Poetry and song have been closely related since ancient times.
Song, Yong also. Notes in Shuowen: "Singers always quote their voices to recite them." "The Book of Rites and the Moon Order": "Music singing". Poetry can be sung, in the name of Song Dynasty. For example, "Song of Breaking the Earth" and "Song of the Big Wind" are all. Writing a poem can also be said to be writing a song. "The Book of Songs Chen Feng Tomb Gate": "Song is the message", and the note: "Song is also called writing this poem".
Regarding the word ballad, Feng Wei in The Book of Songs added, "I sing ballads". Biography: "Singing songs with songs". Nowadays, folk songs are commonly called "folk songs", so it is said that "poetry must be sung". Now people often connect the word "poem" into a noun, which shows that poetry and song are inseparable.
Ancient poems are all sung along with music. Sima Qian said, "Confucius wrote 350 poems." Singing is an art of expression; Singing is a way of communication; Singing is a creative process. Because writing, commenting and singing are considered as the three wings to revitalize China's poetry. Only creation can prosper, only comments can agree, and only singing can spread. As the saying goes, "Read 300 Tang poems by heart." . The art of recitation is a synthesis of literature, music and language, and an important factor in the origin of culture. Its position in China's cultural tradition has a long history.
As early as "Zhou Li Chun Guan", there were records of chanting. Among them, it says: "Teach the sons of the country with joy, with praise, with enlightenment, with irony, with recitation, with words, with words." Zheng Xuan's Note: "The irony in the back is recited by the sound festival." Duan Yucai in the "Words" Department of Shuowen Jiezi notes: "Chanting ... is a hymn, a festival with sound." (that is, there is a certain melody and rhythm. ) The word "Yin" in Wang Qingyun's "Talking about Zhu Wendu" notes: "Ancient Yi Yin, Tan Yong also." There is a saying in Zhuangzi that "leaning against a tree and singing". "Songs of the Songs of the South and Songs of the Fisherman": "When Qu Yuan was released, he swam on the river beach and sang on the river bank." It seems that at least in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there have been chanting. Later generations, there are more records about chanting. For example, there is a much-told story in Shi Shuo Xin Yu literature. It is said that when Xie Shangzhou, the general of Zhenxi, went on a trip, there was a voice of poetry on the boat in Wenjiang Zhu, which was "very affectionate", so he invited Justin, a poor poet, to meet him (Justin sang "Ode to an Epic" by himself, which was full of emotion and rhetoric), "Shen Dan, who can talk" and "became famous from then on".
Liu Xie, an outstanding literary theorist in the Southern Dynasties, mentioned chanting things in many places in Wen Xin Diao Long, such as: "The beauty of sound painting is sent to chant things; Recite the taste and flow in words "("temperament "); "Between chanting, breathe the sound of pearls and jade; Before it is imminent, the color of the storm "("thinking "); "People have seven emotions, things should respond, ambitions are expressed, and it is unnatural" (Ming poetry); "chanting has far-reaching influence; The body is wonderful and the works are closely linked "("Looking for "). Zhong Rong, a contemporary, also wrote at the beginning of "The General Theory of Poetry": "The beast of Qi is touching, so it shakes its temperament and dances."
Poets in the Tang Dynasty have many poems chanting for the memory. Li Bai: "I looked at the autumn moon on the deck and thought of the old general Xie (Xie Shang) in vain. I have poems; I can read, and he hears from others, but it's not mine. " "Who sang for Wu last night?" "Drink your wine, song for you." ...... Du Fu: "When I listen to Wu Yong, I never forget the meaning of the boat." "New poetry is changed to sing." "There is nowhere to go after drinking, singing independently." Jia Dao: "Two words for three years, tears streaming down my face." "March 30, the scenery is difficult for me."
In Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty, there is a romantic love story "Bai Qiulian" with chanting as the matchmaker. According to the story, Bai Qiulian, an aquarium who became "this beautiful city", got married because he admired Musheng's "sonorous syllables". Li E, a famous "Poet Fairy" and a leader of Ci School in West Zhejiang in Qing Dynasty, devoted his life to poetry creation. "Try to walk slowly and shake your head at the sky. Although you are singing incense, you will see the meaning of chanting. When people see it, they will avoid it and call it' poet magic'. " It is precisely because of this persistence and obsession that we can find a new way in poetry creation and become the founder of Zhejiang School. It is also for this reason that we can preside over the chanting altar in Jiangsu and Zhejiang for more than 30 years and enjoy a long-standing reputation. Xu Guangping said in his memoirs that Lu Xun always chanted traditional poems after writing. No wonder his poems are so well written. In recent years, Yi Shu, the son of Lao She, opened a closed private school in Beijing to read ancient rhyme poems. He said that China people have lost their ancient sounds and rhymes, and they will never reach the level of the previous generation of writers in poetry and prose.
Lin, a famous contemporary poet, kept the habit of reciting all his life. Whether reading your own poems or others' poems, the export is chanting. I have been in contact with him for many years and have never seen him "read" poetry. On the eve of the Spring Festival in 2003, my daughter died in a car accident. I cried and sang, and wrote ten Weeping Girls in a day and a half. These ten poems are truly "sung" and are praised as works of true feelings.
It can be seen that reciting while writing a poem can help you write a good poem. Is the sense of words touching? Smooth or not? Are tones and rhymes harmonious? You can understand a song.
Unfortunately, there are too few people like Mr. Lin who are obsessed with chanting Buddha. In recent years, many poetry organizations have sprung up, and various poetry newspapers and periodicals have mushroomed. But we still don't pay enough attention to chanting. Nowadays, reading poetry has become "reading poetry", "reciting poetry" is just synonymous with reading poetry, and "chanting altar" has almost become "viewing altar" As the essence of metrical poetry, auditory factors are largely excluded. In this way, China's excellent national quintessence chanting art will disappear, even in danger of being lost. Mr. Wang Li said: "Poetry is not written to read, but written to sing". Ten lectures on poetic meter. If you can only write poetry, read poetry and read poetry, then you are not a complete poet no matter how high your level is. Or "half a poet". Therefore, we should shout loudly: don't turn the chanting altar into "watching the altar", we should learn to chant. So how to "sing"?
The chanting method can be described as southern accent and northern tune, and a hundred flowers blossom. Traditional singing is an ancient art form, which seems to read without reading and sing without singing. It is a kind of singing method with rhythm and tone, but no special score. Now, according to my personal experience in reciting, referring to relevant materials, I summarize it as "Eight Methods of Reciting Poetry" (actually eight points), which are described as follows:
First,? Master the rhythm of poetry and read sentences.
Oral Chinese (speaking, reading, chanting, etc. ), sounds that should appear continuously or closely together are called Chinese rhythm units. Rhythm and rhythm structure are the characteristics of spoken language, which can only be truly reflected in spoken language. If we violate the correct rhythm, we can't express our thoughts correctly. For example, the slogan "pedestrians and others are not allowed to urinate here", the correct rhythm structure should be:
Pedestrian, etc. You are not allowed to pee here.
If you divide its rhythm into
Traveler-can't wait-here-pee.
The meaning is completely reversed.
The division of spoken speech rhythm is based on the meaning unit and meaning structure of Chinese. But for metrical poems, it is different. Because metrical poetry itself has its own rhythmic structure requirements in advance. This requires that the meaning structure of poetry in turn should meet the requirements of prosodic structure (rhythm). The meaning structure of a poem must be consistent with the prosodic structure (rhythm). There are three kinds of prosodic structures (rhythms) of five words or seven words:
Seven words such as:
(1) Julian Waghann-Beiding-Zhongyuan-Japanese.
One, two, three, four, five and six are double-word structures, and seven are single-word structures.
(2) Two-oriole-sound-green willow.
One, two, three, four, six and seven are double-word structures, and five are single-word structures.
③ Outside the mountain-Castle Peak-outside the building-outside the building.
