Dry call father, Kun call mother; Treating us contemptuously is a complicated matter. Therefore, the plug of heaven and earth, my body also; The beauty of heaven and earth is my nature. People, my compatriots; I, too.
Great monarch, my parents are sons; The minister, the family of children and grandchildren, is also the same. Respect for high years, so long; Kindness is weak, so it is young; Sage, its virtue; Sage, its show also. It's my brother's fault that the world is tired, disabled, lonely and widowed. He didn't tell me.
When there is security, the wings of the child are also; Happy and carefree, pure filial piety. Those who violate morality, harm benevolence, thieves and help evil are not talented but filial.
Knowing what is good and telling things, the poor god is good at following his will. If the house leaks, it will not be shameful to rain at night, and it will cultivate nature deliberately. Evil purpose wine, thanks to Bo Zi's support; Cultivate talents and seal tin classes. If you don't relax, you will benefit from it; No escape to be cooked, Shen Sheng respectfully. Those who suffer and return to the whole participate! Those who dare to obey orders, Birch also.
The divination in the philosophical translation of the Book of Changes expresses the mystery of the creation of heaven, and is called the father of all things. Kungua represents the material principle and structural principle of the creation of all things, and is called the mother of all things. I am so humble, but I am between heaven and earth. From this point of view, what fills the space between heaven and earth (Kundi Qi) is my various bodies; It is my nature that causes the commander-in-chief to change everything in the world. The people are brothers and sisters of my compatriots, and everything is the same as me.
The son of heaven is the eldest son of my parents; The minister is the housekeeper of the eldest son. "Respecting the elderly" means respecting the elderly among compatriots; "Caring for the helpless weak" means protecting the old and weak among our compatriots. The so-called saints refer to those compatriots who are in harmony with the virtues of heaven and earth (cases: Jiande and Shunde); The sage is the best among them. Whether it's an aging dragon bell or a disabled person, a lonely person or a widower and widow, they are my brothers who have nowhere to tell.
Timely care is the child's due assistance to Gan Kun's parents. Being so willing to save and not worrying about yourself is the purest filial piety to Gankun's parents. If it goes against the will of Gan Kun's parents, it is called "disobedience", and Rende is hurt so badly, it is called "thief". The person who encourages evil is the incompetent son of Gankun's parents, and the person who can show his nature in various forms is the filial son of Xiaosi Gankun's parents.
Only by knowing the creator's contribution to the perfection of all things (knowing how our moral conscience realizes humanistic values) can we be good at imitating the deeds of Gan Kun's parents. Only by thoroughly understanding the unknowable and unpredictable mysteries of nature can we be good at inheriting Gan Kun's parents' wishes. Even in a secluded place in the house, he can be worthy of the god of heaven and earth, innocent, and considered to be ashamed of his parents; Always be kind-hearted and cultivate your temperament, and you will be regarded as working tirelessly. Dayu, the son of Chongbo, took care of Gankun's parents by hating wine. Yingkao's uncle guarded the border in Yinggu Town, trained talents through enlightenment and applied kindness to his peers. Continue to work hard to make parents happy, which is Shun's contribution to her parents. Obey father's orders and don't flee to other places, be cooked and slaughtered, which is why Prince Shen Sheng is called "Gong". At the end of his life, Zeng Shen returned the body he got from his parents to Gan Kun's parents intact. It is Burch who dares to obey his father's orders.
Interpretation of "establishing a heart for heaven and earth, establishing a life for the people, connecting the past and the future, and opening peace for all generations" ([Song] Zhang Zai). Mingxi written by Zhang Zai, as one of the Confucian classics, has been praised and read by people in traditional society. The fundamental reason is that, although this inscription has only more than 250 words, it has built a spiritual home for people to settle down and provide a broad realm for the construction of social ideal blueprint. Today, the value ideal described in this inscription and the pursuit of life displayed still have positive and rich significance.
