Mechanical science and technology model essay 3000 words.
Safe production of agricultural machinery
Abstract: Agricultural mechanization is an important symbol of the development of modern agriculture. In recent years, the state has increased its support for the development of agricultural mechanization and deepened the subsidy policy for the purchase of agricultural machinery. Agricultural mechanization in Shexian county has made rapid development, but the increasingly prominent safety problems of agricultural machinery are facing new challenges, such as agricultural transportation, mechanical operation, processing and mechanical power operation (most small machinery uses electricity and gasoline power instead of diesel power). The safe production of agricultural machinery has attracted the attention of the whole society. I have been engaged in agricultural machinery management for more than 20 years at the grass-roots level and have a deep understanding of the importance of agricultural machinery safety. By analyzing the main factors affecting and restricting the safety production of agricultural machinery at present, some measures and suggestions for preventing agricultural machinery accidents in rural areas were summarized, aiming at providing some references for the safety production of agricultural machinery.
[Keywords:] agricultural machinery safety measures and suggestions
【 China Library Classification Number 】 S23 【 Document Identification Number 】 A 【 Document Contribution Number 】1003-1650 (2013)12-0169-02.
With the rapid development of economy, people's lives are changing with each passing day, and the production and life style has also undergone tremendous essential changes. Especially under the guidance of the central government's policy of developing modern agriculture and building a new countryside and the Outline of the Development of Advanced Automated Agriculture in Huangshan City, Shexian County, Huangshan City, Anhui Province has basically realized the basic requirements of modern agriculture with small agricultural machinery as the main body, which embodies the four advantages of modern agriculture: production, efficiency, automation and demonstration.
First, the main factors affecting and restricting the safety production of agricultural machinery at present
1. The increase in the number of agricultural machinery in rural areas is an inevitable factor in the increase of various agricultural machinery accidents.
Since 1980s, China has vigorously developed rural areas, the rural economy has developed rapidly, and farmers' income has greatly increased. Many farmers used the accumulated funds to buy small tractors and agricultural tricycles to help agricultural transportation and production, and enjoyed the policy of a small amount of diesel oil during the planned economy period. In Shexian County, Huangshan City, Anhui Province, it is very popular in rural areas to buy a three-wheeled or four-wheeled tractor at a price of 6,000 yuan, which can be used for sowing in farmland, transporting crops, delivering fertilizers, selling grain, going to the market, and visiting relatives and friends. Relevant data show that by the end of 2004, the number of small agricultural tractors in China reached16.5 million. Not including a considerable number of agricultural tricycles, the increase of these agricultural machinery will inevitably lead to a surge in agricultural machinery accidents in rural areas.
2. The safety awareness and legal awareness of agricultural machinery users are weak.
In recent years, every village? Rural roads have been improved, and agricultural deformation vehicles have replaced three-wheeled and four-wheeled tractors; Especially in 2008, the central government implemented the subsidy policy for the purchase of agricultural machinery, and the number of farmers buying agricultural machinery increased sharply. A large number of new agricultural machinery flooded into the countryside. Because young people go out to work, farmers with older age, poor safety awareness, backward legal concept, poor driving skills and low cultural quality become a member of the agricultural machinery operation team. Their performance is worrying because of the lack of operation technical training and safety publicity and education. They violate traffic laws and regulations in their work, which has great hidden dangers to rural road safety. In particular, some people, without relevant training, drive on the road without a license, overload and overspeed, carry passengers in agricultural vehicles, and drink and drive; Although some people have driver's licenses, they lack awareness of agricultural machinery safety and fail to systematically maintain and repair agricultural machinery, which poses a serious threat to the safe production of agricultural machinery.
3. At present, the disharmony of government in rural agricultural machinery management is one of the important reasons for agricultural machinery accidents.
The management scope between government functional departments is uncertain, and there is a lack of supervision and coordination. For example, for the management of agricultural vehicles (tractors), the traffic police department, the transportation department and the agricultural machinery department before the implementation of the Road Traffic Safety Law had certain management rights according to relevant laws and regulations, and it can be concluded that the scope of agricultural vehicles has been revised, and the management lacks coordination and there are some blind spots.
4 farmland and road safety inspection (trial) is not enough. The annual inspection rate and compulsory insurance rate are not high.