One, two, three and four are double-character structures, and five, six and seven are single-character structures, or three-character structures. In other words, one and two, three and four cannot be separated; Two and three, four and five can't be connected. The rhythm interval between one and two, three and four cannot be greater than that between two and three, four and five, otherwise it will violate the rhythm. In other words, any sentence whose meaning structure violates the rhythm of metrical poetry can only be read according to the rhythm structure of the poem, but not according to the meaning structure. For example:
Meaning structure, rhythm structure
For others, for marriage, for clothes? It should be read as? Make, marry and dress for him.
Listening to thunder in a quiet place? It should be read as? Listen and thunder when there is no sound.
Twenty years of sinking time? It should be read as? 20 years of sinking time
Looking at the mountain alone-Seiryuji? It should be read as? One way-Seiryuji-Mountain View
Five words such as:
(1) Be poor-thousands of miles-eyes.
One, two, three and four are double-character structures, and five are single-character structures.
(2) one year old-one-withered.
One, two, four and five are double-word structures, and the third is single-word structure.
(3) Originated from primitive grassland.
One, two is a double-word structure, and three, four, five is a single-word structure.
When the meaning structure does not conform to the rhythm structure, it must be read according to the rhythm structure. Examples are as follows:
Meaning structure, rhythm structure
Why not do it? It should be read as? Don't-like-don't.
Pen and tears-all left behind? It should be read as? Put pen to paper and cry.
Understand the rhythmic structure of metrical poems, and you can understand sentence reading. The so-called "reading sentences" means that you can break sentences and separate small pauses in sentences. Such as: Huang Tingjian's "Zhi Zhu Ci";
Floating clouds-108 plates-linger,
Sunset-48 degrees-Ming.
The gate of hell-outside the customs-Mo Yan-far away,
All the four seas are brothers.
Among them, the words "180", "48", "Death Gate" and "Four Seas" must be read across rhythmic units.
Second,? Flat length and short length
The rhythm mentioned above is the "skeleton" of chanting and plays a key "supporting" role in chanting. The factors that affect the rhythm are tone, phrase (step), pause, intonation (stress) and so on. The most important essence of rhythm is the recovery and reproduction of a certain length of "interval" (or "pause"), thus forming several rhythm units (single word or multi-word units). The word or the last word of each rhythm unit in poetry is called "rhythm point". When we recite poems, we must first recognize the rhythm points, and then treat them specially. Where to put the rhythm point is actually a question of dividing phrases or steps. Traditional singing emphasizes "step" and usually follows the principle of "length", that is, if the words at the rhythm point are flat, they should be sung longer; If it's a grunt, sing it shorter.
Five, seven-character poem, two words beat, the last word is a beat. As the end of a sentence, the flat rhyme can be slightly extended, but the flat rhyme is not extended.
If the second and fourth words of the five-character poem are flat, they can be lengthened appropriately. The second and fourth seven-character poems. The six characters are flat and need to be extended appropriately.
There should be a long pause at the branch of the word.
The law of poetry recitation can be summarized into two forms:
1, leveling quatrains
In addition to rhyme, rhyme should be memorized to the word 2442, which is the second word of the first sentence and the fourth word of the second, third and fourth sentences. Such as Tu Mu's Night at Qinhuai:
Smoke cage-cold water moon cage sand Stay near Qinhuai-restaurant at night.
Women in business don't know the hatred of national subjugation? Across the river-still singing the flowers in the backyard.
2. pucker up the quatrains
Besides rhyming, rhyming should be extended, which should be in the fourth word of the first sentence, the second word of the second and third sentences and the fourth word of the fourth sentence. Such as Liu Yuxi's autumn poems:
Every autumn since ancient times-sad and lonely? I said-autumn is better than spring.
Clear sky Wan Li-Yun Zhonghe? And then lead to poetry-blue night
If it's rhyme or arrangement, cycle in the above way. In case of bending over (called sunshine body and downwind tone), the rhythm and form should be changed. For example, Wang Wei's Song of the City:
Acropolis-light dust in the rain? The guest room is green-the color of the willow is new.
