lines are the backbone of body shaping and have infinite charm.

Auxiliary line refers to the imaginary line used in the process of human body shaping. These lines help us to grasp the dynamic potential and the overall characteristics of the form, and are conducive to the orderly expression of the form from the whole to the part.

The contour line reflects the turning part of the body. In the process of painting, the expression of contour line requires from straight line to curve, from outer contour to inner contour, thus forming a three-dimensional frame of the object.

The effect of the combination of countless points or the arrangement of countless lines on a surface forms a surface visually, and the movement of the surface produces a body. In the process of modeling, faces can be divided into two categories, namely, straight faces and curved faces.

On the screen, a straight cube usually has three faces: front, side and top (bottom).

With the help of light, a curved sphere is generally composed of a bright surface, a dark surface, a light-dark boundary (surface), a reflecting surface and a projection on the screen.

Any complex shape can be understood and analyzed through the relationship between cube and sphere.

2. Proportion and division

Proportion refers to the comparison of the size, length, height, number, width, thickness and area of an object or its parts. Different proportional relationships form different aesthetic feelings. There are better ways to observe and express the proportional relationship. For example, we can first grasp the two poles of comparative factors, then determine the middle part, and then divide it in turn, so as to determine any complex proportional relationship.

3, characteristics and basic shape

Physical characteristics of objects mean that all objects and images have their own characteristics, which distinguish them from each other. We should sum up the shapes and form a basic concept, such as circle: face, apple, jar, sun; Square: desk, book, TV, house, etc. So it can be said that if you grasp the basic shape, you basically grasp the main features of the shape.

Starting from the overall shape, the prototype of the object is simplified, and the complicated details are omitted to form a simple geometric shape. The first is to grasp its plane shape, whether it is square, round or angular; Look at its volume characteristics, whether it belongs to cube, sphere or cylinder. When drawing details, we can grasp the basic characteristics of the figure by visually observing the height first, then observing the width, and finally comparing the widths of the upper and lower parts.

4, turning and contour

When the surface of an object changes direction, the surface of the object will rotate. Square objects turn obviously, which is called folding, while circular objects turn slowly, which is called turning. The edge of a general object can be regarded as a turning point, and the edge inside the outer edge of a cube is the turning point, which is called the inner contour. The dividing line between light and dark inside the sphere can be regarded as a turning point and also belongs to the inner contour. In the process of modeling, when we use lines to reflect the turning point of the body, it is the contour line. According to the internal and external parts of the body rotation, contour lines can be divided into external contour lines and internal contour lines. In the process of drawing and drawing, we should focus on the outline of the object, and the method of grasping the outline can be taken from the outside to the inside.

5. Structure and composition

Structure refers to the combination and structure of various parts of the object itself. An object has internal and external components and structural relations, and the interconnection, interpenetration, overlapping and separation of various parts determine the shape of the object. In sketch training, adding some subjective elements and expression techniques to the structure can be regarded as a composition.

6. Perspective and space

All objects occupy a certain space, and there is also a certain spatial distance between things. Such as the spatial distance between the painter and the writing creature, the spatial distance between the painted objects, the spatial distance before and after the painted objects themselves, and the spatial distance between the painted subject and the background. . . . In sketch, the application of perspective principle is the most basic method to generate a sense of distance and express space by using the perspective change of objects.

Geometric perspective

Geometric perspective and mathematical principles are the combination of science and art by applying geometric perspective to the artistic expression of painting, which mainly expresses the three-dimensional sense of an object with the help of perspective phenomena from far and near.

Parallel perspective When one of the six faces of a cube is parallel to the painter's position, the painter sees the perspective change produced by the other face.

Parallel perspective

Angle perspective When one corner of a cube is facing the painter, all sides of the cube have perspective changes.

Geometric perspective includes three elements: visual horizon, which generally refers to an imaginary line that is highly parallel to the eyes when the painter looks up. The apparent horizon determines the perspective inclination of the painted object. When the painted object is higher than the apparent horizontal line, the perspective line inclines downward, and when the painted object is lower than the apparent horizontal line, the perspective line inclines upward. The center point refers to the visual center. It is at the heart of the painter. In Parallel perspective, all perspective lines point to the center. Distance point, the distance from the viewpoint to the center point is called distance point. If the sight distance moves to both sides of the center point on the eye level, the resulting point is the distance point.

Aerial perspective

Air perspective is a method to express the sense of space in painting with the help of air's blocking effect on vision. It mainly expresses the sense of space of objects with the help of the perspective phenomenon of being close to reality and far from virtual. It is manifested in the change of virtual and real form, the change of timbre depth, the change of plane form and the change of complexity.

7, light and shade and tone

Understand the light and shade in sketch

(1): causes of light and shade: when there is a light source (whether natural or artificial), there is a light and shade theory;

(2): Basic law of light and shade: the direct light source (facing the light) is the bright part. Where the light source cannot shine (backlight) is the dark part. The reflected light forms a gray part in the middle.

Under the illumination of light, the image of an object will change in brightness. Light sources generally include natural light, sunlight and light (artificial light). Different illumination angles, different distances between light sources and objects, different textures of objects, different inclined directions of object surfaces, different properties of light sources, different distances between objects and painters, and so on. Will have a different feeling of light and dark. In sketch learning, it is very important to master the basic rules of light and shade of objects, which can be summarized as "three sides and five tones"

A: After being illuminated by light, three objects show different shades. The illuminated side is called the bright side, the illuminated side is called the gray side, and the backlit side is called the dark side. This is three sides.

B: Pentaphone refers to black and white levels with different brightness. It is the amount of light reflected by the face, which is the depth of the face. We should be good at summarizing and summarizing the tone levels. Different sketch tones reflect different personalities, styles, hobbies and concepts. In three aspects, there are many obvious differences according to the intensity of light, forming five tones. In addition to the bright tone of the bright surface, the gray tone of the gray surface and the dark tone of the dark surface, the dark surface has already appeared "reflection" due to the influence of the environment. In addition, at the junction of gray surface and dark surface, it is not affected by light source and reflection, so the darkest surface is squeezed out, which is the so-called "light-dark junction". This is what we often call the "five major tunes". Of course, the actual painting is not only the tone of these five kinds, but also richer. But at the beginning, we should at least grasp these five sounds well. Establish the overall color sense of the picture, that is, the relationship between black, white and gray, and make good use of these main colors to unify the picture and express the overall effect of the picture.

image plane composition

A blank sheet of paper, don't care about space. Once the brush strokes are drawn, the integrity and stability of the paper will be destroyed, that is, the phenomenon of picture composition segmentation will appear. If you draw an object, the paper will form a space, and then draw more than two objects, you should consider the combination of forms. The basic training of painting is to train everyone how to transfer space objects to plane pictures and solve the problem of picture composition.

1, fuselage combination and screen cutting

Both of them belong to the composition of painting, which is the overall layout of the picture according to the expressed intention and the needs of the theme. On the question of formal combination, we should pay attention to: (1) combinations of different positions, (2) combinations of different properties, and (3) combinations of different quantities.

2. Angle determination and spatial sequence

There are two main angles between the painter and the object, namely, Parallel perspective and perspective. The modeling factors in the picture should change with the change of spatial position. In order to make the modeling elements in the picture orderly, it is necessary for objects to form a clear spatial sequence at a specific angle.

The above works are composed of three cubes, and the three vertices of the triangle are taken as the overall shape position of the three cubes, thus forming the composition of the triangle. The picture shows three cutting variants. (1) frame is too long (2) frame is too large (3) frame is suitable.