Agricultural machinery safety inspection is the premise of using agricultural machinery for safe production, and annual inspection and compulsory insurance are the guarantee for the safety of agricultural machinery and its drivers and the compensation for handling safety accidents. However, the current farmland and road safety inspection (assessment) can not meet the requirements of low utilization rate, small scope of use, rapid renewal of old and new, and increased number of agricultural machinery in mountainous rural areas. The related equipment for inspection is obsolete or seriously lacking, and the inspection fee charged to the machine operator cannot be implemented, which makes the annual inspection (review) work passive. Many agricultural machinery drivers have improved their awareness of purchasing agricultural machinery and handling driver's licenses, but their concepts of annual inspection of agricultural machinery and compulsory insurance are still not perfect.
5. Agricultural machinery safety awareness is not enough, and the safety publicity and accident emergency system is not perfect.
Due to the seasonality and independence of agricultural machinery production, the whole society has insufficient understanding of the importance of laws and regulations propaganda and safety knowledge education and training, and insufficient awareness of safety precautions. Agricultural machinery production has a wide range and little impact, which leads to the imperfection of emergency system for agricultural machinery safety accidents.
Second, some measures and suggestions to prevent agricultural machinery accidents in rural areas.
1. Intensify publicity and strive for the understanding and support of the whole society.
In the past, some relevant leaders lacked understanding and guidance on the necessity and importance of agricultural machinery safety management, which led to ineffective agricultural machinery safety management. The government and society should support the development of agricultural mechanization more, attach importance to the safety of agricultural machinery production, make full use of various public opinion resources such as TV, rural radio, blackboard newspaper, newspaper and short message, and hold lectures on agricultural machinery related knowledge. , create all publicity opportunities, go all out and unswervingly publicize agricultural machinery safety laws and regulations and common sense of safety in production. Only when farmers' legal concept and safety awareness reach a high level, and farmers consciously abide by the law and act according to the rules, can the occurrence of agricultural machinery accidents in rural areas be greatly reduced.
2. Organize agricultural machinery safety inspection and strengthen robot safety research.
One of the important contents of agricultural machinery safety management is agricultural machinery safety production inspection. This measure can remedy the driver's illegal operation in time and reduce and avoid the occurrence of related accidents, which is one of the secrets of scientific management of agricultural machinery safety. Agricultural machinery safety management departments should strengthen the construction of agricultural machinery management team at the grass-roots level, especially in village groups, and increase the inspection of farmland and roads. Educate machine operators to be strict with themselves, not to let their guard down, and to correct any improper behavior in time. For agricultural machinery drivers and operators, it is necessary to make full use of their spare time to learn operating skills, improve their awareness of safe operation, and conduct examinations in strict accordance with standards. Those who fail or fail to take the exam will not be able to obtain a driver's license, and driving and operating agricultural machinery will be prohibited, which will help improve the quality of agricultural machinery operators. According to the local reality and its own characteristics, on the eve of the peak season of spring ploughing and autumn harvest of agricultural machinery, we should carry out various activities and exchange technical experience with operators around us, so as to make by going up one flight of stairs a model for everyone on the original basis. We should always study the cases of agricultural machinery accidents, analyze the causes, find out ways to avoid accidents, and make ourselves understand technology, methods and operations.
3. Guarantee the funds for agricultural machinery supervision and improve the supervision equipment.
Governments at all levels should, in accordance with the requirements of relevant laws and regulations, ensure the funds needed for agricultural machinery management, establish and improve the responsibility system for agricultural machinery safety management, increase the management of funds for agricultural machinery management projects, equip agricultural machinery management departments with targeted equipment to serve operators, make their departments team-oriented and professional, greatly improve work efficiency, and constantly improve the conditions for law enforcement of agricultural machinery safety management. Moreover, while ensuring publicity and education, safety inspection and other work, it is necessary to bring the staff involved in agricultural machinery management into the scope of guidance of civil servants, so as to ensure.
