The construction of temples is both large-scale and miscellaneous. Large-scale temples usually have a bucket. In miscellaneous buildings, it usually appears in the form of gathering points (evolved from the Temple of Heaven), such as pavilions in directions 4, 6 and 8. See the difference between large and small buildings and miscellaneous buildings below for details.
Knowledge points 1: the characteristics of temples in Xi 'an
What needs to be clear is that
Modeling and structural features of Xi 'an Temple.
(1) Scope of application: The Temple of Heaven is the tallest medium-sized building in China's traditional large-scale wood structure, and is usually allowed to be used as the main building on the central axis of palaces and temples.
(2) Appearance characteristics of Xiandian building: The roof form of Xiandian building has four slopes, the front and rear slopes intersect to form a positive ridge, and the sloping roofs of two mountains intersect with this ridge and the four slopes of the front and rear slopes to form five ridges. Therefore, Xiandian Building is also called Sipo, Siatang or Wujitang.
(3) Structural features of the Temple of Heaven: The main frame of the Temple of Heaven is basically the same as that of the hard mountain and hanging mountain buildings; The beam frame between the two ends also changes the components according to the architectural modeling requirements. Specifically, a long beam or two parallel beams are installed between the building tops according to a certain size, so as to undertake the components such as the lower gold purlin, the short beam, the upper gold purlin, the Taiping beam and the Leigong column selected from the mountain surface according to the size of the mountain pushing law. After the above-mentioned components are combined according to the size specified in the law of pushing mountains, the main ridge is lengthened, and the four vertical ridges are changed from straight lines to gentle curves, so that the two gable roofs of the temple building form a steep and majestic roof curve.
(4) Rule of pushing mountains: When the frame of each mountain is the same, the square angle of the first step (eaves step) is fixed, and the frame size of the previous step is reduced from the (lower) golden step to the ridge step10% (110). When the scaffolding of each mountain is different, the square angle of the first step (eaves step) will not move, and from the next step, the size of its own scaffolding will be reduced by10% (110); Then according to the (next) step after pushing the mountain, according to the (middle or upper) step, the size of your own step will be reduced by 10% (110); And so on, until the ridge steps.
Fairy Temple Architecture (single eaves in Tang Dynasty)
Xi 'an Temple Architecture (Imitation of Tang Dynasty Single eaves)
Xi 'an Temple Architecture (Imitation of Double-eave in Tang Dynasty)
Fairy Temple Architecture (Imitation of Song and Liao double eaves)
Xi 'an Temple Architecture (Double-eaves)
Xi 'an Temple Architecture (Double-eaves)
Fairy Temple Architecture (double eaves in Ming and Qing Dynasties)
Queen's Temple Architecture (Queen's Temple with pointed double eaves in Qing Dynasty)
Jian Dian Architecture (Ming Bang Jian Dian Architecture with eaves)
Xi 'an Temple Building (Roof elevation of Xi 'an Temple in Ming and Qing Dynasties)
Temple of heaven architecture (imitation of the double eaves of the wooden frame of the Temple of Heaven in Song and Liao Dynasties)
Temple of heaven architecture (imitation of Song Dynasty, part of the wooden frame of double-eaves Temple of Heaven in Liao Dynasty)
Explain the method of pushing mountains with wood structure
Fairy Hall-Wooden Structure Pushing Mountain
The "side bag" of the roof after Xiandian-Tuishan treatment
Roof of Xi 'an Temple in Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties —— Comparison between "not pushing mountains" and "pushing mountains"
Plan of "Mountain Pushing Frame" in Jingdechong Hall of Ming Dynasty's Ancestral Temple
The lines numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the drawing are the plane position lines of four components (segments), namely, ① corner beam, ② lower golden beam, ③ upper golden beam and ④ backbone. From the overlapping intersection of these four lines, we can clearly see every beam on the mountain surface. For a detailed explanation of pushing mountains, see the schematic diagram of "pushing mountains" in Ma Bingjian's book "Wood Structure Technology of Ancient Buildings in China", as shown in the following figure.
Schematic diagram of two mountain wood frames in the Temple of Heaven
Comparison between pushing mountains with wooden frames and not pushing mountains in the Temple of Heaven
Mountain pushing method when the wooden frames of two mountains in the temple are the same.
The method of pushing the mountain when the wooden frames of the two mountains in the temple are different.
The architectural form of traditional wooden buildings in China mainly refers to the shape of the roof, and the roof is subdivided into many types, mainly composed of four main shapes: Yudian, Xieshan, Hangshan and Hard Mountain. Therefore, in order to understand the traditional wooden architecture, we must first understand the characteristics and structure of hard mountain architecture, hanging mountain architecture, rest mountain architecture and fairy temple architecture.