Advise you-another glass of wine? Going out of Yangguan in the West-A Man with No Reason
This becomes the "24244" style, because the third sentence is sticky, and mastering the law of length and length is not only applicable to poetry, but also to words.
Third,? Speak in a measured tone
The principle of "cadence" has always existed in the previous reading of poems.
The so-called "inhibition" means sometimes reading aloud in a low voice; "Yang" means that sometimes reading is high; "Pause" means that there must be intermittent pauses; "Depression" means that some words need to be stressed. Regarding "Yang" and "Frustration", the poets in the Northern Song Dynasty said: "Those who are good at reciting ancient poems are decorated with one or two good words, and only when they sing high can they know their meaning." ("Shang Zichang to the King")
Here are some examples:
"━ ━" means to pause. ? "┉ ┉" means that the pause time is prolonged. "┃" means intermittent. "."means stress. ? "Delta" means high. ? ↗ means rising tone. ? ↘ means falling tone.
Jing Ke's Song of yi river
The wind ┃ ┃ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┉ ┉ ┉.
Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong"?
Angry hair ┃ ┃ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉ ┉. Don't wait ┃ idle, ┃┃┃┃┃┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉?┉┉┉.
Jingkang ┉ ┉ shame ┃, still not ┃ ┃ snow ┃; Detained ┃┃ hate ┃, when ┉┉┉┃┃┃┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┃. ┉┉┉┃┃┃┃┉┉┉┃┃┃┃┉┃┃┃┉┉┉┃┃┃┉┉┉┃┉948
One of Zhao Yi's Poetics
There are ┃┉┉┉┉┉┃┃┃┃┃┉┉┃┃┃┉┃┃┃┉┉┃┃┃┃┃┃┃
How to achieve cadence, cadence? Mr. Chen Shaosong, a professor in the Chinese Department of Nanjing Normal University, tried to come up with a method of "seeking qi by sound", that is, the appreciation and chanting method of "seeking qi by sound-gaining spirit-entering the country". If you can't sing, you can't breathe, and if you can't get God, it's difficult to enter the realm of poetry.
Fourth,? Learn tone sandhi and different reading.
What is tone sandhi? Tone sandhi refers to the phenomenon that a word changes its original tone in spoken language (spoken language), or in the sentence of poetry, because of the influence of left and right words, or because of the requirement and influence of song melody or poetry rhyme. It's called tone sandhi The so-called different pronunciation means that in a specific language environment, a word is not read according to its usual pronunciation, but read another pronunciation. Therefore, the meaning of tone sandhi and different reading is the same.
Example 1: rambling grass is everywhere year after year.
The former "one" was recited as a flat tone, and the latter "one" was recited as a voiceless tone.
Ex. 2: Drive away the orioles and all the music on the trees.
"Er" is usually pronounced as "ér", but for the sake of Ye Yun, the tone is changed to "ní".
Words in traditional poetry must be recited and pronounced differently in the following situations.
①? For the needs of Ye Yun.
As in the previous example, the word "er" is used. There are many such situations, and a few more examples:
No. -Read Hao at ordinary times, and read Hao in tone sandhi. For example:
Happy suburb, its name is forever! (Shi Shuo Xin Yu)
In August and autumn, the wind roared and rolled up my three hairs. (Du Fu's Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage)
This chinese numerals belongs to the rhyme of "good". In order to rhyme with "horn" and "hair", it is pronounced as "háo".
Sigh-usually read tàn, tone sandhi tā n. For example:
Then, holding his chest with both hands, he collapsed to the ground with a groan. (Li Bai's The Hard Road)
The "sigh" in this poem belongs to the "Ten Cold Rhymes" along with the other rhymes "Pan" and "Luan" in this poem.
Oblique reading-reading xié at ordinary times and reading xiá in tone sandhi. For example:
Far from Hanshan Mountain, the stone path is inclined. (Du Fu's "Mountain Walk")
The "oblique" in this poem and other rhymes "home" and "flower" in this poem belong to Liuma rhyme.
