The legendary suiren
zuānmù-qǔhuǒ
According to legend, ten thousand years ago, there was a country that knew nothing about four o'clock in the day and night. If people don't die, they will ascend to heaven if they are tired of the world. State-owned wood, also known as fire tree, bends around and clouds come out. If there is a bird, peck at the wood with its beak and make a fire. Inspired by this, a saint broke a branch and drilled wood to make a fire. People call this saint a saint.
Sui Renshi is a legendary inventor, which has been recorded in ancient books before Qin Dynasty. According to "Five Mistakes of Everything is done", "In ancient times, there were fewer people and more beasts, and the people were invincible; ..... People eat fruits, clams, clams, and the foul smell hurts the stomach and causes many diseases. There are saints who drill fire to make it stink, and the people call it (味味) to be the king of the world, which makes people embarrassed every day. " "quotations from corpses" said: "one looks up at the stars and overlooks five trees as fire." "Notes" said: "It can be seen that state-owned trees are famous all over the world. Later, saints swam to their country, birds pecked at trees, and they lit a big fire. The sage felt awkward because he used twigs to drill fire. " "Ancient History Examination" said: "At the beginning of ancient times, people sucked dew, ate grass and fruits, lived in mountains, ate birds and animals, ate clothes and feathers, and ate fish, turtles and clams near water without cremation, which was harmful to the stomach. In order to make (yes) saints come out, fire is king, drill to make a fire, teach people to cook, and cast gold as a blade to make people happy. " "Three Graves" says: "Sui people teach us to eat with guns, drill wood for fire, have a platform for preaching, and have a strategy for tying ropes." "Hanshu" also has a record of "teaching people to cook, nourishing people's interest, avoiding odor and removing poison". Mr. Shang He Bing, a famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, said: "Fire comes from scratch and its invention is difficult." The emperor felt that the forest burned himself, and he knew that wood hides fire. I don't know. After many attacks and tests, it's tricky to drill wood. His merits and deeds have entered the nest again, and he is the emperor. It can be seen that the shackles at that time were sacred and the interests were profound. "He also said," In other words, it is said that cremation and diet started in Xixi, so it is considered as a number. Do you know that since man invented fire, his wisdom has not known how to eat? "The gunner wrapped the meat and burned it, burning its hair to make it familiar. In cooked food, Suiren not only invented artificial lighting, but also created cooked food.
Related records
According to "What's wrong?" "Five Cheats" records: "Eating fruits and clams hurts the stomach and makes people sick. There are saints who drill fire to make it stink, and the people like it, making it the king of the world, posthumous title's Suiren. "
history
In ancient China, there were many legends about how human life evolved from primitive people to clan commune. Legend has it that some great men are often both leaders and inventors. This legend was mostly imagined by the ancients according to the primitive life in ancient times.
Primitive people's tools are very simple, and there are many wild animals around them, which will hurt them anytime and anywhere. Later, they saw birds nesting in trees, and wild animals couldn't climb up and hurt them. Primitive man learned to nest in a tree like a bird, that is, to build a hut in the tree. It's much safer this way. Later people called it "building a wood for a nest" (nest sound cháo, that is, a bird's nest). Who invented fire? Of course, everyone came up with it together. But in legend, it is said that one person taught everyone to do this. His name is "Youchao".
The earliest primitive people didn't know how to use fire. Everything is eaten raw, not counting the fruits of plants. Even wild animals are eaten alive, even with blood in their hair. Later, the use of fire was invented (traces of fire have been found on the Peking man site in Zhoukoudian, indicating that the use of fire was known at that time).
The phenomenon of fire has existed in nature for a long time. The volcano erupted and there was fire. When thunder and lightning strike, the forest will catch fire. But primitive people began to see fire, and instead of using it, they were scared to death. Later, I occasionally picked up a wild animal that was killed by fire and took it to taste. It tastes delicious. After many experiments, people gradually learned to eat with fire and tried to keep the fire burning all the year round.
After a long time, people drilled hard and sharp wood on another hard piece of wood and drilled out Mars. Others beat flint (flint) to knock out the fire. This shows that workers can make fires (according to archaeological data, Neanderthals already know how to make artificial fires). Who invented it? Working people, of course, but in legend, it is said that it is a person named "Suiren".
Artificial lighting is a great invention. Since then, people can eat cooked food at any time, and the variety of food has also increased. It is said that Suiren also taught people to fish. It turns out that fish, turtles, clams, clams and the like smell fishy and are not delicious. They can be cooked and eaten by making a fire.
I don't know how long it took. People began to weave nets with ropes and hunt with nets, and invented bows and arrows, which were much better than hunting with sticks and stone tools. Not only the animals on the ground, but also the birds in the sky and the fish in the water can be photographed and captured. Most of the birds and animals caught are alive and can't be eaten for a while. You can also keep it until the next time, so people learn to keep it again. This kind of work of weaving nets, hunting and raising animals is the experience accumulated by people in their work. Legend has it that the people who invented these things were "Fu" or "Dong's" (Dong's pronunciation is páoxī Ι:, Dong is a kitchen, and sacrifice means an animal).
I don't know how many years have passed during this fishing and hunting period, and human civilization has made more and more progress. At first, people occasionally scattered a handful of wild millet on the ground. The next year, they found that seedlings grew on the ground, and in autumn, more millet grew. As a result, people grow them in large quantities. They use wood to make a farm tool for cultivated land. This farm tool is called Lei Lei (a wooden shovel with a handle). They cultivated land and planted grain, and gained more. Later, it was said that these people who planted crops were a man named Shennong.
