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China ethnic news? 200402 13 Third Edition
Historically, Qiu Chuji not only made great contributions to the development of Taoism, but also went west to Wan Li to persuade Genghis Khan to stop violent killings in order to minimize the pain caused by war, regardless of his old age and personal safety in turbulent times, which objectively promoted national integration and unified China in the Yuan Dynasty.
Make friends with upper-class people and promote national integration.
The Jin and Yuan Dynasties were the climax of the third ethnic integration in China history. Especially after Genghis Khan's Western Expedition, a large number of Europeans and West Asians poured into northern China, and the Khitans, Tangut people and Jurchen also settled in the Central Plains. Qiu Chuji, without national prejudice, recognized the legitimacy of Nuzhen and Mongolian ancients entering the Central Plains to establish political power. At the same time, he opposed the atrocities in the war from the height of humanitarianism and persuaded the rulers to help the world and love the people. Qiu Chuji has established a good personal relationship with the top leaders of ethnic minority regimes. Jin Shizong once cared about the development of Quanzhen religion. Genghis Khan's support played a key role in the heyday of Quanzhen religion. Jin Shizong and Genghis Khan's support for Quanzhen religion cannot be separated from Qiu Chuji's advice and personality charm. The Jin and Yuan Dynasties provided a historical stage for his late success. Qiu Chuji seized the opportunity of meeting Jin Shizong and Genghis Khan and made great achievements. This also made Qiu Chuji, as an outstanding politician, carve his capitalized name in the history books.
1 174, Qiu Chuji lived in Panxi Cave for six years, begging for food. Later, he came to Longmen Mountain in Longzhou for 7 years. During this period, he not only made friends with ordinary people and intellectuals of the Han nationality, but also made friends with princes and officials of the Jurchen nationality. Officials at all levels in the Jin Dynasty praised him with poems, sang with him or summoned him. From the poems of Panxi Collection, we can see some information about his contacts with officials, such as "Going to answer the question of guarding Peiman Town in Longzhou", "Lu Qiling's stay in Beijing in the north to clear his spirit", "Lv Qi's answer to Princess Cao's departure from Taoism" and "Lu Qishun's answer to Sheng Fengguo's envoy's move to Zhongze Military".
1 188, he was summoned by Jin Shizong. Jin Shizong asked him how to keep fit and run the country. Qiu Chuji replied that health care is more important than lust, and governing the country is based on protecting the people. Qiu Chuji told Jin Shizong the truth of "harmony between man and nature". Jin Shizong was very grateful, and gave him a robe and scarf crown, invited him to stay at Tianchang Temple (now Baiyun Temple in Beijing), made him host the Spring Festival, and made him build a palace and nunnery in Beijing to worship statues of Wang Zhongyang and others, and specially gave Lin Tao as a tribute. Jin Shizong died in a.d. 1 189, and Qiu Chuji was deeply saddened to learn the bad news during his trip. He wrote a poem "Mourning for the Sun": "Mourning books come from heaven, and I hate Taiwan for coming to Shaanxi. The yellow river is frosty and snowy, and the day is full of dust. I am slender and scattered, and I am grateful. The golden plate gives peach food, and the virtue is really sad. " He remembered the peaches sent by Jin Shizong and thanked Jin Shizong for his courtesy. Jin Shizong was known as a wise monarch in history, and there was a period of revival in the Jin Dynasty when he was in power. Qiu Chuji wrote poems to mourn, which is also a praise and memory for the Jurchen monarch. 1 19 1 year, Qiu Chuji returned to Qixia, Shandong. He borrowed the power of Jin Shizong's courtesy to construct the concept of Taixu. Later, he gave him a gift, and Li gave him more than 6,000 copies of Du Xuan Treasure, which further increased Qiu Chuji's reputation. Qiu Chuji preached extensively with the concept of "Taixu" as the center, and the officials of the Jurchen nationality competed for obedience.