4. Strengthen the quality monitoring of agricultural machinery and strictly abide by the scrapping regulations.
First of all, the relevant departments of agricultural machinery management should conduct a detailed inspection of agricultural machinery in the region and conduct a comprehensive and systematic safety assessment of those old agricultural machinery that have been used for a long time. The evaluation report should be as detailed as possible, and the agricultural machinery that meets the requirements should be recorded, and the inspection and management of fixed personnel should not be ignored. The unqualified machinery shall be sealed and scrapped in strict accordance with laws and regulations. Agricultural machinery departments should pay attention to scrapped agricultural machinery owners, and relevant departments should give subsidies. If it is found that sealed or scrapped agricultural machinery participates in agricultural production, it shall notify the competent department of agricultural machinery and severely punish the illegal operators according to law. The reliability of agricultural machinery is very important, which affects the quality of agricultural production and is one of the important prerequisites for the safe production of agricultural machinery. Only when we really pay attention to it can we ensure the safety of farmers' lives and property to the maximum extent.
refer to
Zhang Chunping Kun Wang Wang Jiebo. Safe production of rural agricultural machinery can not be ignored [J]. Anhui Agricultural Machinery, 2005,01:6-8.
[2] Liang Jun. Hidden dangers of safe production of protected agricultural machinery can not be ignored [J]. China Agricultural Machinery Supervision, 20 10/0,05: 24-25.
[3] Li Pingxiang. Countermeasures to improve the safety production of agricultural machinery [J]. Agricultural Technology and Equipment, 20 10, 16: 29-3 1.
Model essay on mechanical science and technology, 3000 words, Part II
Fuel saving measures of agricultural machinery
This paper introduces several principles that should be mastered in purchasing agricultural machinery, and analyzes the measures for saving oil in agricultural machinery from aspects of maintenance conducive to saving oil and good driving habits, so as to provide reference for saving oil more effectively in agricultural machinery operation.
Agricultural machinery; Save fuel; Principle; Maintenance; Maintenance; Driving habits
China Library Classification. S232.6 document identification code a1007-5739 (2015)15-0204-01.
Fuel-saving of agricultural machinery has always been a matter of great concern to drivers, involving their vital interests. Fuel saving cannot be limited to one aspect. Only by understanding the performance characteristics of various agricultural machinery and tools, mastering the correct use method of fuel saving, developing good driving habits and applying them in many aspects can we realize fuel saving and energy saving, thus achieving the purpose of improving economic benefits.
1 purchasing principle of agricultural machinery
First of all, according to the local actual situation, choose the models with stable running performance, strong power, high after-sales service and sufficient maintenance accessories; Secondly, choose models that meet national standards and are recognized by industry departments; Third, choose energy-saving models that meet local agricultural needs and have excellent comprehensive performance. Only by meeting the above conditions can we truly achieve the goal of saving energy and fuel.
2 Agricultural machinery maintenance
Daily maintenance is very important for saving fuel. When the locomotive is working, some parts may leak oil due to the frequent operation and bumps of the machine, especially the key parts such as diesel engine filter, high pressure oil pipe, fuel tank switch and oil pipe joint. Therefore, it is very necessary to check the above components before starting the machine, which is not only for driving safety, but also for effectively reducing fuel consumption and improving economic benefits. With the increase of running time of agricultural machinery, the effective power of mechanical precision parts is reduced due to wear, such as fuel system, cylinder liner piston assembly, gas distribution system, etc., in order to achieve the same power, higher fuel consumption will occur. Therefore, daily and reasonable maintenance can ensure that agricultural machinery is kept in the best technical state, which is the primary factor to reduce oil consumption.
2. 1 Run-in period to avoid overload operation.
Running-in period is a necessary process for newly purchased agricultural machinery, and it is also a process that the majority of agricultural machinery workers easily ignore. After the new machine is started, it is a great burden for the new machine to go on the road and get back on the road, which is not conducive to the running-in of the new machine. In the running-in process, firstly, the load should be carried out within its rated power range; Second, control the speed of the locomotive, and it is advisable to drive at a uniform speed to avoid sudden acceleration, deceleration and braking.
2.2 Regular maintenance of filters
Do it every day Three filters? Cleaning and maintenance, manufacturing? Three filters? It has good working performance, and the diesel locomotive runs for a certain mileage, which is generally calculated as 5 000 km. Need to replace diesel filter, air filter and oil filter accessories in time. Because the air filter is blocked, the air intake will be reduced, resulting in insufficient diesel combustion, reduced fuel efficiency and locomotive failure. If the cross section of the air filter is blocked more than 1/3, the fuel consumption will increase by more than 2%, and the blocked diesel filter will also cause abnormal fuel supply to the engine, which will lead to a decrease in power and an increase in fuel consumption.