Zhang Zai believes that the prevalence of Buddhism and Taoism and the decline of Confucianism are the ideological roots that led to multiple conflicts in the social value system at that time. Zhang Zai criticized Buddhism and Taoism and said, "Those who make a slip of the tongue will go against it, while those who have things will remain unchanged. Although there is a gap between the two, even if it is lost. " Buddhism denies the existence of the real world and pursues self-nirvana and silence, while Taoism denies the movement of the real world and pursues individual longevity and long-term vision. Although they have different purposes, they all deny the integrity and existence of social existence, lose care for social reality and give up their responsibilities to society. Therefore, they are not values that meet the world truth and social needs. To solve social problems, we must carry forward the Confucian values of actively joining the WTO and caring for reality. Therefore, with the courage of the times, Zhang Zai established a Taoist view, calculated gains and losses with Buddhism, and expounded new life for Confucianism. He read widely all his life, learned from others, rote learning, and got to the bottom of it. Finally, based on the social reality at that time, he established a philosophical system with Confucianism as the value standard and "harmony between man and nature" as the theoretical feature. Mingxi is the concentrated expression of Zhang Zai's philosophical thoughts and values.
Zhang Zai takes social reality as his ultimate concern. What he wants to inherit is the Confucian values represented by the Six Classics of Confucius and Mencius, and what he wants to establish is the secularism that cares about the society and people's livelihood with a broad mind. Confucius said "benevolence" and Mencius said "goodness", while Zhang Zai believed that "benevolence" was the value nature of human beings, and advocated the value orientation based on "benevolence", which was Zhang Zai's comprehensive development of Confucius' theory of benevolence and Mencius' theory of good nature. In Zhang Zai's view, "benevolence" refers not only to filial piety and love for those who have relations with him, but also to infinite and universal care for all beings including self, family, society and nature. It is the basic orientation of Zhang Zai's values to push this sincere feeling from nature to all people in society and even everything in the universe.
In order to realize the whole society's recognition of the value concept of "benevolence", Zhang Zai advocated giving full play to the intellectual role of self-mind and seeking the root of human value nature facing the universe. He clearly put forward the theoretical proposition of "harmony between man and nature" and demonstrated the authenticity and rationality of his values on the basis of cosmology. In Zhang Zai's view, the whole universe is a whole reality full of "Taihe" qi, and everything in the world is the result of the popularity of "qi", so the individual I am not only with others, but also with everything in the universe, which is essentially the same "qi". Zhang Zai's theory of "Qi" affirms the reality, integrity, movement and harmony of all things in the universe, and strongly refutes the illusory, isolated, static and antagonistic worldview of Buddhism and Taoism, which is the basis of Zhang Zai's theory of "benevolence".
On this basis, Zhang Zai constructed the universal social view of "one world" and "one China". At the beginning of Mingxi, Zhang Zai said, "Dry call father, Kun call mother; Treating us contemptuously is a complicated matter. Therefore, the plug of heaven and earth, my body also; The beauty of heaven and earth is my nature. People and my compatriots, things are me. " Divination of health represents the spirit of self-improvement; Kungua is smooth, representing the character of virtue and bearing things; Gankun spirit is the internal motive force of the evolution of the universe and the ultimate source of endless life. Among all things in the universe, the interaction between heaven and earth creates everything and protects everything sincerely and selflessly, which is the greatest embodiment of Gan Kun's spirit, so it can be called the mother of all things in mankind. Human beings live and die together with everything, so self and others are interdependent blood brothers, and everything and human beings are close and friendly partners. Zhang Zai rebuilt the affinity relationship of all things in the universe, which has enlightenment significance for the construction of modern harmonious society.
In order to promote the value rationality based on benevolence, Zhang Zai also explained the essence of characters from the perspective of cosmology. Zhang Zai believes that in the process of gasification, everything not only obtains different "shapes", but also obtains the same "sex". People and things have the same temperament, including the nature of heaven and earth from the original state of qi dispersion and the nature of temperament from the temporary form of qi accumulation. "Nature of heaven and earth" is the nature of value, and "nature of temperament" is the natural attribute of human beings. "Therefore, the nature of temperament makes it impossible for a gentleman to be humane." Because human beings and all things are endowed with different "qi" and have different positions in the universe. Of all the beings, "being the most spiritual person in heaven and earth", only people can get the meaning of heaven and earth and participate in it, so only people can carry forward the "nature of heaven and earth", which is the value mission of people. Zhang Zai's theory of sex not only shows the duality of human nature in reality, but also shows that "benevolence" is the ultimate basis of value ontology, which lays the foundation for people to carry forward this value nature and take care of everything.