Qiu Chuji's contacts with rulers of Jin Dynasty and the upper class are different from the general relationship between monarch, officials and people, and are not only the mutual interests and needs of ordinary political parties. It is generally believed that Taoism is the religion of the Han nationality. Although this view is one-sided, it is also true that most Taoists are Han people and most Taoist cultures are Han people. As the leader of Han nationality and Taoism, Qiu Chuji's communication shows Taoism's open attitude towards ethnic minorities. The Jin emperors and the upper class were both Jurchen people, and their contacts with Qiu Chuji made a gesture of protecting the religious beliefs of the Han people, which contained the meaning of learning Chinese culture. In the final analysis, these are all ancient stories of national unity.
When Qiu Chuji preached in Qixia, Shandong Province, it was in the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Western Liao Dynasty, Xixia Dynasty and Dali. Then the Mongol khanate rose and divided the north. Several major regimes competed for the Central Plains. Because of Qiu Chuji's great fame, the Southern Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and Mongolia all scrambled to invite him. At that time, Genghis Khan, a generation of tianjiao, was leading an iron horse on a massive expedition to the west. Qiu Chuji sized up the situation and refused to be summoned by Jin Xuanzong and Ning Zong in the Southern Song Dynasty. In AD 1220, he resolutely accepted the invitation of Genghis Khan and decided to visit the Snow Mountain (now Hindu Kush Mountain in Afghanistan) westward. It was an era of years of war and suffering. Qiu Chuji described in a poem: "Ten years of war, all the people are worried, and there is nothing left in a thousand miles." He wrote poems declaring that he was called to the west to save the people; "Last year, fortunately, I met kindness. I have to swim in the cold this spring. I'm too lazy to go three thousand miles north of Lingling, and I'm still studying in 200 states in Shandong. Poverty is anxiety, and worry is relieved. " He foresaw that Mongolia and the khanate would unify China, and the solution to the problem of saving the people would depend on Genghis Khan. History has proved his foresight. So, regardless of his 72-year-old age, he led 18 disciples and traveled tens of thousands of miles to finally meet Genghis Khan in the palace on the upper reaches of the Indus River, which lasted for four years. His dauntless and indomitable spirit for the lofty cause is also admirable. His disciple, Li Zhichang, recorded the Journey to the West and wrote a famous book "Journey to the West by Changchun Real People".
During Qiu Chuji and his party's westward expedition to Wan Li, they preached to people of all ethnic groups and recruited believers along the way. When Qiu Chuji was in Cobb, western Mongolia today, he left his disciples Song and Yuan, and established Quanzhen Taoism. Qiu Chuji has been doing good deeds all the way. In Samarkand and other places in Central Asia, Genghis Khan gave him food to cook porridge and gave alms to the hungry. Wherever Qiu Chuji went, he was greeted by civil and military officials from all counties and provinces, and received a warm welcome and grand reception. When passing through Dashilinya, Tashkent, Shemisigan and other places, the local people held out wine and delicacies in succession, "colorful flags, canopies and fragrant flowers led the way", singing and dancing, and the scene was spectacular.
Qiu Chuji's westbound round trip, except from the border of the Jin Dynasty, basically crosses the jurisdiction of the Mongolian khanate. Qiu Chuji has deep feelings with people of all ethnic groups along the way, and people of all ethnic groups also love highways from the mainland. For these places, Qiu Chuji's westward journey is a long-distance visit to enhance national unity. Qiu Chuji has traveled all over Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and other countries. He showed our traditional culture to the people of all countries, brought the friendship of our people of all ethnic groups, and enhanced the Chinese nation and Central Asia. The understanding between people of all ethnic groups is worthy of being the messenger of cultural exchanges between Chinese and foreign nationalities. For these places, Qiu Chuji's westward journey is also a feat in the history of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.
◆ A word to stop violence and promote the reunification of the Yuan Dynasty
After Qiu Chuji arrived at Genghis Khan's Western Expedition Barracks, he was stationed in the army for several months. Qiu Chuji had many long talks with Genghis Khan in his tent, and Lu Ye Chucai took notes. Lu Ye Chu Cai's records were later compiled into a book "Records of Feng Xuan Celebrations". Genghis Khan hoped to live forever, and Qiu Chuji replied: To cultivate immortals, you must go to Xiu De and stop killing violently. You set out to destroy Xixia and Jin, which is in line with God's will and people's hearts, but for the ultimate success of your career, brutal killings must be prohibited. Genghis Khan asked how to govern the country, and Qiu Chuji replied that he should respect heaven and love the people. Qiu Chuji also skillfully borrowed Lei Zhen and other natural phenomena to persuade Genghis Khan to advocate filial piety in the Mongolian Khanate. In particular, Qiu Chuji demonstrated to Genghis Khan that only by unifying the Central Plains and managing it well can it be called a big country. If we want to govern the Central Plains well, we must love the people and let them recuperate.
