The earliest human civilization in the world-the civilization of two rivers city-states (6500 ~6000 years ago).
The earliest writing in the world-Sumerian cuneiform (5200 years ago).
The earliest city in the world-the city of Jericho near Jerusalem (8000 ~ 1 10,000 years ago); Damascus, the capital of Syria (8000 ~ 1 10,000 years ago). ?
The earliest smelting practice in the world-the experiment of smelting gold and silver ore in the city-state of Lianghe Valley (7000 years ago).
The earliest bronze smelting technology in the world —— Bronze smelting in the city-state of Lianghe Valley (6000 years ago).
The earliest iron civilization in the world-Hittite civilization (3500 years ago).
The earliest calendar in the world-Sumerian lunar calendar (the exact time is unknown, earlier than the Egyptian solar calendar; It is said to have a history of 5000 years).
Judaism, the earliest systematic religion in the world (4,000 years ago, tied with Hinduism).
The earliest agriculture in the world-Crescent Zone (1. 1 ten thousand years ago). ?
Second, ancient Egypt
The earliest unified dynasty/empire in the world-menes unified and went to Egypt to establish the first dynasty of Egypt (5 100 years ago).
The earliest mathematics in the world-ancient Egyptian mathematics (5200 years ago).
The earliest geometry in the world-ancient Egyptian geometry (5000 years ago).
The earliest special writing tools in the world-reed pen and papyrus (5000 years ago)
Third, ancient India
Indian numbers.
The earliest Heliocentrism in the world —— Excerpted from On Aliyepito (completed in 499 AD).
Hinduism, the earliest systematic religion in the world (4,000 years ago, tied with Judaism).
Fourth, China.
The world's earliest shipbuilding technology-canoe at Huqiao site in Xiaoshan, Zhejiang (8000 years ago).
The world's earliest brewing technology-fruit wine sediment from Jiahu site in Wuyang, Henan Province (9000 years ago).
The world's earliest philosophical work-Laozi's Tao Te Ching (2500 years ago).
Sun Wu's The Art of War (2,500 years ago) is the earliest military work in the world.
Extended data
There are many similar myths and legends in four ancient civilizations. Civilization strengthens its autocratic rule through the inheritance and continuation of myths and the establishment and application of systems. The Pharaoh of ancient Egypt called himself "phoebus apollo".
Hammurabi, the ruler of Babylon, claimed to be "the descendant of Luna", while the Han people in China claimed to be "the son of heaven" since Qin monarch. In addition, the Xiongnu monarch called himself "Khan", the Mongolian monarch called himself "Khan", and the Tibetan monarch called himself "Zanpu".
The four ancient civilizations all have their own calendars, with a year of about 12 months and leap months. Every civilization has created its own writing. Civilizations in the Indus River, the Yellow River and the two river basins all use pottery wheels to make pottery. Both Egypt and the two river basins calculated pi earlier, China discovered Pythagorean theorem and its related application ("three strands, four chords and five") earlier, and India invented Arabic numerals.
Whether Greek civilization should be listed as "five ancient civilizations" alongside the four ancient civilizations is still controversial in academic circles. Archaeology shows that the bronze culture appeared in Crete at the end of the third century BC, and there were countries and characters at the beginning of the second century BC. Not inferior to other civilizations. Since then, Rome has destroyed a large number of Greek civilizations, but it can still be regarded as the inheritance of Greek civilization.
Most ancient civilizations were replaced by other later civilizations. For example, Egypt was Hellenized, Romanized and Islamized; Babylon was Persian, Hellenistic, Romanized and then Islamized. Of course, it was all modernized in the end.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Four Ancient Civilizations