Of course, the construction of social ethics is the theme of Zhang Zai's values. Zhang Zai believes that the "filial piety" to heaven and earth is implemented in real social life, that is, we should do our own thing dutifully and take care of others and society wholeheartedly. With the help of the traditional patriarchal clan system, Zhang Zai described the position and responsibility of people in society: "The Great King is the son of my parents; The minister, the family of children and grandchildren, is also the same. Respect for high years, so long; Kindness is lonely and weak, so I am young. The combination of virtue and virtue of Saint Qi is both virtuous and beautiful. It is my brother's fault that the world is tired, disabled and widowed. "In Zhang Zai's view, although self and others are brothers, their specific responsibilities in society are different due to different circumstances and social status. But all people should also respect the sages, follow their example, strive for self-improvement, cherish morality, and achieve self-personality and social morality.
Zhang Zai also discussed the problems of human's "fate" and "encounter" from the perspective of cosmology. In Zhang Zai's view, "destiny" is endowed by heaven, and it is the value essence of self-improvement and virtue. In this respect, people should cultivate themselves. And "encounter" is inherent in temperament, and it is a life situation such as wealth, poverty, good luck and longevity. In this regard, people should be detached, "wealth and happiness will enrich my life;" Being poor and being a good girl is also successful. " The prosperity of life is God's favor, and the dilemma of life is God's test. "The house leaks every night, and it is intended to cultivate the nature of bandits." "Save, I will obey, and I will be peaceful." Only by calmly treating one's life and constantly improving one's value essence can one surpass it.
Zhang Zai (1020- 1077), a native of Hengqu Town, Yanxian County, Fengxiang County (now Meixian County, Shaanxi Province), was a thinker, educator and one of the founders of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty. Known as Mr. Hengqu in the world, Zhang Zi is honored as a saint, and he is thirty-eight in the west of Confucius Temple. His famous saying, "Make a heart for heaven and earth, make a life for the people, link the past with the future, and create peace for all generations", was called "four sentences in a horizontal canal" by contemporary philosopher Feng Youlan. Because of its simplicity and grandeur, it has been praised by people throughout the ages. Song Shenzong Xining ten years (1077), died on his way home from Lintong at the age of 58. Zhang Zai, together with Zhou Dunyi, Shao Yong, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao, is also known as the "five sons of the Northern Song Dynasty", and his works such as Zhengmeng and Yi Shuo of Hengqu remain in the world. Zhang zai in northern song dynasty
Qiu Yi is the best athlete in this country. Let Qiu Yi teach two people to play chess, one to concentrate on playing chess, and Qiu Yi listens; Although one person thought it was a swan, he tried to shoot it with his bow. Although I learned chess from the previous one, chess is still not as good as the previous one. Is it because his intelligence is not as good as the former? That's not true. -the pre-Qin anonymous "learning chess"
Qiu Yi is the best athlete in this country. Let Qiu Yi teach two people to play chess, one to concentrate on playing chess, and Qiu Yi listens; Although one person thought it was a swan, he tried to shoot it with his bow. Although I learned chess from the previous one, chess is still not as good as the previous one. Is it because his intelligence is not as good as the former? That's not true. Classical Chinese, fables, stories and learning philosophy in primary schools are different. I can't recognize the true face of Lushan Mountain because I am there. -Stone titled Xilin Wall
Song Dynasty: Su Shi
There are 300 ancient poems, including primary school poems, travel experiences, landscapes, mountains, Lushan Mountain, and philosophy early education poems 100. Some people go too far by the river. When they see people trying to attract babies, they cry. People ask them why. Yue: "This father is good at doing things." Although the father is good at traveling, is the son good at traveling? Taking this as a matter will also be counter-productive. -"Father is Good at Swimming" written by Lv Qin Buwei.
Pre-Qin: By Lv Buwei.
Those who walked too far on the river saw someone holding a baby and trying to throw him into the river, and the baby cried. People ask them why. Yue: "This father is good at doing things."
Classical Chinese in primary schools, philosophical stories