Yuan Mei's ancient poems have long been ignored. In fact, the creation of classical poetry embodies the genius characteristics of Yuan Mei's poetry, which is surging, unrestrained, full of vitality and creativity, showing aesthetic characteristics different from modern poetry creation, and is an indispensable part of our comprehensive understanding of Yuan Mei's poetry. Yuan Mei was the most famous and influential poet in the mid-Qing Dynasty, ranking first among the "Three Great Poets of Qianlong" and occupying a leading position in the field of poetry for nearly 50 years. During the period of Ganjia, textual research became the norm, and his poems were unique, extraordinary, creative and full of genius.
Literary works
Yuan Mei is the author of Xiao Cang Shan Wu Ji. And Garden Poems (16) and Addendum (10); 24 volumes of New Qi Xie, followed by Qi Xie 10; There are more than 30 kinds of essays and letters.
Yuan Mei's sister Ennki is also very learned. Rugao County Records, Hangzhou Prefecture Records, and Biography of Women with Clear Draft are all circulated. Yuanji died in the 24th year of Qianlong (1759). Eight years later, Yuan Mei wrote a famous essay "Salute to Sisters", which is sincere and has a long history. Classical Chinese critics compare it with Han Yu's Ode to Twelve Lang in Tang Dynasty.
Yuan Mei collected a lot of ghost stories, and wrote a note novel Zi Wuyu with concise and clear brushwork, which is as famous as Ji Xiaolan's Notes on Yuewei Caotang. Yuan Mei, who is also a gourmet, is the author of "Famous Cuisine with Garden", which is an important work that systematically discusses the cooking skills and dishes of North and South in Qing Dynasty. The book was published in the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong (1792). Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House published the Complete Works of Yuan Mei in eight volumes.
Among them, Huang Sheng's "On Borrowing Books from Kokura Fang Shan Collection" was included in the first semester of the second grade of the previous education edition (Lesson 22).
Literary proposition
Yuan Mei is a family of its own, just like "Southern Yuan and Northern Ji". Advocate "the theory of spiritual nature". It is advocated that you should write your own personality when writing poems, and that "from 300 poems to the present, all those who preach poems are spiritual, regardless of piling up". Advocate to express one's mind directly and write one's own "temperament experience". It advocates the combination of "spirit" and "knowledge", takes temperament, intelligence and education as the creative basis, and takes "truth, novelty and liveliness" as the creative pursuit, thus combining innate conditions with acquired efforts to create good products, and holds that "poetry is written with a pen, such as beauty's hair, skin and smile, which are innate; Poetry and fu are used, such as beauty's clothes and jewelry, the day after tomorrow. " It advocates that literature should evolve and have the characteristics of the times, and opposes Tang Zong and Song. He ridiculed the verve school as "poor and arrogant", the style school as "puppet show", the texture school as "bone shop" and the Zongsong school as "begging for people to move". He also opposed Shen Deqian's theory of "gentleness and gentleness" and thought that "Confucius' theory of poetry is credible and" interesting and resentful "; If you don't keep your word, you will be' gentle and honest'. "It is advocated that parallel prose and prose should be paid equal attention to, and parallel prose and prose, like the parity in nature, should not be neglected. The relationship between the same source and different currents, the coexistence of two peaks and the diversion of two waters. Poetry is fresh and meaningful, flowing freely. Writing landscape poems is elegant and elegant. Among them, Zheng Xie, Zhao Yi, Zhang Wentao and Huang Jingren are poets with similar thoughts and styles. Zhu Tingzhen commented on Yuan Mei: "Yuan not only teaches the cunning child's nature, but also specializes in treating the diseases of Xiangshan and Chengzhai. He misbehaves as sex, is skillful in astringency, humorous in banter, heroic in rudeness, naive in frivolous, immoral in lewdness, and worships evil words to prevent the collapse of poetry. "
Yuan Mei's literary thought has the viewpoint of development, which has influenced the feudal orthodox literary viewpoint and ideological trend. In addition, he emphasized the existence value of parallel prose as American literature, which has certain positive significance. However, most of his poems are about trivial matters around him, full of romantic ballads and lacking social content, and some of them are often flashy or even superficial.