2.3 Check the tire pressure
Ensuring normal tire pressure can effectively save fuel, because too high or too low tire pressure will aggravate tire wear, which will not only shorten tire life, but also increase fuel consumption, which is not conducive to driving safety. So always check whether the tire pressure is normal before driving. In order to ensure the normal tire pressure of machinery, it is inflated according to its standard air pressure in spring and autumn. The air pressure is 2% ~ 3% lower than the standard air pressure in summer and 2% ~ 3% higher than the standard air pressure in winter.
2.4 Change the lubricating oil regularly.
According to the actual operation of the locomotive, the lubricating oil should be replaced in time. Not changing oil in time will increase the wear and tear of parts, thus increasing fuel consumption. Changing oil in advance will cause unnecessary oil waste and form another kind of oil consumption. At the same time, the frequency of changing lubricating oil should be adjusted according to the season and working environment.
2.5 Ensure that the bearing parts are in normal operation.
When the machine is running, the bearing parts should not be too tight or too loose to ensure the free operation of the machine. Otherwise, it will lead to machine wear and increase fuel consumption. Therefore, when installing the machine, we should pay attention to check the tightness of the screws in each connection part.
2.6 Correct use of diesel oil
After 48 h precipitation, the diesel oil is cleaner, which can improve the stability of the engine fuel injection valve coupling and the fuel injection pump plunger coupling, provide the best fuel supply state for the engine fuel supply system, and achieve the purpose of effective fuel saving. At the same time, it can also ensure the effective service life of the engine and save the machine input cost for the majority of agricultural machinery workers.
3 Agricultural machinery maintenance
3. 1 Prevent fuel leakage
The engine should be inspected visually regularly, the fuel consumption of the engine should be tested regularly, and an oil quantity corrector should be installed. Once leakage is found, it should be handled in time. The prevention of fuel leakage, on the one hand, is from the perspective of reducing fuel consumption, on the other hand, from the perspective of safe driving, fuel leakage can not be underestimated.
3.2 Adjust the oil supply advance angle
Too small or too large fuel injection advance angle will lead to insufficient and incomplete diesel combustion, which will lead to smoke, failure to work and increase fuel consumption (the fuel injection angle is advanced by 3 ~ 4? , fuel consumption increased by about 2%). Therefore, drivers should adjust the fuel supply advance angle in time according to the operation law of diesel engine fuel supply advance angle.
3.3 Adjust the injection pressure in time
For nozzles used for a long time, due to the wear of needle valve coupling, the injection pressure should be reduced appropriately, which is about 409 kPa lower than the standard injection pressure, so as to avoid oil dripping and oil leakage, ensure good atomization of diesel oil and reduce fuel consumption.
3.4 Adjust the valve clearance
Adjusting the valve clearance can effectively control the intake and exhaust of the engine, and then affect the fuel consumption. This engine has been used for a long time (continued on page 209)
(Continued from page 204)
The valve timing angle decreases due to the wear of gear and camshaft, so the valve clearance should be reduced appropriately to make up for the decrease of valve timing angle. If the service life of the machine is long and the camshaft is seriously worn, it should be replaced in time, otherwise it will not only reduce power, but also increase fuel consumption.
3.5 prohibition? Pathogenesis? homework
Under normal circumstances, the exhaust of diesel engines is colorless or light gray. If blue smoke, white smoke and black smoke continue to appear in the work, it means that its technical state is abnormal and it is working with illness. Blue smoke is mainly caused by engine lubricating oil entering the combustion chamber, which is often accompanied by excessive use of lubricating oil; White smoke generally contains water in diesel oil; Black smoke is mainly caused by diesel burning in the absence of oxygen, and most of it is caused by dirty and blocked air filters. When the above faults occur, the causes should be found in time and the faults should be eliminated, so as to eliminate the pathological conditions of the diesel engine and reduce fuel consumption [1-3].