Look-usually read kàn and tone sandhi kā n. For example:
Don't look at your dreams. (Pan Lang's "Jiuquan Zi")
Here, the other rhymes of "Kan (kān)" and "Han" belong to Ten Cold Rhymes.
Snake-usually pronounced shé, sandhi pronounced shá. For example:
In the daytime, a hungry tiger fears, and a long snake avoids (Li Bai's "Difficult Road to Shu")
Among them, "snake" and other rhymes of this poem "home" and "hemp" belong to the rhyme of six hemp.
Um-I usually read ji, and I read jiā in tone sandhi. For example:
Look sideways to the west, it's getting longer. (same as before. )
The "jiā" here, like the previous example, belongs to Liuma rhyme.
Ya- read yá at ordinary times and yí in tone sandhi. For example:
When you come to such a distant place like me. (Liu Changqing's "Guo Jia Zhai Yi")
In this poem, "Ya (yí)" and other rhymes of this poem belong to four rhymes: late, sad, timely and knowledgeable.
Decline-read shuāi at ordinary times, and read cu and tone sandhi. For example:
Although the old man is weak, he asks the official to return at night (Du Fu's Shi Qu Guan)
Among them, "CuO ι" and other rhymes of this poem "Chui" belong to four rhymes.
②? In order to meet the requirements of leveling, the color tone was changed. For example:
Think-usually read flat voice s: and tone sandhi. For example:
Even the fickle elm tree without beautiful colors is unwilling to be lonely, dancing with the wind and turning into snowflakes flying all over the sky. (Han Yu's Late Spring)
This is the third sentence of the four wonders, which should be silent, so I read "thinking" as si.
Man- usually pronounce má n sound, tone sandhi pronounce mán sound ... For example:
There is a long way to the east of my hometown (Cen Can is meeting an envoy to the capital).
The word "Man" in this poem rhymes with the words "Gan" and "An" in the poem, so it has changed its tone.
Horizontal-usually read flat and constant, tone sandhi read constant. For example:
It was stormy for a while. (Huang Zunxian, "Night Up")
The word "horizontal" is just at the rhythm point of purring, so read hèng.
③? Tone sandhi in special word formation. For example:
Staggered-usually read cān for "participation", chā for "difference", and read cēn and cī for tone sandhi. For example:
Mix shepherd's purse and salvage it from left to right. ("Poem Guan Yu")
"Uneven" joint reading refers to uneven length.
Nylon scarf-"Nylon" is generally pronounced lún, and here it is pronounced guān with tone sandhi. For example:
Feather fan nylon towel, joking, the wall is like smoke. (Su Shi's "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia")
Black ribbon, ancient Confucian towel. This is a special noun.
Advocating-"Blowing" is usually pronounced in a flat voice and in a tone sandhi voice, such as:
Who knows that this quiet bamboo road leads to the bustling Yangzhou song. (Du Mu's "Topic Yangzhou Temple")
This is the performance of ancient musical instruments such as Moritaro.
-Cao, usually read flat cāo tone, read Cao sandhi, such as:
The falling feathers left a snowflake and practiced gracefully into the solitary piano. (The Lost Crane in Li Qunyu)
This is a kind of piano music, a special phrase.
Verb (short for verb)? enunciate one's words clearly
Excellent traditional poetry is not only rich in emotion, beautiful in wording, refined in words and implicit in expression, but also distinct in syllables, harmonious in tone, sonorous in rhythm, tortuous and changeable, hidden in the background and particularly strong in rhythm, so it has a very musical melody beauty and creates good conditions for "singing". But how to sing well? First of all, the pronunciation of words is required to be clear. Wei Liangfu, a master musician in the Ming Dynasty, said in his book Qulv: "There are three unique skills in music: clear words are the first skill, pure cavity is the second skill, and board is the third skill." He put "clear pronunciation and mellow voice" in the first place, which shows the importance of clear articulation. Recitation is a kind of expressive voice expression between recitation and singing. It is different from ordinary "singing", but it has stricter requirements on pronunciation. Such as initials, finals, tones and even tone sandhi, light tone, stress, intonation, etc., should be paid attention to. For disyllabic words, it is necessary to "close the words and return to the sounds", that is, the main vowel should be elongated and the ending should be closed.
