Practice has proved that the bill of quantities pricing model is an effective and advanced pricing model, which has been widely adopted by international organizations including the World Bank, ADB and AfDB. It is quite different from the current bidding, tendering and bid evaluation methods in China. With China's entry into WTO, it is urgent to formulate the calculation rules of quantities and related supporting policies and regulations that are suitable for the valuation mode of bill of quantities. In addition, after China implements the bill of quantities pricing model according to international practice, contractors must change their ideas in time, strengthen the study and research on corresponding bidding skills, and lay a good foundation for obtaining good economic benefits of project contracting.
2 bill of quantities valuation model
Carrying out the valuation model of bill of quantities is a concrete measure to reform the valuation model of project cost, and it is also an inevitable requirement for China to join WTO and connect with international project management. Shunde City, Guangdong Province has implemented this pricing model in line with international practice since March 2000. Its specific content is: "control the quantity, let go of the price, the enterprise quotes independently, and finally the price is formed by the market." According to Shunde's experience and international practice, the project cost (quotation) = σ estimated engineering quantity (engineering list) × comprehensive unit price+starting project+tax, in which: the estimated engineering quantity is calculated according to the construction drawing and engineering quantity calculation rules; Comprehensive unit price refers to the labor cost, material cost, general construction machinery cost, enterprise comprehensive management fee, enterprise profit and risk fund consumed in completing the work project; The starting project refers to the cost of completing the necessary construction facilities of the project (the cost of supporting measures on the construction site) without forming physical quantity; Taxes refer to business tax, urban maintenance and construction tax, education surcharge, etc. When handling the settlement, the actual engineering quantity can be used instead of the estimated engineering quantity, and the others are generally unchanged.
Compared with the previous fixed fee pricing model, the bill of quantities in bidding has the following characteristics: (1) the bill of quantities reflects the physical consumption and cost of the project, which is easy to be priced in combination with the specific conditions of the project and can better reflect the single cost and actual cost of the project; (2) In view of the current situation that the construction unit blindly wins the bid at a low price and has no settlement basis, adopting bill of quantities pricing can avoid irregular bidding behaviors such as fraud and black-box operation in project bidding; (3) The bill of quantities pricing model can promote the reform of pricing basis, especially for construction enterprises, which is conducive to establishing their own enterprise quotas by using bill of quantities pricing, thus changing the situation that enterprises relied too much on the quotas issued by the state in the past and the existing quotas bound enterprises to quote their own prices; (4) The bill of quantities pricing model can strengthen the settlement and contract price management in the project implementation stage. As one of the main bases of project settlement, bill of quantities can play an important role in the standardized management of project change, project payment and settlement. (5) The implementation of the bill of quantities valuation model is conducive to rationalizing the cost composition of China's project cost, and introducing all the expenses belonging to the production and operation costs, welfare nature and salary nature into the cost, rather than being paid by after-tax profits.
3 engineering bidding skills
Bidding quotation is based on the estimated engineering quantity in the bill of quantities of bidding projects. Through various investigations on labor, materials, machinery, rates and venues, the unit price of each project is compiled by applying enterprise quota, and then the price is determined by combining enterprise cost accounting and cost prediction, considering appropriate profits and bidding strategies. After the implementation of bill of quantities pricing model, the market plays a decisive role in the process of price determination, and quotation is the key to successful bidding. The skill of bidding quotation is how to adjust the unit price through calculation and analysis, so as to keep the total price at a reasonable (low) level, achieve the goal of winning the bid and maximize the economic benefits of the winning project. Based on the valuation mode of bill of quantities, this paper discusses the corresponding quotation skills in order to provide some reference for the majority of construction enterprises (contractors).
3. 1 unbalanced quotation method
The unbalanced quotation method is to control the tender quotation unchanged, and adjust the itemized quotation in the bill of quantities under the condition that the comprehensive unit price analysis in unit price contract is reasonable (that is, it does not violate the provisions of the bid evaluation method in the tender documents), so that the quotation in the list is most beneficial to the engineering construction measurement and engineering settlement. Its characteristics are: making the winning project in the normal quotation get the maximum profit in the construction; So that the projects with guaranteed reserve price, unprofitable price and losing price can also obtain expected profits. The quotation principle is: the adjusted quotation must be equal to the confirmed quotation; After adjusting the quotation, the comprehensive unit price decomposition must be reasonable and not violate the requirements of the bidding documents (that is, to avoid invalid bidding due to too high or too low). Unbalanced quotation method is the most widely used in the bidding project with preliminary design documents, which is divided into the following situations:
(1) Through the calculation of the engineering quantity in the design document, it is confirmed that the actual engineering quantity is greater than the bill quantity, and the unit price shall be increased as much as possible within a reasonable range; The actual engineering quantity is less than the bill of quantities, and the unit price can be appropriately reduced; Bill of quantities can't happen, and the unit price should be reduced as much as possible;
(2) After on-site investigation, it is estimated that the actual engineering quantity is greater than the bill of quantities, and the unit price can be appropriately increased; The actual engineering quantity is less than the bill of quantities, and the unit price can be appropriately reduced;
(3) If the design is unreasonable or the list items are wrong, the estimated unit price can be increased for the projects that will increase the engineering quantity during construction, and the estimated unit price can be reduced for the projects that will reduce the engineering quantity;
(4) the unit price of the project that can get the money first (such as earthwork and foundation engineering, etc.). ) can be appropriately increased, which is conducive to capital turnover; Unit price of later projects (such as paint, electricity, etc.). ) can be appropriately reduced;
(5) If the drawings are unclear or have errors, it is estimated that the unit price of the revised project can be increased in the future; The unit price with unclear project content can be reduced, which is conducive to future claims;
(6) The unit price of a project with no engineering quantity but only unit price is higher, because it is not included in the bid unit price, which will neither affect the total bid price nor win the bid in the future.