Qiu Chuji's frankness and persuasiveness touched Genghis Khan's thoughts. Genghis Khan happily announced: "The immortal is what he said, just after my heart." He summoned the prince and other Mongolian nobles, asked them to do as Qiu Chuji said, and sent people to spread the idea of benevolence and filial piety all over the country. Genghis Khan's policy of ruling the Central Plains softened in the later period. Genghis Khan suppressed some armed resistance in all parts of the Central Plains. These changes are related to Genghis Khan's acceptance of Qiu Chuji's suggestion. After Qiu Chuji returned to the Central Plains, whenever General Meng Yuan came to visit him, he should be advised not to kill anyone. The masses are in trouble, and he must find a way to save them; He tried his best to save the captured intellectuals. He saved many people's lives, and later generations praised him as "saving people in the tripod and taking people by the sword."
Qiu Chuji's noble demeanor made Genghis Khan feel a brief encounter. Genghis Khan gave Qiu Chuji lofty courtesy. When Qiu Chuji returned to the Central Plains, Genghis Khan issued a "Imperial Decree", which authorized Qiu Chuji to take full charge of Taoist affairs in the whole country: to remove palace officials, and ordered local temples and the army to effectively strengthen the protection of them. With the authorization of Genghis Khan, Qiu Chuji built more than 100 Quanzhen temples in the Yellow River valley. He sent his disciples with imperial edicts to recruit those who were enslaved and dying in the war, so no fewer than 20,000 or 30,000 people regained their status as free men and survived. As far as influence is concerned, people from all walks of life flock to Quanzhen religion. Scholars are proud of their fellowship with Quanzhen, and other factions of Taoism and even some temples of Buddhism also hang the banner of Quanzhen. Quanzhen religion "has never been so prosperous since ancient times."
The history books summarize the wooing of Mongolian troops and Qiu Chuji's "saving lives with swords" as "stopping killing with one word". To some extent, the word "stop killing" curbed the cruel killing policy pursued by the rulers of the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties, helped to restore the economy of the Central Plains, eased some ethnic contradictions, and objectively contributed to the unification of China in the Yuan Dynasty.
Qiu Chuji also introduced himself to Genghis Khan about Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and enlightened Genghis Khan with traditional Han culture. Qiu Chuji's brilliant Taoist theory was recorded. He was a Khitan and a famous politician in Yuan Dynasty. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, with the support of Wokuotai Han Tai, he carried out reforms, promoted the policy of sinicization, eased ethnic contradictions, and restored and developed the economy, which laid a solid foundation for Kublai Khan to unify the whole country in the future. Yeluchucai's reform is closely related to his listening to Qiu Chuji's in-depth explanation of Genghis Khan's "three religions in one".
◆ Background link
Qiu Chuji (A.D. 1 148- 1227), whose real name was Tong Mi, lived in Qixia City, Dengzhou (now Shandong Province). At the age of 65,438+09, he became a monk, studied under Wang Zhongyang, the founder of Taoist Quanzhen Road, and was called Quanzhen Seven Children with six disciples of Wang Zhongyang. Of all the real seven sons. Qiu Chuji became a monk late. Qiu Chuji seems to be classified as a late bloomer. But it was he who pushed Quanzhen Road to the top. He founded the Dragon School in Quanzhen religion, and was a famous religious thinker, religious leader and poet in Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Qiu Chuji died in A.D. 1227, leaving behind his works "Da Dan Zhi Zhi" and "Panxi Collection". His remains were buried in the Qiuzu Hall of Baiyun Temple in Beijing today. Qiuzu Temple was built in A.D. 1228, formerly known as "Chu Shuntang", and it is the ancestral temple dedicated to Qiu Chuji by the descendants of Quanzhen Longmen Sect. On the front of the main hall, the statue of Qiu Chuji looks solemn and colorful.