Viewpoint proposition
Yuan Mei served as the magistrate of Lishui, Shuyang, Jiangpu and Jiangning all his life. In addition to winning the political discourse right of the wise men, he also left many literary works, such as Xiao Cang Fang Shi Hua, Sui Yuan Shi Hua, Sui Yuan Essay and Zi Wu Yu, a note novel. Poetry with the Garden is his masterpiece, with unique literary views. He put forward the theory of "spirit of nature" and raised objections to Confucian poetry teaching. Some poems attack Confucianism in Han Dynasty and Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng, claiming that "the Six Classics are all dross". He advocated expressing one's mind directly, attaching importance to the naturalness of words, opposing obsolescence and emphasizing the spirit of self-creation, which is of progressive significance in the history of China literature. Yuan Mei advocated expressing temperament in poetry, revealing the "theory of soul" after Gong Ming School. This literary debate is consistent with the progressive literary, philosophical and historical thoughts of Wu, Cao Xueqin, Zheng Xie and others at that time. He believes that poetry should have the poet's "true self" without losing childlike innocence, opposes traditional Confucian poetics, and thinks that gorgeous poetry can be used. His poetic theory brought a fresh wind to the poetry circle in Qing Dynasty and played a positive role in eliminating parody. His poems mostly express personal leisure or lament the past and satirize the present, and are often integrated with nature, full of interest and artistic conception, and pursue a beautiful, smooth, fresh and smart artistic style. Prose is sharp in thought, and some works directly expose the darkness of reality and the corruption of officials. Lyric works are sincere in emotion, full of appeal, fresh and natural, and vivid in writing. He advocated writing poems with his own personality, thinking that "there are three hundred poems, and the texture school is' Ling'".
Yuan Mei's literary thought has the viewpoint of development, which has influenced the feudal orthodox literary viewpoint and ideological trend. In addition, he emphasized the existence value of parallel prose as American literature, which has certain positive significance. However, most of his poems are about trivial matters around him, full of romantic ballads and lacking social content, and some of them are often flashy or even superficial.
Value contribution
Yuan Mei is a person who values the interest of life. He loves Jinling spirit. When he was appointed as the county magistrate of Jiangning, he bought the garden at the foot of Xiaocang Mountain in Jiangning with 300 gold. Suiyuan used to be a brocade garden (that is, the Grand View Garden written by Cao Xueqin). At that time, "the garden was tilted and decadent, ... flowers withered and the spring breeze was inexhaustible." "Abandoned for a long time, after Yuan Mei bought it, it was rectified. Because it "killed countless barren land with its abundance, it took the opportunity to take pictures." So it is called "Suiyuan". In his Miscellaneous Poems, he described the landscape with gardens: "Building houses is not small, and there are not many pools; A small house can't cover the mountain, and a big pool is not as good as a lotus. This fish is a foot long and jumps in the clear waves during the day; Know that I love lotus flowers and dare not open the net. " So poetic, people can't stop, no wonder Yuan Mei complacent, amorous feelings, no longer play the idea of being an official. There is no wall around the garden. In good times, tourists are everywhere, and Yuan Mei allows them to come and go freely without control. She even wrote on the couplet: "Let the crane go to the mountains to look for birds, and let anyone look at flowers all the time." 」
Finger vine of Yuanmei
Yuan Mei was a litterateur in Qing Dynasty and an advocate of "the theory of spiritual nature". He took literature as his lifelong career. Soul is also temperament. He believes that "a poet has a human temperament, and there is no poem outside his temperament." He also said: "All those who preach poetry are spiritual, regardless of piling up. He believes that poetry is the inner voice and the true expression of temperament. The article is best at parallel prose, winning the physique of the Six Dynasties and enjoying the reputation of articles for decades. He also looks like a composition. He is frank and frank, hates sitcoms, but attaches great importance to friendship. After the death of his friend Shen Fengsi, Yuan Mei offered sacrifices to sweep the grave every year, never stopping for 30 years, and his friendship with his friends was profound and touching.
Yuan Mei devoted himself to writing all his life, and wrote many books, including Poems and Poems of Fang Shan, Poems with Garden, Essays with Garden, and Food List with Garden. Among them, Suiyuan Food List is a book that systematically discusses cooking techniques and northern and southern dishes. The book is divided into fourteen aspects, including information list, warning list, seafood list, miscellaneous list, dim sum list, rice porridge list, tea and wine list and so on. In the list of instructions, he said at the beginning: "The way to learn, the foresight, and the diet." This article can be used as a general rule of diet, and the warning is simple: "For a politician, it is better to eliminate a shortcoming than to promote an advantage. If you can eliminate the disadvantages of diet, you will think more than half and make a warning list. " This article is exactly the same as the notice.