3.2 Quotation method when engineering quantity changes beyond the specified amount.
The FIDIC contract stipulates that the new unit price can be re-determined according to the quotation documents in two cases (usually) when the engineering quantity changes beyond the specified amount: (1) the amount involved in the changed project exceeds the contract price by 2%; (2) The change of engineering quantity exceeds 25% of the engineering quantity of this project in the bill of quantities. Through the review of design documents and recalculation of engineering quantity, the specific quotation is divided into the following situations:
(1) The engineering quantity is less than 75% of the engineering quantity in the project list, and the unit price shall be reduced as much as possible;
(2) The engineering quantity is 75% ~ 125% of the engineering quantity in the project list. If it is lower than 100%, the unit price can be appropriately reduced or the normal quotation can be made; If it is greater than 100%, it can be quoted normally or the unit price can be raised appropriately;
(3) The engineering quantity is greater than 125% of the engineering quantity in the project list. If the scope is small, the unit price can be appropriately increased; Beyond the scope, it is not appropriate to raise the unit price.
The quotation method whose engineering quantity changes beyond the specified requirements has the greatest application and the most obvious benefit for the project with complex technology and adopting preliminary design documents for bidding.
3.3 tentative project quotation method
The so-called tentative project quotation refers to the quotation of possible projects in the process of project construction without design documents and design quantities. The quotation of daywork list can be included in the scope of tentative project quotation, and the tentative project quotation method can be divided into two situations:
(1) When the tentative project quotation total price participates in bid evaluation, you can sign up for less quantities and increase the unit price; Nominal quantities have been set, which can increase the unit price of some projects and reduce the unit price of some projects.
(2) When the tentative project quotation does not participate in the bid evaluation, the nominal quantities can be reasonably assumed and the unit price can be increased.
3.4 Selective low-price bidding quotation method
This quotation method is aimed at low-priced winning projects. In order to win the bid and control the total bid price, the bid price is lower than the normal budget price. In order to obtain better economic benefits, some projects can be selected for low quotation. Common projects include: projects that may be subcontracted, projects that may modify the design, projects that may cancel or suspend construction, and projects that may adopt unbalanced quotation.
3.5 Relying on advanced quotation methods
This quotation method is a kind of quotation method that the tendering unit relies on its own economic strength, advanced construction technology, mechanical equipment and management means, and puts forward reasonable suggestions to reduce the project cost through advanced construction organization design scheme.
4 conclusion
Referring to international practice, it is imperative to carry out the valuation mode of bill of quantities, which is an inevitable requirement for China to connect with international engineering management after joining WTO. The implementation of bill of quantities pricing mode has changed the traditional pricing mode of quota plus cost, and brought unprecedented challenges and development opportunities to the majority of construction units (contractors). In view of this pricing model, quotation skills are more important than traditional models. Only when the quotation is reasonable and appropriate can we win the bid, and only after winning the bid can we have better economic benefits. Therefore, the vast number of construction enterprises must change their concepts in time and strengthen the research on bidding skills to adapt to the new pricing model. Of course, the bidding skills must be implemented in coordination with the construction contract. Only the bidding skills suitable for the construction contract in line with the interests of construction enterprises can bring good economic benefits to construction enterprises.
[References]
[1] determination and control of project cost by the national cost engineer examination and training textbook compilation committee [M] Beijing: China Planning Press, 200 1.
[2] Shanghai Construction Engineering Cost Association interprets the new contract pricing rules [N] 2002( 17).
[3] Du Xun International Engineering Appraisal [M] Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 1996.
[4] Meihong Bidding Strategy and Pricing Skills [J] Infrastructure Optimization, 2002, (2).
For more information about project/service/procurement bidding, and to improve the winning rate, please click on the bottom of official website Customer Service for free consultation:/#/? source=bdzd