Many biochemistry studies the structure, function and interaction of biological macromolecules, such as protein, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide cell structure and perform many life-related functions. [3]? Cytochemistry also depends on the reaction of small molecules and ions. They can be inorganic substances, such as water and metal ions, or organic substances, such as amino acids used to synthesize protein. [4]? The mechanism by which cells utilize environmental energy through chemical reactions is called metabolism. The discovery of biochemistry is mainly used in medicine, nutrition and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists study the causes and treatments of diseases. [5]? In nutrition, they study how to keep healthy and the effects of nutritional deficiency. [6]? In agriculture, biochemists study soil and fertilizers and try to find ways to improve crop planting, crop storage and pest control.
Directory editing
1 history
2 raw materials: chemical elements of life
Three biomolecules
3. 1 carbohydrate
3.2 lipids
3.3 protein
3.4 nucleic acid
4 metabolism
4. 1 carbohydrate as energy
5 Relationship with other "molecular scale" biological sciences
5. 1 list
6 comments
7 references
1? Historical editor
Gert Currie and Carl Currie won the Nobel Prize in 1947 for discovering the Cori cycle in RPMI.
From the broadest definition, biochemistry can be considered as a discipline to study the composition and composition of objects and how they combine into life. In this sense, the history of biochemistry can be traced back to ancient Greece. [7]? However, biochemistry, as a special scientific discipline, originated in19th century or earlier, depending on which aspect of biochemistry. Some people think that the beginning of biochemistry may be 1833 [Anselmus Payan discovered the first enzyme-amylase (called amylase today), [8]? Others believe that eduard buchner first proved in 1897 that the complex biochemical process of cell-free extract from alcohol fermentation is the birth of biochemistry. [9][ 10]? Some people may regard it as the beginning of 1842 Justus von Liebig's influential book Animal Chemistry or Application of Organic Chemistry in Physiology and Pathology, which put forward the chemical theory of metabolism. Even earlier, Antoine lavoisier studied fermentation and respiration in the18th century. [ 1 1][ 12]? Many other pioneers in this field who helped reveal the complexity of biochemistry were declared as the founders of modern biochemistry, such as Emile Fisher's work on Chinese chemistry in protein, [13]? And Goran Hopkins studied the dynamic characteristics of enzymes and biochemistry. [ 14]
The term "biochemistry" itself comes from the combination of biology and chemistry. 1877, Felix Hoppe-Seyler used this term (German for biochemistry) as a synonym for physiological chemistry in the preface of the first issue of Journal of Physiological Chemistry. In the preface, he advocated the establishment of institutions specializing in this field. [ 15][ 16]? However, Karl newberg, a German chemist, is often regarded as coining this word in 1903, [17] [18] [19]? Some people owe it to Franz Hoffmeister. [20]
Structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (1D 65)[ 15]
It was generally believed that life and its substances have some essential properties or substances (usually called "life principle"), which are different from any substance in abiotic substances. It is believed that only organisms can produce life molecules. [2 1]? Then in 1828, Friedrich W?hler published a paper on urea synthesis, which proved that organic compounds can be synthesized artificially. [22]? Since then, biochemistry has made progress, especially since the middle of the 20th century, with the continuous development of new technologies, such as chromatography, X-ray diffraction, dual polarization interferometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, radioisotope labeling, electron microscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. These techniques allow the discovery and detailed analysis of many molecular and metabolic pathways of cells, such as glycolysis and Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), and lead to the understanding of biochemistry at the molecular level. Philip Randall is famous for his discovery in diabetes research, which may be the glucose-fatty acid cycle in 1963. He confirmed that fatty acids can reduce muscle oxidation of sugar. High fat oxidation is the cause of insulin resistance. [23]
Another important historical event in biochemistry is the discovery of genes and their role in cell information transmission. This part of biochemistry is usually called the molecular biology of genes. [24]? In 1950s, james watson, francis crick, rosalind franklin and maurice wilkins played an important role in solving the structure of DNA and proposing its relationship with information genetic transfer. [25]? 1958, george beadle and edward tatum won the Nobel Prize for their work in the field of fungi. Their work showed that a gene produces an enzyme. [26]? 1988, colin pitchfork was the first person who convicted murder with DNA evidence, which promoted the development of forensic medicine. [27]? Recently, Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello won the Nobel Prize in 2006 for discovering the role of RNA interference in gene expression silencing. [28]
2? Raw materials: editing of biochemical elements
The main elements of the adult human body are from the most abundant to the least (by mass).
Of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, about 24 are necessary for all living things. Most rare elements on the earth are not necessary for life (except selenium and iodine), while some common elements (aluminum and titanium) are not. Most living things have element requirements, but there are some differences between plants and animals. For example, bromine is used in seaweed, and it seems that terrestrial animals and plants do not need bromine. All animals need sodium, but some plants do not. Plants need boron and silicon, but animals may not (or need little).
Only six elements-carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium and phosphorus-make up almost 99% of living cells, including human cells (see human body composition for a complete list). In addition to the six main elements that make up most of the human body, human beings need less 18 elements. [29]
3? Biomolecular editing
The four molecules in biochemistry (usually called biomolecules) are carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids. [30]? Many biomolecules are polymers: in this term, monomers are relatively small molecules that are linked together to form macromolecules called polymers. When monomers are linked together to synthesize biopolymers, they go through a process called dehydration condensation. Different macromolecules can be assembled into larger complexes, which are usually needed for biological activities.
3. 1? carbohydrate
carbohydrate
Glucose, a monosaccharide
Sucrose molecule (glucose+fructose), a disaccharide
Amylose, a polysaccharide composed of thousands of glucose units.
The two main functions of carbohydrates are to store energy and provide structure. Sugar is a carbohydrate, but not all carbohydrates are sugar. There are more carbohydrates on the earth than any other known type of biomolecules; They are used to store energy and genetic information and play an important role in the interaction and communication between cells.
The simplest carbohydrate is monosaccharide, which contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1:2: 1 (general formula CnH2nOn, where n is at least 3). Glucose (C6H 12O6) is one of the most important carbohydrates. Others are fructose (C6H 12O6), which is usually related to the sweetness of fruits.
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