Memorial site Yuan Mei tomb
Yuan Mei was buried in Suiyuan immediately after his death. Its tomb is located in Baibucang, Suijiacang, Nanling, Xiaocang, and was originally a provincial-level archives protection unit. The original stone archway of the tomb is engraved with the words "Mr. Yuan Suiyuan's tomb, died in Qing Dynasty" and has a stone tablet "The patent granted by the Qing emperor to Dr. Zheng Feng to inspect Yuan Jianzhai's tomb". The inscription was written by Yao Nai, an ancient writer in China. All were destroyed in the "ten years of turmoil". 1March, 974, due to the construction of Wutaishan Gymnasium, the tomb was cleaned with the approval of Nanjing Archives Preservation Committee. In March 18, it took three days to clean up three tombs. They are all brick houses, about 2.5 meters long, with only one wooden coffin. In addition to Yuan Mei himself, the other two are female tombs, belonging to Yuan Mei's wives and concubines. The funerary objects include 3 gold hairpin, 2 pairs of gold earrings and 20 jade belts. And jade tubes, bronze mirrors, porcelain pots, etc.
This paper introduces a rare talent-Yuan Mei who is good at writing poems. In the fourth year of Qianlong's reign (1739), he took part in the imperial examination at the age of 24, and the examination question was "Fude, I heard the jade fall and jingle in the wind". There is a quip in the poem that "when people are in doubt, the next day is like a river." However, the presidents thought that "the words involved were not Zhuang's, so they were put in". Fortunately, Yin Jishan, the master of punishments, stood up at that time. In the seventh year of Qianlong (1742), he was transferred to an upright official and served as a magistrate in Shuyang, Jiangning and Shangyuan. He advocated the rule of law and did not shy away from powerful people, which made him quite successful and won the appreciation of Governor Yin Jishan at that time. At the age of 33, his father died, resigned and adopted his mother. He bought Sui Abandoned Garden in Jiangning (Nanjing) and renamed it Suiyuan. He built a house and settled down, which was called Suiyuan in history. Life and career
Yuan Mei was a famous poet and literary critic in Qing Dynasty, and also a county magistrate with high reputation. A native of Qiantang, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou), he was a scholar during the Qianlong period. He used to be Jishi Shu of imperial academy. From eight to ten years (1743- 1745), Gan Long was appointed as the magistrate of Shuyang County. At this time, it is the so-called "prosperous time", but among the people in Shuyang, it is the reality that thousands of families are sloppy and arrogant. Shuyang County has "300,000 hungry people and countless hungry people". In the face of this tragic situation, Yuan Mei picked up a pen dipped in blood and tears to express his feelings: "It's hard to die a fair death and starve to death. Wild dogs are nothing but skin and bones. They hate being parents and don't want to have eyes and ears. " With a sharp pen tip, he mercilessly lashed those corrupt officials who "bullied tigers and abused locusts" regardless of people's life and death. He wants to "save the country and the people, and ultimately benefit the people." So soon after he took office, he opened a warehouse for disaster relief, reduced taxes, led the people to control water, and built the famous Liutangzi weir. Take various disaster-resistant measures to restore and develop agricultural production and achieve rapid results. He also strictly controls his family, subordinates and officials, and is not allowed to disturb and harm the people. According to historical records, he "sits in court all day", and whenever "the government and the people do something, the small lawsuit is ignored", the big case is closed as soon as possible, and the social order is more stable than before. He has contacts with farmers, silkworm girls, craftsmen, vendors and scholars. He not only cares about all kinds of farming, but also enters the market. "He cares about the price of rice and asks Jiangdong" and cares about people's livelihood. In the feudal era, due to the limitation of class, it was commendable that Yuan Mei could do this, and the people all called him a "big official". Because of his integrity, Yuan Mei doesn't like fighting in officialdom. At the age of 40, he resigned and settled in Jiangning (now Nanjing). He lived at the foot of Xiaocang Mountain, built a garden, called himself a lay man in Cangshan Mountain, an old man in the garden, and lived a leisurely life.