Sixth,? Natural walking
Recitation is expressed by a voice with a certain tone. This tone is the fusion and infiltration of language factors and music factors, and the strong literariness runs through it, making chanting become
The language of music and the music of language have their unique characteristics. The main principle of intonation is that it must be based on the thoughts and feelings of the work, and whether it is "natural" is an important key. As long as you have a deep understanding of the works and master certain methods, wonderful chanting sounds will gurgle out, such as flowing water, simple and natural, and the secret lies in the "naturalness" of chanting.
The beauty of nature is "heavenly". Zhuangzi emphasized that "Heaven is natural and inaction"; Liu Xie believes that "it is unnatural to feel things and sing ambition"; In the late Tang Dynasty, Si Kongtu's interpretation of "nature" was "available everywhere, without taking neighbors. All roads are suitable for you, and you can start to turn into spring. " (poetic); Zhong Rong also particularly emphasized the "natural purpose of English", saying that "too many words hurt its beauty, and the rest refers to the writing system, which should be satirized without hindrance, but it is enough to clarify its turbidity and adjust its tone." (Poem Xia Lun); Xiao Zixian in the Southern Dynasties once advocated that "anyone who has special merits should come by himself and not be detained by Li". Lu You said: "The article is natural, and it is wonderful." These all explain "nature" brilliantly. Therefore, when we recite, we should be simple and natural, not sculpted and avoid affectation.
Seven,? Read your thoughts and feelings.
Poetry is mainly lyric. Belinsky said: "Without feelings, there would be no poets, and there would be no poetry." (Classical Literature Theory SeriesNo. 1 1) When reciting a poem, you must "indulge" in the artistic conception of the poem with deep passion, read out the thoughts and feelings condensed in the text, and truly feel the generation, so as to truly infect yourself and touch the listener's heartstrings. The following three points are worth noting:
(A deep understanding of the will of poetry-what is the author's writing purpose and intention? What is the tendency? Where is the center? Wait, after knowing this, you can determine your tone and tone. Liu Xie, a literary theorist in the Southern Dynasties, said: "People who write articles are emotional and resigned. They have to write in order to get into the mood. Follow the waves to find the source, although you will show it. The world is far from seeing its face and must see its heart. " (Wen Xin Diao Long Yin Zhi) This statement of "love writing" is very reasonable.
Accurately grasp the change of the author's feelings-what is the tone of the work? Where is the peak? Is it smooth or ups and downs? Is it a gradient or a gradient? And so on, grasp these, and you can properly handle the high (rising), low (falling), fast (fast), slow (slow), low (low) and high (high) of your voice.
(2) Pause and stumble (stress).
(3) Recite aloud and think more-poetry should be read more slowly than prose, so as to facilitate thinking and understanding and realize its purpose and significance. For example, acting, actors have to enter the role; When reading poetry, readers should also enter the realm of poetry. Be good at imagining and supplementing along the author's way of thinking. Balzac said: "People who really understand poetry will publish what is revealed in the author's mind." (See "Disillusionment") The ancients in China also said that when looking at a painting, "you can see a thousand miles". Those who read poetry should repeat themselves.
Eight,? Singing poetry requires nasal sounds.
According to Song Mingdi's Chronology of Articles, "Xie An is a reciter, but he has a rare nasal illness and a voiced voice. Later celebrities can sing and hold their hands. " That is to say, in the Western Jin Dynasty, there was a scholar in Luoyang who had a set of chanting methods, which Xie An brought to the south, but he had a nasal illness and a hoarse voice, which became an enviable feature. Therefore, from now on, poetry is generally nasal.