1. Jiaoao Concession: "The Qing Emperor allowed the north and south exits of Jiaoao to be leased to Germany for 99 years." "The land leased by Germany, before the lease term expires, is not under the jurisdiction of China, but under the jurisdiction of Germany". "Because Jiaoao is under the jurisdiction of Germany, the German state can stipulate the articles of association at any time to restrain other countries from coming and going to various ships; The charter, that is, the ship China, should also be observed as a whole. " . In this way, this area equivalent to Qingdao today has actually become a so-called foreign enclave and German colony.
In "within a hundred miles of Fiona Fang in Jiaoao Beach, it is in China, and quasi-German officers and soldiers can tune it at any time". "What are the Germans doing here?" China must not stop it; "And if China wants to station a military camp here" and prepare the art of war, he must "consult with the Germans first". Therefore, such a so-called "neutral zone" actually became a protected area for German colonists.
2. Railway mining, etc. : "China allows Germans to build a second railway in Shandong": one from wei county and Qingzhou to Jinan; From Yizhou and Laiwu to Jinan. In "within 30 miles of each opened railway, German businessmen are allowed to dig coal and other items and do various projects" to seize the right to cede railways and mines in Shandong.
3. Shandong Province Law: "In all matters in Shandong Province, it is agreed to obtain foreign help or use foreigners, foreign capital and foreign materials. China promised to ask German businessmen first if they would like to undertake projects and sell materials. " This is to show the world that German financial capital enjoys privileges in Shandong Province, thus turning it into the sphere of influence of Germany.
The way that German imperialists first seized coastal ports, various concessions and divided their spheres of influence was immediately imitated by other imperialist countries, which started the second crisis of partition faced by the people of China, and the situation was very serious.
Germany first sent troops to JIAOZHOU Bay on the pretext of 1897 1 1 the killing of two German priests in Shandong, and expelled the local China garrison and seized it. The Qing government asked the Germans to retreat, but it was rejected. 1In March, 898, Germany signed the Jiaoao Concession Treaty, which leased the land with a total area of more than 550 square kilometers and the islands in Jiaozhou Bay to Germany for 99 years. During this period, Germany has the right to formulate laws and regulations to manage the import and export vessels of various countries, including China. This created a precedent for occupying China Harbour in the name of "lease". The treaty also stipulates that the JIAOZHOU bay beach 100 mile is designated as a "neutral zone" and the Germans have the right to pass freely. When the Qing government stationed troops here, it needed to discuss with Germany first, so that this 6,500 square kilometers area was actually under the control of the two countries.
1898 65438+1October 4th, Haijing threatened the Qing court, claiming that JIAOZHOU Bay "temporarily rents at this time" and "still cares about the friendship between the two countries"; If you don't agree, "the warship can occupy the place again when it arrives." Hai Jing also said: "Now I am strictly ordered by the state: First, I am not allowed to rent, not only do I not retreat, but I also try my best to occupy it at will; Second, after you are willing to rent it, you don't have to pay China, otherwise you will try your best to claim millions; Third, this matter is undecided. China can't borrow foreign money, and the bank knows that this matter is inappropriate and dares not borrow it. "
Under the coercion and inducement of Haijing, the Qing court basically accepted the German request, and Li Bingheng, the former Shandong governor who had been transferred to Sichuan, was dismissed and demoted by two levels, and was not allowed to be a local official in the future. He was transferred to Daoxiliang, dismissed Wan Benhua, the town company commander, and Shao, the magistrate of the prefecture, and retained them, and dismissed the magistrates of Juye, Shanxian and Chengwu counties. At the same time, the Qing court promised to compensate all the losses of the church, and built a church in Jining, Cao Zhou and Juye Zhangzhuang, and a missionary residence in Juye, Heze, Yuncheng, Shanxian, Chengwu, Cao Xian and Yutai, all expenses were borne by the Qing court.