After ten years of Qianlong, he left Shuyang, and the people saw him off, climbed the car and drank, and sent him away with tears. In the fifty-third year of Qianlong (1788), 73-year-old Yuan Mei visited Shuyang again at the invitation of Lu Yi Ting, a famous figure in Shuyang, and people from all walks of life in Shuyang met him 30 miles ahead. Facing so many people who supported him, Yuan Mei wrote a sincere picture of his return to Shuyang. In this essay, he said with deep feelings: "Those who take the people as their home and live in government but cannot forget their land cannot forget their land." Officials love people and people love officials, which is really an example of the head of the family.
Yuan Mei has ruled Shu for more than 200 years. At that time, he planted a wisteria in Shuyang County (today's * * *), which is still full of vitality. Its Ye Zhenzhen is listed as one of the key protected cultural relics in Shuyang County.
Literary career
Yuan Mei, Zhao Yi and Zhang Wentao are also called the three great poets in Ganjia poetry. He has been active in the field of poetry for more than 40 years, with more than 4,000 poems, which basically embodies his theory of soul, unique style and certain achievements. The main feature of the ideological content of the Yuan Dynasty is to express the spirit, express the true feelings, interests and sentiments in personal life, which are often unconstrained and sometimes abrupt. In art, he does not imitate the past, sticks to one pattern, expresses his thoughts and feelings with skillful skills and fluent language, and captures the artistic image. Pursue the artistic style of truth, nature, freshness and agility. Among them, there are two kinds of outstanding representative works: one is live lyric travel poems, and the other is poems mourning the past and satirizing the present. Yuan's articles and essays, such as "My Sisters' Respect" and "Notes on the Flying Pavilion of Xiajiang Temple", as well as parallel prose, such as "A Book with Jiang Yisheng" and "Rebuilding the Temple Monument" are well known. Yuan Mei was also one of the main poetic theorists in Ganjia period. They hold the theory of "spirit of nature" after the Gong 'an School and Jingling School in Ming Dynasty. Sui Yuan Shi Hua, Supplementary Poems and Continued Poems are his main poems. Apart from expounding the theory of spiritual nature, Suiyuan Poetry has many comments on the works of poets in past dynasties, the evolution of schools and the poetry circles in Qing Dynasty. "Continued Poetry" imitates Si Kongtu's Twenty-four Poems. It has thirty-six steps, and it summarizes the specific experience of poetry creation process, method, cultivation and skill with four-character rhythm poems, which is called "painstaking creation". Compared with the public security school, Yuan Mei's theory of spiritual nature is more anti-Taoist and anti-traditional, pointing out that poetry is not a means of preaching, but to express spiritual nature. He combines "Qi" with "knowledge", takes temperament, intelligence and knowledge as the basis of creation, and takes truth, novelty and liveliness as the pursuit of creation. He generally does not object to the emphasis on melody, decorative sounds and elegant allusions in poetry forms, but only requires subordination to the expression of spirit. Yuan Mei's theory of spiritual nature is a step forward and comprehensive compared with the public security school, and is considered as the main representative of the theory of spiritual nature in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Yuan Mei's literary thought also covered literary theory, literary development, stylistic function and so on, which was of progressive significance at that time. But his literary theory is not as profound as his poetic theory.
Book collection is a famous poet and bibliophile in Qing Dynasty. Zi Zicai, No.1 Jane Zhai, No.1 Suiyuan, No.1 Suiyuan Old Man. Qiantang, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou) people. In the first year of Qianlong (1736), he went to Beijing to take the exam. There are nearly a hundred teachers, some scholars and some scholars in the meeting place. He is the youngest. Qianlong four years (1739), Jinshi, changed to Jishi Shu, imperial academy, allocated to Jiangnan. He has served as the magistrate of Lishui, Jiangpu, Shuyang and Jiangning. He resigned at the age of 39 and built a garden at the foot of Jinling Shicheng, which was named Suiyuan, and scholars called it Suiyuan Sir. Planting bamboo and watering flowers in the garden, writing all day long. When I was young, I was addicted to books and suffered from lack of money to collect books. After becoming an official, the salary was changed to 400,000 volumes, and the library was built into "Fang Shan in Kokura" and "Suo Haoxuan". Note what is "good", taste, color, flowers, bamboo, stone, calligraphy and painting are sometimes limited, only books, regardless of youth, hunger and cold, unlimited reading; There is also a feature article "The Story of a Good House". In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), he asked for a suicide note, presented all the rare books to the Qing court, and made a copy of Three Ji Shu as an admonition. The book collection is printed with Gate of Daosu, Baishishan House, Huali Fairy, Qiantang Xiao Su is a villager, Enjoy Happiness here, Suiyuan Book Collection and Xiaocang Mountain House Book Collection Seal. Writing poetry advocates expressing temperament and opposes Confucian poetry teaching. Some poems criticize Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism in Han Dynasty, declaring that "the Six Classics are all dross". Most of the works express their leisure. There are more than 30 kinds of books, such as Fang Shan's poems, poems and gardens, letters and gardens, noon rain and essays and gardens. Yuan Mei's poem "The Shepherd Riding an Ox" was sung loudly. Suddenly want to catch the song of the tree, immediately stop singing and stand by the tree silently. -what Yuan Mei saw in what he saw in Qing Dynasty.