3.6 Ensure the overall operation of multi-cylinder machine, and do not let it? Sick cylinder? stop sb.
According to the test data, if one cylinder of a four-cylinder engine is not working normally or can't work, it will greatly increase fuel consumption. Once it is found that one cylinder of the multi-cylinder machine is not working normally, the reason should be checked and eliminated in time to ensure the smooth operation of each cylinder and reduce fuel consumption. 3.7 Use clean diesel oil
Diesel oil is the main oil used in various agricultural machinery at present. Practice has proved that the use of diesel oil after precipitation and filtration can prolong the service life of precision coupling parts in engines. Before refueling, remove the sundries around the fuel tank to prevent dust from entering the fuel tank when refueling.
4 Good driving habits conducive to fuel economy
4. 1 medium hot car
It is suggested that the locomotive be warmed up for 1 ~ 3 min and started when the water temperature reaches 40℃, so that the locomotive can be warmed up at a low speed for a period of time and the fuel consumption can be effectively reduced.
4.2 try to drive at a constant speed.
It is a good fuel-saving method to drive according to the economic speed designed by the locomotive and prevent overspeed. In the actual driving process, try to keep the engine speed in a suitable range and keep the best fuel consumption reduction index.
4.3 Correct control of gear position
When the engine speed is between suitable speeds, farmers should put an end to high-grade starting, because low-grade and high-speed driving will often make the fuel consumption exceed 45% of the normal value.
4.4 Plan the locomotive route in advance
Arranging a reasonable driving route before the operation of agricultural locomotives can effectively reduce unnecessary trips, save time and reduce fuel consumption. Reduce turning and idling while driving, and minimize the number of stops on the way.
4.5 Avoid overload operation
It is not appropriate to carry out load operation according to the effective power of the power nameplate. Small horse-drawn cart? It is not appropriate to let the fuel consumption suddenly rise? Big horse-drawn car? It is easy to waste resources.
4.6 Choose soil operation with suitable humidity.
The resistance of various soils varies with the humidity, so the manipulator should choose the humidity range with less resistance when farming, and the average oil consumption is relatively low at this time. Too dry or too wet will increase the working resistance of soil, thus increasing the oil consumption of agricultural machinery.
4.7 Reasonable and correct operation of agricultural machinery
In daily agricultural farming, it is necessary to rationally plan the plots to be cultivated to prevent repeated farming. At the same time, according to the actual situation of the plot, the vertical and horizontal direction of plow traction should be kept horizontal, the installation method of rotary tiller should be correct, and the tillage depth should be consistent. When the farming resistance is small and the running speed of the machine should not be too fast, high-grade small throttle can be used for operation. When the engine water temperature is 85 ~ 95℃, the thermal efficiency is the highest and the fuel consumption is the smallest. Therefore, the majority of engine operators should be proficient in keeping the engine water temperature within this range. And realize the functions of starting preheating, preventing deviation, stopping and flameout. , can save fuel [4-7].
5 references
[1] Ka Seng Chua, Cao Guojun, Zhang sanqiang, et al. performance of oil for agricultural machinery and its use and purification [J]. agricultural technology and equipment, 20 14 (24): 44-45.
Chang Dongping. A simple method to identify the quality of engine oil in use [J]. Use and maintenance of agricultural machinery, 20 15 (4): 54.
, Jia and Wang Lianfa. Influence of cooling water and engine oil temperature on diesel engine small load economy [J]. Research on Agricultural Mechanization, 20065438+0 (4):14-115.
[4] iron and gold. The meaning and selection of diesel engine lubricating oil code [J]. Southern Agricultural Machinery, 2008 (4): 38-39.
Hao Rongwei. Six points for attention in the use of diesel engine oil [J]. Hebei Agricultural Machinery, 2005 (5): 18.
Ma ye. Use of Diesel Engine Oil [J]. Agricultural Machinery Safety Supervision, 2002 (Supplements1):181-182.
Dong, Lian and Guo. Technical requirements for the use of diesel engine oil and water [J]. Use and maintenance of agricultural machinery, 2004 (1): 20.
Did you get a look at him? 3000 words for mechanical science and technology papers? People still see:
1. Agricultural Machinery Development Model
2. Technical papers on agricultural machinery
3. Agricultural machinery papers
4. Model essay on agricultural science and technology
5. Papers on agricultural machinery.