The legendary Shennong has personally tasted all kinds of wild weeds and fruits, sweet, bitter and even poisonous. He not only found many edible foods, but also found many medicinal materials that can cure diseases. It is said that the pharmaceutical industry started at that time.
From the one-day family to the Shennong family, these legendary big men actually don't exist. However, from building wood as a nest and drilling wood for fire to fishing and hunting, animal husbandry and developing agriculture, it reflects that the development of primitive productive forces is reasonable. In A.D. 1952, a clan village site was discovered in banpo village, Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province, about 67000 years ago. The things excavated from the ruins know that people in that period have learned to raise and farm.
Li people drill wood for fire.
According to folklore survey, artificial kindling is still preserved in Li nationality area. Li people's wood drilling is an ancient artificial fire-making technology with distinctive regional characteristics.
In Baoting, Changjiang, Dongfang and other Li inhabited areas, there are still some old people who have mastered the ancient technology of drilling wood for fire. In an open space in Qixianling Park, Chen Faying, a 60-year-old man from Liugong Township, Baoting, showed us how to drill wood for fire. The old man brought a plank with holes and a stick. When he made a fire, the board was fixed and the stick kept turning under the frustration of the old man's hand. As the old man turned around, he put his dried moss in the fire hole and kept blowing into the hole with his mouth. After a while, smoke began to come out of the fire hole. The old man added banana root fiber and continued to blow. After about ten minutes, the small flame slowly ignited. In this way, the most primitive method of making a fire is presented to everyone.
The old man said that the Li people's tools for drilling wood for fire consist of two parts, one is the fire drill board, and the other is the drill pipe and bow wood. Only when they cooperate can the fire be put out. The drilling board should be made of dry and combustible wood, the drill pipe should be of moderate thickness, and there must be some skills in taking fire. You can't drill a fire by brute force alone. Mars was invisible when it first happened. If you want to turn the invisible Mars into a vigorous flame, you must have a medium, that is, flammable core wool, banana root fiber, wood wool and so on. And we must lose no time in delivering oxygen in order to make a fire.
According to Wang Haichang of Henan Intangible Cultural Protection Center, it is of archaeological and historical value for Li people to drill wood for fire. The media used to drill wood for fire, that is, flammable core wool, banana root fiber and wood cotton wool, are all organic substances, which are difficult to find during archaeological excavation because of their age, which is the limitation of archaeological data in academic research. As cultural relics, drill boards, drill pipes or bow wood are dead fossils, and they cannot speak by themselves. It is difficult to explain the process of drilling wood for fire by these materials alone, so we can only turn to ethnology related materials as "living fossils" for help.
principle
Friction heating invented the methods of drilling wood for fire and knocking stone for fire. W=FS intensity and relative displacement indicate work, but according to the second law of thermodynamics, it can't be completely converted into mechanical energy without causing other changes, so there is always some energy converted into internal energy and released in the form of heat. When friction is the expression of violent movement of molecules, various forces between molecules interact and pull away from the original state, just like a spring, which will vibrate strongly after being released, so it shows a rise in temperature.
type
The first one: the classical method of drilling wood for fire.
This is the most well-known but also the most difficult method.
First of all, find the right wood drilling board, dried poplar, willow and so on. Will be a good choice, because their texture is soft. Then find a suitable branch as a drill bit, which is hard and the conditions are not as harsh as the drilling board. Then, the edge of the drilling plate is drilled into an inverted V-shaped groove.
Finally, put a combustible or dead leaf under the drilling board, and then drill hard with both hands until the fire comes out.
The second type: the classic double drilling method.
Other steps are the same as the first method, only this time two people cooperate. One person fixes the drill shaft on the drill floor with a wooden cover with grooves, and the other person wraps a rope or rattan with high friction around the drill shaft several times, and then pulls it back and forth quickly. This two-person cooperation is much more efficient than the first one.
The third type: simple plane fire method.
Dig a long slot in the cork board, put flammable and combustible materials in front of the slot, and push it forward with hardwood strips until Mars ignites the combustible materials.
The fourth kind: Iroquois kindling method.
This device invented by Iroquois is very effective. One end of the drill shaft is wound with two ropes, and the other ends of the ropes are respectively fixed on the hard cross plate. A hard wooden wheel is used as an accelerator in the middle of the drill shaft.
When winding rope, press down the cross plate hard, so that the drill shaft produces extremely fast speed, and then drill sparks.
Fifth: Bow string drilling method
It is similar to the second double-person wood drilling method, but it can be done by one person.
There is also a slotted cover on the drill shaft, and then it is pulled quickly with a bowstring-like tool.
Sixth: the classic fire preservation method in the cave age.
Whether it is drilling wood for fire or other methods, suitable medium is needed to cooperate with the combustion of fire. When the surrounding environment is very humid, ordinary materials are difficult to ignite.
Make it into a bird's nest shape with dry materials, hollow it out in the middle, try to keep it soft, and then pad it with a layer of tinder. In this way, even in wet weather, you can catch fire when you meet Mars.
Seventh: flint method
This kind has no technical content. It uses flint to strike hard materials such as steel knives and granite.
Flint pad with flammable materials or burnt cloth, a blow will hit. One thing to note here: the more edges and corners of the stone, the better the effect of flint. When the edge of a hard stone is too smooth, it needs to be broken on a big stone, so as to show sharp edges.
The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, the Li nationality's skill of drilling wood for fire was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.