For Germany, the church is not important, what is important is to rent Jiaozhou Bay. 1On March 6th, 898, the Sino-German Jiaozhou Bay Lease Treaty was formally signed, mainly including the 99-year lease of Jiaozhou Bay by Germany. During the lease period, all concessions are under German jurisdiction, and China has no right to govern; Germany has the right to lay the Ji Jiao Railway, and Propyne has the right to develop minerals within 30 miles along the railway. If all kinds of affairs are started in Shandong province, it is agreed that German businessmen should give priority to recruiting foreign countries to help them, or make use of foreigners, foreign capital and foreign materials. As a result, Shandong Province became the sphere of influence of Germany.
In this process, the performance of the Qing court was extremely weak, and the fundamental reason was the power contrast. The fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War made the Qing court realize the huge gap between the domestic army and the world military powers. Especially after the total annihilation of beiyang fleet, China's coastal defense has already opened its doors, and any maritime power can arbitrarily knock on the once "China defected to the country". As for the defense forces and training forces adapted from the old army of Hunan and Huai, their poor performance in the Sino-Japanese War has proved that they are by no means the backbone of national defense. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing court also realized that the country could not live without a strong army, which was also the reason why Yuan Shikai trained in tianjin railway station.
Yuan Shikai's newly-built 7,000-strong army, though far more effective than the old-fashioned army (World War I may have the strength against the armies of foreign powers), is extremely limited after all. /kloc-At the turn of the 20th century, it was the period when the great powers were rampant (our history books called this period the period of imperialism, which was quite appropriate), and the reaction speed of the Qing court was too slow. Sadly, the Qing court probably didn't realize that their existing military strength could deal not only with the armies of the great powers, but also with the peasant riots.
Germany forced the Qing court to investigate the behavior of local officials, which played an extremely bad role in promoting the further intensification of the contradiction between the people and the church. After the Juye religious case, local officials realized that if missionaries, parishioners and church forces were not properly protected, they would probably lose their jobs. As a missionary said, local officials have been full of fear of them since the Juye religious case, because the lessons of Li Bingheng and other officials told them that the interests of the church and its members must be protected at all costs.
So it is not surprising that in the subsequent conflict between the people and the church, the government deliberately favored the people. But this kind of official misconduct often leads to a consequence, that is, people can only rely on their own strength to fight against the church forces when they lose official protection, which also makes this struggle more intense and disorderly. Of course, after the Germans acquired Jiaozhou Bay, they soon lost interest in the Oracle Society and John the Baptist Feng Anze.
1890, after the publication of Ma Han's book The Influence of Sea Power on History, the theory of sea power became very popular overseas. The navy's naked force to protect the world market became the knowledge of the great powers at that time, and Germany's occupation of Jiaozhou Bay through the "Juye Incident" was a living example. Undeniably, German bandits triggered a series of subsequent crises in China, which led to Britain forcibly leasing the New Territories and Ahava, Russia leasing Lushun Dalian and France leasing Guangzhou Bay. Countries have divided their spheres of influence in China, which caused China to fall into a major crisis of "dividing beans" and triggered a fierce and short-lived Reform Movement of 1898.
This is also a battle. There is no way for German violence, and everyone can see it. However, China's diplomats are to blame. When my husband started without relying on others, he heard something. When he relied, he had to pay something back. If you can do everything for free, that is enough. If you pay A and B, then C should also pay. The three kingdoms are still in Liao, but morality is in the corner. Can anyone change quickly without causing their anger? Not here. It is stated in the Sino-Russian secret agreement that it is the right of the Russians to lend JIAOZHOU Bay to them. They will directly invade Shandong instead of staying in the three northeastern provinces. Today, when countries compete for advantages and disadvantages. Other countries can be jealous. It was the Germans who made this outrageous move, and China was forced to do so. /kloc-in October, a religious case began in Cao Zhou, and two priests were killed. When the Germans heard the news, they broke into Jiaozhou Bay by warship, pulled out the flag of China, set up the German flag, and the company commander Gaoyuan Zhang captured them. The alarm was transmitted to the General Administration and a meeting was held with the German Ambassador. Virtue only threatened Haijing, and all businessmen who begged for mercy refused. If you want to ask for help in other countries, no one will turn back. To postpone it for more than two months is to yield to the threat of six things, submit to humiliation and allow it one by one, that is, to lease the land near Jiaoao to Germany for 99 years and undertake the railway mining in Shandong Province.