Cowboys ride on the backs of oxen, and songs echo in the forest.
Suddenly want to catch the song of the tree, immediately stop singing and stand by the tree silently. There are 300 ancient poems, 300 ancient poems for early childhood education 100, and yellow books are borrowed. When the owner of the garden gave him a book, he told him that he couldn't read it unless he borrowed it. Who can't smell the book? Seven strategies, four treasuries, the book of the emperor, but how many scholars are there? How many rich people are there? Other ancestors accumulated, and future generations abandoned. Not only books are natural, but everything in the world is natural. If it is not a young lady's property, you will be afraid of being forcibly taken away, but you will never stop playing with it and say, "If you save it today, you will lose sight of it tomorrow." If the industry were mine, I would hold it high, hide it and say, "I'll see it another day." I am young and have good books, but my family is poor. Zhang has a rich collection of books. Borrow, disagree and return to form a dream. That's true. Therefore, it is necessary to look at it and save it. After the general registration, when the salary goes up and down, it is a scroll. Then lament that the borrower is dedicated, but it is a pity to be young! Now, Huang Sheng is poor, and the books he borrowed are almost the same. However, if the public book is not a stingy book like Zhang. However, if you are unlucky, you will meet Zhang Hu, and if you are lucky, you will meet it. Know the blessing and the curse, be good at reading, and reply quickly. Say it out, make it out of books. -Qing Yuan Mei "Huang Sheng Borrows Books" Huang Sheng borrows books
Qing Dynasty: Yuan Mei
Huang borrowed a book. The owner of the same garden came to the book and told him:
You can't read books unless you borrow them. Who can't smell the book? Seven strategies, four treasuries, the book of the emperor, but how many scholars are there? How many rich people are there? Other ancestors accumulated, and future generations abandoned. Not only books are natural, but everything in the world is natural. If you are not a lady's property, you will be afraid of being forcibly taken away, but you will not stop playing with it and say, "Today,
Huang borrowed a book. The owner of the same garden came to the book and told him:
You can't read books unless you borrow them. Who can't smell the book? Seven strategies, four treasuries, the book of the emperor, but how many scholars are there? How many rich people are there? Other ancestors accumulated, and future generations abandoned. Not only books are natural, but everything in the world is natural. If it is not a young lady's property, you will be afraid of being forcibly taken away, but you will never stop playing with it and say, "If you save it today, you will lose sight of it tomorrow." If the industry were mine, I would hold it high, hide it and say, "I'll see it another day."
I am young and have good books, but my family is poor. Zhang has a rich collection of books. Borrow, disagree and return to form a dream. That's true. Therefore, it is necessary to look at it and save it. After the general registration, when the salary goes to the book, rises and falls, and it is a scroll. Then lament that the borrower is dedicated, but it is a pity to be young!
Now, Huang Sheng is poor, and the books he borrowed are almost the same. However, if the public book is not a stingy book like Zhang. However, if you are unlucky, you will meet Zhang Hu, and if you are lucky, you will meet it. Know the blessing and the curse, be good at reading, and reply quickly.
Talking about lyricism everywhere during the day, youth has just arrived. Although moss is as small as rice, it also blooms like peony. (Also Learn One Work: Yes) —— Yuan Mei's "Moss" in Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty: Yuan Mei
Ode to things and plant inspiration are more common in Yuan Mei's poems >>